ECE 6151, Spring 2017

Lecture Notes 4a: MSK

Shengli Zhou
February 8, 2017

Outline

1. Signals with memory

2. CPFSK, CPM, MSK, GMSK

3. MAP and ML receiver

OVERVIEW:
Deterministic signals -> signal spectrum -> bandpass, lowpass
Random signals -> power spectrum -> bandpass, lowpass
Signal space
Linear memoryless modulation

1 Signals with memory

Example: 3.4.1; linear precoding introduces memory

X
v(t) = Jk g(t kT )
k=

Jn = In + In1
g(t) = rect(t/T )
G(f ) = T sinc(f T )
RI [k] = I2 [k]
RJ [k] = (1 + 2 )[k] + [k + 1] + [k 1]
GJ (f ) = (1 + 2 + 2 cos(2f T )
 2
Sv (f ) = T sinc2 (f T )1 + 2 + 2 cos(2f T )
 

Choose = 1, then Sv (f )|f = 2T

1 = 0 regardless of the pulse shaper g(t).

1
2 Continuous Phase Modulation
1
Orthogonal M-FSK: the minimum frequency spacing is 2T
1
OFDM modulation: the frequency spacing is T .

CPFSK: use an FM modulator

This can be viewed as a digital FM
X
d(t) = In g(t nT )
n

f (t) = 2fd (2T )d(t) = 2hd(t)

(
1
0<t<T
g(t) = 2T
0 others
Peak frequency deviation fd
r
2E j(t;I)
v(t) = e
T
n1
X
(t; I) = 2fd T Ik + 2fd (2T )q(t nT )In = n + 2hIn q(t nT )
k=

h = 2fd T
n1
X
n = h Ik
k=

Z t 0
t<0
t
q(t) = g( )d = 2T 0tT
0 1

2 t>T

CPM: g(t) is no rect

n
X
(t; I) = 2 hk Ik q(t nT )
k=

2
 MSK: h = 1/2. g(t) is the rectangular pulse of duration T . For the time
duration of nT t (n + 1)T :
n1
1 X (t nT )
(t; I) = Ik + In q(t nT ) = n + In ;
2 2T
k=
   
1 1
s(t) = A cos 2 fc + In t nIn + n
4T 2
1 1
f1 = fc
; f2 = fc +
4T 4T
The frequency spacing is 1/(2T ). It has memory on the starting phase.
Another look at MSK

    
j(t;I) jn (t nT ) j In (t nT )
e =e cos +e 2 sin
2 T 2 T
    
jn t nT + T j In t nT
=e sin +e 2 sin
2 T 2 T
    
jn1 j In1 t (n 1)T j In t nT
=e e 2 sin +e 2 sin
2 T 2 T

3

X
ej(t;I) = ejn1 ej 2 In1 c0 (t(n1)T )+ejn ej 2 In c0 (tnT ) = bn c0 (tnT )
n

where

bn = ejn +j 2 In
(
t
sin 2T 0 t 2T
c0 (t) =
0 others
Now split into two separate sequences, one real and one imaginary

b2n b2n1 = ej 2 I2n = j

b2n b2n+2 = ej 2 (I2n+1 +I2n+2 ) = 1
X X
ej(t;I) = b2n1 c0 (t (2n 1)T ) + b2n c0 (t 2nT )
n n

So, it is offset QPSK with a suitable pulse shaper

Compare BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, MSK with the same Tb .

X
vBPSK (t) = bn g(t nT )
n
X X
vQPSK (t) = b2n g(t 2nT ) j b2n+1 g(t 2nT )
n n
X X
vOQPSK (t) = b2n g(t 2nT ) j b2n+1 g(t 2nT T )
n n

where g(t) is the rectangular function with a suitable length.

Compare the spectrum;
BPSK  2
sin(f Tb )
Sv (f ) = Tb sinc(f Tb )2 = Tb


f Tb
QPSK, and OQPSK
 2
sin(2f Tb )
Sv (f ) = 2Tb sinc(2f Tb )2 = 2Tb


2f Tb

MSK  
16T cos(2f Tb )
Sv (f ) = 2
1 16f 2 T 2

4
5
 GMSK; 1991
The binary baseband data passes through a Gaussian pulse filter, and then
feed into a FM modulator.
2
H(f ) = e
ln 2
2 ( Bf )

6
 r
2 2 2 2 2
h(t) = Be ln 2 B t
ln 2
The response of the Gaussian filter to a rectangular pulse of unit amplitude
and duration T , centered around origin is
r Z T /2
2 2 2 2 2
g(t) = B e ln 2 B (t ) d
ln 2 T /2

Q(2B(t T /2) Q(2B(t + T /2)

g(t) =
ln 2
X
v0 (t) = In rect(t nT )
n
X
v1 (t) = In g(t nT )
n

BT = 0.3 is used in the GSM system. Penalty: Loss of orthogonality; and

performance loss about 0.46 dB at BT = 0.3.

Whiteboard pictures

7
8
9