Design and Analysis of Tall Steel

Buildings

Dr Mustafa Batikha
 Contents
1. Introduction to tall buildings
2. Design criteria for steel tall buildings
2.1 Loading
2.2 Strength and stability
2.3 Stiffness and drift limitations
2.4 Human comfort criteria
2.5 Foundation settlement
3. Structural Systems of steel tall buildings
3.1 Steel rigid frames
3.2 Braced frames
3.2 Shear wall systems
3.3 Tubular structures
3.4 Outrigger and belt truss systems
Seismic load-Disasters
 Seismic load- Why earthquakes happen?
Movement of earth crust (Tectonic Plates) in different directions and at different
speeds (2 cm to 10 cm per year). This deformation releases and redistributes
energy from Earth's core.
Seismic load- Tectonic Plates
 Seismic load- Earthquake Faults

Strike-slip fault

Reverse fault
Normal fault
 Seismic load- Seismic Waves
movement of tectonic plates brings stresses more than the rock bearing capacity. This
results the rocks are to be pushed or crushed causing a fault which presents a very
high rate of energy release within short time. This energy travels through rock as
seismic waves

Seismic Waves

Body waves Surface

waves
primary waves
(P-Waves) Love
waves
Shear waves
(S-Waves) Rayleigh
waves
 Seismic load- Seismic Waves-continued
Body waves Surface waves
Seismic load- Seismograph

Time History
 Seismic load- Earthquake Scale
Magnitude Scale Intensity Scale

Richter Scale Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

Local Magnitude Scale (M) (MMI)

Seismic W [in jouls ( N .m)] 10(11.81.5 M ) / 107

Energy
Seismic load- Historical Earthquake of UAE

2.3 ML
(Richter)
 Seismic load- Building behavior
Seismic Wind
Internal forces Externally
by vibration applied
of building pressure to
mass building
Increase of mass, Increase of
increase of mass,
internal reduce the
forces wind effect.
Dynamic Behavior

[M ]u C u K u Ft Stiffness Matrix [K]

Damping Matrix [C]

Masses Matrix [M]

Undamped system Damped system

 Seismic load- Damping
Critical Damping: minimum amount of damping to prevent oscillation

Types of damping

Hysteretic Damping Friction Damping Internal Damping External

Damping by air
It is associated with It is constant at It is related to the
Ductility connections and It is negligible
oscillation period of
supports. It is compared to
(High damping with structure
irrespective of other damping
high Ductility)
the amount of (Higher oscillation types.
displacement. period, higher
damping)

From 1% to 10% of critical damping Nonbase-isolated buildings

From 20% to 35% of critical damping base-isolated buildings

Seismic load- Damping

Dampers decreases the acceleration

Increasing in the oscillation period

of structure (Structure takes a very
long time to complete a cycle)

It is suitable for short-period soil

(Rock) to prevent resonance
 Seismic load- effect of soil
Liquefaction
Because of shear stress by
S-wave, water in saturated
or partially saturated soil
increases in pressure and
attempts to flow out of soil.
So, grains loss contact
between each other. It is
like you do foundation on
water surface.
Distance from
Resonance
epicenter
The fundamental
The ground motion intensity
period of the building
reduces with larger distance
agree with the
from the epicenter. This
period of vibrations
reduction is fast for short-
through the soil
period structures than long
(between 0.5 to 1
period structures.
sec.)
Therefore, it is an important
factor to consider in high-
rise building. Amplified
acceleration
Mexico City,
Sep.19,1985
Niigata City, Japan
June.16,1964
 Seismic load- Ductility concept
Ductility of Material The ability of material to deform with no big losses in resistance

u

y

Concrete, Brittle material Steel, Ductile material

Steel-confined concrete
under compression

Reinforced-
Concrete in
bending
 Seismic load- Ductility concept
Curvature ductility of section The ability of section to form a plastic hinge
(Local Ductility)

u
Figure 2.5 in
Eurocode 8 (BS y
EN1998-2:2005)

Ductility of Structure The ability of structural system to deform with no much

(Global ductility) decrease in resistance.

du
d Figure 2.2 in
dy Eurocode 8 (BS
EN1998-2:2005
Seismic load- Energy dissipation

Energy by external loads Ue = The

internal Energy by deformation (Strain
energy) Ui

x
P 1
U e Fdx For ( P ) U e xdx P
0 0
2

Ue is the shaded area under the line

represented the linear elastic response
 Seismic load- Energy dissipation
The capacity of structure to absorb energy by deforming into the inelastic range

Wide hysteretic Large energy Narrow (Pinched) Large energy

loops dissipation hysteretic loops dissipation
 Seismic load- Irregular Buildings
)Irregular Buildings(

Plan irregularity Vertical irregularity

Seismic load- Irregular Buildings
Seismic load- Irregular Buildings

Vertical irregularity
Seismic load- Irregular Buildings
Plan irregularity
Seismic load- Irregular Buildings
L-Shaped building
Seismic load- Irregular Buildings
 Seismic load- Dynamic Analysis

[M ]u C u K u Ft
[C] Damping Matrix [K] Stiffness Matrix [M] Masses Matrix

Undamped Single Degree

Mu ku 0 Of Freedom (SDOF)

u A sin( t B)
u A cos(t B) k 2 M
M 2 k 0 T 2
u A 2 sin( t B) M k
 Seismic load- Dynamic Analysis
Response Spectrum concept
It is the maximum dynamic response (acceleration, velocity and deformation) of SDOF
system under a certain ground motion.

2 M
T 2 Response spectrum Acceleration (a) F=ma
k
 Seismic load- Dynamic Analysis

Multi Degrees Of Freedom (MDOF)

MDOF can be transferred to an equivalent SDOF system having generalized

equivalent M* and K* for mass and stiffness. Then, response spectrum can be
used for the new SDOF system.
 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10
Factors affect seismic design are:
1. Structure location. So, seismic ground motion.
2. The purpose of structure.
3. Type of soil
Seismic ground motion (Maximum Considered Earthquake, MCE)

vs is average shear wave velocity (20.4.1)

N is average field standard penetration resistance and Nch is for Note: If site class is
cohesionless soil (20.4.2). not known, Class D
Su is average undrained shear strength (20.4.3). can be used (20.1)
 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued
Seismic ground motion (Maximum Considered Earthquake, MCE)
From site classification, the maximum spectral response acceleration for short buildings
period (0.2S) SS and 1 sec building period S1 can be obtained from MCE maps (e.g.
USA map).

This map is for

10% probability of
being exceeded
in 50 years
corresponding to
a 475-year Range
recurrence from 5%
to 300%
interval

Figure 22-1: Ss Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCER) Ground Motion Parameter
for 0.2 Sec (5% of critical damping), site class B (USA).
 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued
Seismic ground motion (Maximum Considered Earthquake, MCE)

Range from
2% to 125%

Figure 22-2: S1 Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCER) Ground Motion Parameter
for 1 Sec (5% of critical damping), site class B (USA)
 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued
SS andS1 need to be modified for other than B-class site. The modification is by using
Fa and Fv (SMs, SM1). Then, design spectral accelerations can be produced (SDS, SD1).
Site coefficient Fa (ASCE 7-10, Table 11.4-1)

S MS Fa S s
2
S DS S MS
3

Site coefficient Fv (ASCE 7-10, Table 11.4-1)

S M 1 Fv S1
2
S D1 SM 1
3
 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued
Design Response Spectrum (Fig. 11.4-1) [ASCE 7-10, Taranath (2010)]

TL Long-period transition
period from Fig. 22-12 to
Fig. 22-16 for USA

TL is designed especially for high rise buildings rather than low rise buildings. The
long-period response of tall buildings will be highly amplified for soft-site condition
and strong earthquake. This may cause resonance effect.
Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued
 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued

Example 4:
Draw the response spectrum for Class B site condition, Ss of 0.5g and S1 of
0.25g if TL is 12 sec.

Solution:
2
ClassB, S S 0.5 g Fa 1 S MS 1 0.5 g 0.5 g S DS 0.5 g 0.33 g
3
2
ClassB, S1 0.25 g Fv 1 S M 1 1 0.25 g 0.25 g S D1 0.25 g 0.167 g
3
0.167 0.167
T0 0.2( ) 0.1sec, TS 0.5
0.33 0.33
 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (12.8)

Total shear force at base of building is V giving in (Eq. 12.8-1, ASCE 7-10):

where, Cs is the seismic response coefficient (12.8.1.1) and W is the effective

seismic weight (12.7.2).
S D1
T TL
S1 0.6 g 0.044S DS I e 0.01 R
T( )
0.5S1 S Ie
S1 0.6 g Cs DS
R R
S D1TL
( )
Ie T TL
R
Ie T 2( )
Ie

Ie is the importance factor (Table 1.5-2)

according to Risk category (Table 1.5-1)
 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued
R is Response modification factor (Table 12.2-1)

R provides idea about the ductility of the structure. More R, more ductile
Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued
 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued
T is the fundamental period of structure (12.8.2)

From dynamic analysis or Rayleigh Approximate period (12.8.2.1)

Rayleigh equation (Tb) equation
Ta Ct hnx
n

W 2
i ei hn is the height of structure
Tb 2 1
n
CuTa from base
g Fi ei Ct and x are from Table 12.8-2
1

ei is the elastic deformation of each level

Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued
W is the effective seismic weight (12.7.2)

Others Snow load

Storage area
W=DL SL1.44kN/m2
LL>5kN/m2

W=DL+0.2(SL)
Others Storage load of a
level 5% of the
W=DL+0.25(LL) effective seismic Public garages and
load at that level open parking
W=DL W=DL
 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued
Vertical distribution of seismic force (12.8.3)

wi hik wi is the effective seismic weight at level i.

Fi V
wi hi k hi is the height of level i from base.
k is a coefficient related to the structure period.
 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued
Horizontal distribution of seismic force (12.8.4)

MT = Vyex
ex
cr cr
cg

ex 0.05L Vy
Vy

L
X cr
k Xxi i

k xi

Ycr
k Yyi i

k yi
K xi
FyVi Vy
xi
k
k xi xcri Fyi FyVi FyTi
FyTi MT
xi cri yi cri
( k x 2
k y 2
)

max 1.2 avg M T V y ex Ax : 1 Ax 3

Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued
Permitted analytical procedure (Table 12.6-1)
 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued
The figure shows a plan view for three-story building of 4m height form
Example 5: floor to floor. The data of this building is as follows:
The site class is D and the building is in a city of Ss=1.5g, S1=0.6g,
5m TL=6sec.
The building is from steel special moment resisting frame of
E=210Gpa and column section of SHS 300x300x10 (I=16000cm4).
The dead load at each floor is DL=7kN/m2.
Risk Category III.
5m

Analysis this building using Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure and

then response spectrum procedure.

Solution:

Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

2
ClassD, S S 1.5 g 1.25 g Fa 1 S MS 11.5 g 1.5 g S DS 1.5 g 1g
3
2
ClassD, S1 0.6 g Fv 1.5 S M 1 1.5 0.6 g 0.9 g S D1 0.9 g 0.6 g
3
For steel special moment resisting, R= 8
For Risk category III, Ie= 1.25
Ta Ct hnx 0.0724 120.8 0.53 sec TL 6 sec
 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued

Example 5-continued:
1
Cs 0.156
8

1.25
0.5 0.6
S1 0.6 g Cs min 0.047
(
8
)
Cs=0.156,W=7x5x5x3=525kN
1.25
T TL Cs max
0.6
0.18 Base Shear V CsW 0.156 525 82kN
8
0.53( )
1.25
wi hik
Vertical distribution of seismic force Fi V : 0.5 T 0.53 2.5 k 1.015
i i
w h k

Level hi wi wihik Fi
m kN kN
1 4 175 715 13.5
2 8 175 1444 27.3
3 12 175 2179 41
Sum 4338 82
 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued

Example 5-continued: Response spectrum Procedure

m3=17.8 W 175 kN . sec 2

m 17.8
g 9.81 m
8
m2=17.8 k 12 EI 12 210 10 16000 10 6300kN / m
6

h3 43

m1=17.8 [ M ]u C u K u Ft 0
1 0 0 8 4 0
M mi 0 1 0 k k 4 8 4
0 0 1 0 4 4
u A sin( t B) 8 4 0 1 0 0
u A cos(t B) k 2 M A 0 k 4 8 4 2 0 1 0 0
m
k
u A 2 sin( t B) 0 4 4 0 0 1

8 B 4 0 0.79 16.7
4 8 B 4 0 : B 2
m
k
B 3 20 B 2 96 B 64 0 B 6.22 47
0 4 4B 13 68

 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued

Example 5-continued:
0.38 1
2
T T 0.13 Sa 1 g
0.092 0.907

u A sin(t B)
u A cos(t B)
( M 2 k ) A sin(t B) 0 [ M ] 2 [k ] . 0
u A 2 sin(t B) is a matrix for mode shape
45436 25200 0 11 0 11 0.445
25200 45436 25200 0 0.803
1=16.7 21 21
0 25200 20236 31 0 31 1
11080 25200 0 12 0 12 1.12
2=47 25200 11080 25200 0 0.53
22 22
0 25200 14120 32 0 32 1

31907 25200 0 13 0 13 1.78

3=68 25200 31907 25200 0 2.26
23 23
0 25200 57107 33 0 33 1
 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued

Example 5-continued:

n
( wi i ) 2
Sam wi im m
Csm , wm 1
n
Vm Csm wm Fim n
Vm , V V 2
m

w w
(R / I ) 2 1
i i i im
1 1

1 (175(0.445 0.803 1)) 2

Mode1 Cs1 0.156, wm1 480 V1 0.156 480 75kN
8 / 1.25 175(0.445 0.803 1 )
2 2 2
 Seismic load- Seismic Provisions to ASCE 7-10-continued

Example 5-continued:
Modes Tm Csm wm Vm V 752 4.52 0.72 2 75.1kN
1 0.38 0.156 480 75
2 0.13 0.156 29 4.5
3 0.092 0.142 5.1 0.72
Notes:
Modes Tm wm/wtotal Vm/V First period is the fundamental
period
1 0.38 0.93 0.9987
T21/3 T1, T31/4T1
2 0.13 0.056 0.06
It is enough to consider modes
3 0.092 0.001 0.0096 in which the effective mass
sharing is more than 90%.
VR.S . 75.1
Comparison 0.92
VE . L. F 82
It is because of reduced participation of mass in Response Spectrum procedure for
the first mode (Fundamental mode, 93% of the total building mass).