CSR Project

Report
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Submitted by: Group L

Abhishek Kaithal (2014PGP050)

Gaurav Jotriwal (2014PGP063)
Vinod Kumar M (2014PGP071)
Rajat Kapoor (2014PGP082)
Rohit Agarwal (2014PGP085)
Sudarshan Kumar Dey
(2014PGP092)
Tarun Dahiya (2014PGP095)
INTRODUCTION
According to Basel Convention Definition, solid waste is substances or
objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be
disposed of by the provisions of the law
According to EPA regulations, SOLID WASTE is
Any garbage or refuse (Municipal Solid Waste)
Sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or
air pollution control facility
Other discarded material
Solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material from industrial,
commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community
activities

TYPES OF WASTES:
The different types of wastes are:
Domestic waste, Factory waste, Waste from oil factory, E-waste, Construction waste,
Agricultural waste, Food processing waste, Bio-medical waste and Nuclear waste
Solid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially
common as co-disposal of wastes
Examples: plastics, Styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and
other trash
Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form
Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds,
manufacturing industries and other sources
CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES ACCORDING TO THEIR PROPERTIES:
Bio-degradable which can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Non-biodegradable which cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,
cans, Styrofoam containers and others)
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THEIR EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH
AND ENVIRONMENT:
Hazardous wastes
Hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public
health or the environment. Characteristic hazardous wastes are materials that are
known or tested to exhibit one or more of the following four hazardous traits:
ignitability, reactivity, corrosivity or toxicity.
Non-hazardous
Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically
that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping
or disposal in.
Four Rs
Four Rs need to be followed for waste management. They are Refuse, Reuse,
Recycle and Reduce.
Refuse: Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the ones that
are in the house. Refuse to buy new items though you may think they are
prettier than the ones you already have
Reuse: Do not throw away the soft drink cans or the bottles; cover them with
homemade paper or paint on them and use them as pencil stands or small
vases
Recycle: Use shopping bags made of cloth or jute, which can be used over
and over again [will this come under recycle or reduce?].Segregate your
waste to make sure that it is collected and taken for recycling
Reduce: Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste, e.g. carry your own
shopping bag when you go to the market and put all your purchases directly
into it.

Municipal Waste:
Main Sources of Municipal Waste:
House hold waste
Commercials:
Street sweeping
Hotels and restaurants
Clinics and dispensaries
Construction and demolition
Horticulture
Sludge

C om posi tio n of Munci pal Sol id Was te

Life Cycle of Municipal Waste:

Storage & Transportati

Generation Segregation Treatment Disposal
Collection on

In most of the Indian cities open dumping is the Common Practices which is
adversely affecting on environment and Public health.
Effects of Open Dumping:
Health effect
 Environmental Pollution: air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination,
global warming and climate change

REASONS FOR IMPROPER MANAGEMENT OF WASTE:

Lack of planning for waste management while planning townships
Lack of proper institutional set up for waste management, planning and
designing in urban local bodies
Lack of technically trained manpower
Lack of community involvement
Lack of expertise and exposure to waste management using modern
techniques / best practices
Lack of awareness creation mechanism
Lack of Management Information Systems
Lack of funds with ULBs
Indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user charges and sustainability

EFFECTS OF WASTE:
GHGs are accumulating in Earths atmosphere as a result of human activities,
causing global mean surface air temperature and subsurface ocean
temperature to rise.
Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change
precipitation and other local climate conditions.
Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water
supplies.
This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems.
Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our
national parks might be permanently altered.
Some countries are expected to become warmer, although sulfates might
limit warming in some areas.
Scientists are unable to determine which parts of those countries will become
wetter or drier, but there is likely to be an overall trend toward increased
precipitation and evaporation, more intense rainstorms, and drier soils.
Whether rainfall increases or decreases cannot be reliably projected for
specific areas.

INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA:

Bio-medical Waste Handling Rules, 1998
Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules, 2000
Reforms Agenda (Fiscal, Institutional, Legal)
Technical Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management
Technology Advisory Group on Municipal Solid Waste Management
Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Integrated Plant Nutrient Management from
city compost.
Tax Free Bonds by ULBs permitted by Government of India
 Income Tax relief to Waste Management agencies
Public-Private Partnership in SWM
Financial Assistance by Government of India - 12th Finance Commission
Grants
Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SHILLONG

SOLID WASTE COLLECTION:

The conservancy department of the Municipal Board is responsible for regular

collection and disposal of waste. This entire job is done with a fleet of 10 trucks, 2
tractors, 257 road sweepers, 5 conservancy supervisors, 6 sanitary inspectors and a
chief medical and health officer. There is a dumping ground located nearly 8 km
away from the town, which is maintained by the board. There are 105 dustbins
within the area of 10.8 sq. km which work out to one dustbin per approximately
102857 sqm, i.e., a person has to walk nearly 320 meter radius for reaching a
dustbin, not an ideal situation for collection and disposal of garbage. Normally,
nobody should be required to walk more than 60 meter to reach a dustbin. The total
volume available for disposal of garbage is 44.56 meter cube for a population of
approximately one and a quarter lakhs.

Out of the ten trucks available with the municipal board, 4 trucks are more than 8
years old and needs to be replaced. Out of 10 vehicles used for collection of
garbage, 6 are tippers and 4 are Lorries and with each trip, 5 numbers of helpers
are deployed, as the garbage has to be manually removed and dumped at the
dumping ground. Hence, instead of making two trips per day, each vehicle makes
only one trip. The old trucks should be replaced with hydraulic tippers to reduce
cost of collection and transportation.

PRESENT METHOD OF DISPOSAL:

Presently garbage collected is disposed into the gorges of the trenching ground
situated at MAWLAI on Shillong Guwahati Road. This system is highly
unhygienic and detrimental to the Eco-system there. Leachates emanating from the
dumping site may find its way to the nearby water

PRESENT PROBLEMS:
1. To dump 100 MTS of Urban waste daily, the Corporation need a 1Hectare of
land every year.

2. Open dumping pollutes air and sub-soil water heavily.

 3. The dumping grounds become breeding centres for mosquitoes and other
disease carrying vectors.

4. Municipal workers and rag-pickers have to work in un-hygienic conditions.

5. The waste undergoes anaerobic composting producing offensive odours and

fostering harmful pathogens.

In India, all the Municipal Corporation are adopting land filling of low lying areas for
disposal of solid waste. The solid wastes are simply dumped without any treatment
into land (depressions, ditches, soaked ponds) or on the outskirts of the city in an
unscientific manner. The above practice of disposal leads to air and water (surface
and ground water) pollution, releases foul smell and poses public health problems.

In SHILLONG enough and adequate area of land without human settlement around
is not available for regular disposal, besides open dumping invites public criticism
and protest, hence a proper waste management process including safe collection,
transportation, treatment, processing and safe disposal of refuses rejected from the
process will have to be adopted.

STEPS TAKEN TO TACKLE THE PROBLEM:

EXCELs WASTE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY

M/s. Excel Industries Limited, Bombay, the pioneer in Agro Chemicals and Industrial
Chemicals, have developed a cost effective technology for solid waste
management. Years of research and pilot scale trials have resulted in development
of this Eco-friendly technology. This indigenous technology developed by Excel
Industries Limited, Bombay is being adopted by many Municipal Corporation
throughout India.

The main aim of the project is to implement an Eco-friendly technology for recycling
of solid waste generated in SHILLONG. After evaluating various options available,
SHILLONG Municipal Board has decided to use Excels technology for Bio-conversion
of solid waste into organic manure.

METHODOLOGY:

The technology is basically for controlled bio conversion of city garbage into organic
manure adopting an integrated approach involving following steps: -

Waste sanitation treatment at points of generation.

Controlled aerobic composting and mechanical screening of digested

compost to yield good quality organic manure useful for agriculture and
horticultural crops
DEVELOPMENT GOALS OF THE PROJECT: The project on one hand will solve
the environmental problem due to solid waste and on the other hand will make
available good quality organic manure, which alone can arrest the soil degradation
due to indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and improper water management
methods.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT

The waste management project will be executed under the North East Region
Capital Cities Development Investment Programme (NERCCDIP) formulated by the
Central Government to improve the environment and the wellbeing of urban
residents in five capital cities of the region including Shillong.

Under the waste management project, sewer pipelines will be laid in order to carry
the sewage from individual houses to the sewerage treatment plant (STP) and
manholes will be provided at suitable intervals so as to facilitate regular cleaning
and inspection. To implement the project effectively, the Greater Shillong Planning
Areas (Zone 1) has been divided into seven sub zones.

The first treatment plant would cover parts of Laitumkhrah, Lummawrie, Secretariat
Hills and Oakland, the firm officials informed, adding that the design of the sewer
network is complete and the cost of the pilot project is about Rs 65 crore.

Under the solid waste management programme, segregation of solid waste will be
done at the source, while the method of door-to-door house collection will be done
through waster collectors, primary collection vehicles and mobile garbage bins.

Under the programme, thirty thousand households within the Municipal areas will be
provided with two garbage bins one green and one blue for separate storage of
biodegradable and non- bio-degradable solid wastes. To make people aware about
the initiatives, the consultancy firm has also imparted training to people in certain
localities of the city.

STEPS THAT CAN BE TAKEN:

Reduce Waste
Reduce office paper waste by implementing a formal policy to duplex all draft
reports and by making training manuals and personnel information available
electronically.
Improve product design to use less materials.
Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while maintaining strength.
Work with customers to design and implement a packaging return program.
Switch to reusable transport containers.
Purchase products in bulk.
Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as interoffice envelopes, file folders,
and paper.
Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and glasses.
 Encourage students to reuse office materials rather than purchase new ones.
Donate/Exchange
old books
old clothes
old computers
excess building materials
old equipment to local organizations
Student Education
Develop an office recycling procedures packet.
Send out recycling reminders to all students including environmental articles.
Train students on recycling practices prior to implementing recycling
programs.
Conduct an ongoing training process as new technologies are introduced and
new students join the institution.
Conduct outreach program adopting an ecologically sound waste
management system which includes:
Waste reduction
Segregation at source
Composting
Recycling and re-use
More efficient collection
Students can be organized into small groups to carry out the following:
Construction of backyard compost pit
Construction of storage bins where recyclable and reusable materials are
stored
Construction of storage centers where recyclable and reusable materials
collected by the street sweepers are stored prior to selling to junk dealers
Maintenance of cleanliness in yards and streets
Greening of their respective areas
Encouraging others to join
More Profit with Zero Waste
Exchanging output that are considered waste
Waste of one could be input or raw material for others
Evolving a closed system- matter & energy circulate within
System was not designed to be so
The system of exchange evolved in 10 years

WASTE MANAGEMENT AT IIM SHILLONG

Waste of different types are generated in the college:-
a. Black Bag Waste
b. Bulk Waste
c. Universal Waste
 d. Food Waste
e. Dry fallen Leaves

BLACK BAG WASTE

Black bag waste is composed of everyday, non-recyclable garbage. Students
can dispose of organic and inorganic waste in black garbage bags, however,
recyclables such as paper and plastics should be thrown away in clear
garbage bags, in accordance with Government law. These different colored
bags enable students and facilities to easily distinguish between the two
types of waste. It is expensive and time-consuming to sort black bag waste,
however, a survey of Barnard's waste revealed that almost half of the
garbage was recyclable. Therefore, black bag waste can be targeted as a
large area of improvement.
Disposal Company: RSSO
Removes black bag garbage and recycling.
Mechanism: Trucks pull up at 9 a.m. and collect regular garbage and
recycled garbage 3 days/week. Off main campus as well as Barracks
pickup on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays
Payment: Rs4000-5000 monthly
Statistics: On average approx. 50-60 kg per week of black bag trash is
collected. (It varies, more during holidays i.e. Winter, April-May when
students are not in the campus)

After surveying various concerned persons, we come up with the major

constituents of the waste:-
Findings
Paper Recyclables (Mostly Contaminated):
Napkins
Juice Boxes
Coffee Cups Caps are recyclable
Sheets of paper
Aluminum
Cans
Glass
Bottles
Light Bulb
Plastic
All coffee stained containers are combustible
Paper is contaminated with coffee stains
Cant recycle layered materials (i.e. orange juice containers and potato
chip bags)
Universal Waste found was not disposed of correctly (i.e. light bulbs)
Concluded that people are not recycling properly
BULK WASTE
Items too large for disposal with the regular waste stream are removed by
Facilities and deposited in a bulk waste container until being later removed
by a private vendor. Students must contact their Hostel Committee if they
need a bulk waste item removed.

Disposal Company: RSSO

Removes bulk waste.
Mechanism: Hired on an On-Call basis
Payment included in monthly payment for Black Bag Waste
Statistics: We do not have any specific statistics pertaining to Bulk
Waste is available

Proposals for Improvement

One of the main problems that we have at IIM Shillong is that garbage cans
are not clearly labeled. We will not have this problem if we can include
stationary garbage bins that are well labeled. Slots that are big enough for
the garbage that will go into them will also help. Better recycling will help IIM
Shillong to cut down on the amount of black bag waste we produce.

UNIVERSAL WASTE
Universal waste is generally defined as the waste that cannot be disposed of
in a landfill or incinerator, usually containing at least one kind of
contaminant. Examples of universal waste are batteries, electronics,
pesticides, items containing mercury and some type of hazardous waste.
Allowing this type of waste to infiltrate a landfill can be detrimental to human
health, and therefore must be strictly regulated. Official policy should
ensures that it does not enter the black-bag waste stream, individuals at the
college might not be aware of the many items that cant be thrown into a
normal garage can, and therefore can contaminate the steam. The types of
Waste are Mercury lamps, fluorescent bulbs, batteries, and computers

IIM Shillong does not have separate mechanism for treating universal
waste. Batteries, Tube lights waste etc. are either taken away by the
electrician itself or disposed through RSSO by normal mechanism. Battery
Recycling process need to be introduced within the college. Students need to
be educated about the unavailability of the standard process for recycling of
electronic equipment through enough advertisement for the same. Instead of
recycling their batteries, students dispose of them in the regular trash
containers.

Standard Process
Collect the batteries
 Recycle the metals and plastics from the batteries after every six
months
Recycling separates the hazardous materials from the batteries, while
the rest of the batterythe metals and plastics is recycled.
Hazardous material would be disposed through contracted company

Proposition of Improvement

If there could be a way to initiate battery collection and make it a more

convenient process, students should be made aware of the requirement at
hand. The number one solution is education. There needs to be a multi-
pronged approach to reaching students and educating them on recycling
practices followed at other colleges. Students even do not know that there
exists recyclable process for the batteries. Awareness can be increased in the
following ways:-
Workshop, conducted during orientation week in first year would help
the students to start thinking on the similar lines and try to bring in
some reforms which would initiate the process in the college
Batteries Only on battery buckets and No Batteries signs on trash
bins to encourage the students
E-mail reminders from the college about recycling and the locations of
specialized disposal bins.
Online recycling awareness course that could be required for incoming
freshman to take in order to register for classes, much like the Alcohol
Awareness Course.
Bins should be placed in every dorm to collect burnt out bulbs from the
students.

FOOD WASTE

Food waste makes up large portion of the garbage generated by the IIM
Shillong community. Efforts are being made to curtail the amount of food
waste that is created. Campaigns need to be implemented across campuses
nationwide to encourage less food wastage, which in turn would lead to
energy, water, and financial savings. However, proper sorting and disposing
of food waste still pose the biggest challenges for these initiatives to be
effective.

IIM Shillong
Currently, food waste collected daily is stored in a common place. Plastic and
paper from food containers and wrappers are not recycled but put into a
black bag and thrown as black bag waste. Remaining waste is send to a
nearby pig farm which is used as fodder for the pigs and hence utilized in an
efficient manner.
Proposals for Improvement

Food waste is a crucial issue because of its bulk. As discussed previously, IIM
Shillong leftover food is donated, but much more could be donated if efforts
were made to decrease the amount of food thrown away by each student.
There are several ways to encourage students to only 'take what they plan to
eat.'
a. Posters in the canteen could explain this program, and possibly display
individual stories from participants or volunteers. If students are aware
that the food is not just thrown away, they might be more inclined to
take less food.
b. Servers can be more wary of the amount of food given in a single
serving, ensuring that it is both healthy and controlled. For self-serve
areas, creative signs can be posted to encourage students to only take
what they plan to eat.

Two separate bins for collecting food waste and paper, plastic & wrappers in
the food area would help in reducing time for separation and make the
process run smoother. In order to increase the recycling efficiency in City, we
propose that clearly marked signs be posted on each recycling receptacle, so
that students can easily identify where to place trash and each type of
recycling. In addition, there should be signs explaining what is acceptable for
each type of recycling.

PINE BRIQUETTES TO REDUCE CARBON FOOTPRINTS

Standard Processing of Pine Briquettes
The processing of briquettes entails anaerobic combustion of needles in a special
drum to turn it into charcoal. It is kneaded then in a 10% solution of dung and the
mixture is finally put in the molding machine to obtain smokeless briquettes. It does
not leave much of ash behind and 600gms of it may last for around 90 minutes.
Cost wise also it is reported to be just 1/3 of the LPG. Currently, this project is
operational in 76 well identified micro watersheds of 18 blocks in 11 districts of
Uttarakhand.

IIM Shillong
Eco Biz Club of IIM Shillong is planning to implement this process to effectively
utilize the pine briquettes available within the campus and generate energy using
the same. Feasibility study, planning and documentation of the process that need to
be implemented in IIM Shillong has already been completed. The implementation
and scalability of the process depends on the budget that will be approved for the
pine briquettes process by the administration.

COMPOSTING
Composting is the process of accelerating the decay of food or yard waste
with the help of microorganisms and worms. Compost is a practical and
economical way to recycle organic matter and improve soil, since it is an
excellent source of plant nutrients. In addition, compost soil absorbs and
holds water longer than normal soil. Not only is composting beneficial for the
grounds on campus but also for the environment.
Organic waste that would otherwise be landfilled can be reused to fertilize
our grounds. Yard and food waste take up significant portion of municipal
solid waste, and putting this waste to use as compost would save landfill
space

IIM Shillong
Currently no composting is going on.
Leaves and tree clippings are bagged and taken up by RSSO
Main areas with leaves, grass clippings and other compost materials
are in front of admin building, around green houses as well as on way
to auditorium from old mess.

Proposition for Improvements

Composting yard waste is a simple change College should make to its waste
management plan. Regardless of whether or not we purchase and use our
own bins, the fact that RSSO pick up, compost & return our yard waste to us
for free means it is absurd to do nothing. Creating composting system at IIM
Shillong would be relatively easy. If we invest in 1 bin, we would have enough
compost created from our yard waste to fertilize these lawns. This would lead
to decrease in fertilizer investments, less waste sent to landfills, & healthier
lawn.

In addition, IIM Shillong can also start up a program in association

with RSSO to study how the waste decomposition as well as
recycling can be done within the campus and take one more step
towards being a sustainable college.

References:

http://smb.gov.in/projects.html
http://www.nswai.com/waste-municipal-solid-waste.php
http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2012/11/01/shillong-solid-waste-
management-project-likely-by-march-next/
http://moud.gov.in/SwachchBharat
http://india.gov.in/spotlight/swachh-bharat-abhiyaan-ek-kadam-
swachhata-ki-ore