UNIT 1

A = [e]

B = [bi]

C = [si]

D = [di]

E = [i]

F = [f]

G = [di]

H = [et]

I = [a]

J = [de]

K = [ke]

L = [l]

M = [m]

N = [n]

O = [o]

P = [pi]

Q = [kju]

R = [r]

S = [s]

T = [ti]

U = [ju]

V = [vi]
 W = [dbl ju]

X = [ks]

Y = [wa]

Z = [zd] in British English, [zi] in American English

VERB TO BE

Affirmative forms of the verb to be

Subject Pronouns Full Form Contracted Form
I am 'm
you are 're
he/she/it is 's
we are 're
you are 're
they are 're

Interrogative forms of the verb to be:

Am I?
Are you?
Is he/she/it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?

Negative Forms of the verb to be:

Subject Pronouns Full Form Contracted Form
I am not 'm not
you are not aren't
he/she/it is not isn't
we are not aren't
you are not aren't
they are not aren't
YES/NO QUESTIONS

Is he/she/it happy? Yes, he is./ No, she isn't.

Are you/they married?- Yes, we are./ No, they aren't.

Possessive 's
When we want to show that something belongs to somebody or something, we usually add an
apostrophe + s ('s) to a singular noun and an apostrophe (') to a plural noun, for example:

the boy's ball (one boy)

the boys' ball (two or more boys)

Notice that the number of balls does not matter. The structure is influenced by the possessor
and not the possessed.

Proper Nouns (Names)

We very often use possessive 's with names:

This is Mary's car.

Where is Ben's telephone?

Who took Anthony's pen?

When a name ends in s, we usually treat it like any other singular noun, and add 's:

This is Charles's chair.

But it is possible (especially with older, classical names) to just add the apostrophe ':

Irregular Plurals
singular noun plural noun
my child's dog my children's dog
the man's work the men's work
 INDEFINITE ARTICLES
A and AN are called indefinite articles. "Indefinite" means "not specific". We
Use A(AN) when we are talking about a thing in general, NOT a specific thing.

USE 1
The article A is used before singular, countable nouns which begin with a consonant.
He is a teacher. In general.
I need a phone. - Not a specific phone, any phone

USE 2
The article AN is used before singular, countable nouns which begin with a vowel.
He is an actor.
I saw an elephant at the zoo.
USE 3
Remember that A(AN) means "one" or "a single". You cannot use A(AN) with plural nouns.

I saw a bears in National Park. Not Correct

I saw bears in National Park. Correct

USE 4
If there is an adjective before the noun, A(AN) should agree with the first sound in the
adjective noun combination.
He is an excellent teacher.
That is a broken egg.
USE 5
Use A before words such as "university" which sound like they start with a consonant even if
the first letter is a vowel.

She has a euro. Sounds like "yu-ro".

That number is a "1". Sounds like "won".

USE 6
Use AN before words such as "hour" which sound like they start with a vowel even if the first
letter is a consonant.

Unit 2

Simple present tense

The simple present tense is used:
 To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions
and wishes:
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large
city (general truth)

To give instructions or directions:

You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.

To express fixed arrangements, present or future:

Your exam starts at 09.00

Examples

For habits
He drinks tea at breakfast.

For repeated actions or events

We catch the bus every morning.

For general truths

Water freezes at zero degrees.

For instructions or directions

Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.

For fixed arrangements

His mother arrives tomorrow.

We use words like sometimes, often. always, and never (adverbs of frequency) with the
present tense:

1. I sometimes go to the cinema.

She never plays football.

Notes on the simple present, third person singular

In the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:

he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.

Negative and question forms use DOES (= the third person of the auxiliary 'DO') + the
infinitive of the verb.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.

Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:

fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
 Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes

Examples

He goes to school every morning.

She understands English.

It mixes the sand and the water.

He tries very hard.

She enjoys playing the piano.

THERE IS and THERE ARE

We use there is and there are when we first refer to the existence or presence of someone or
something.

There is and there are means something exists.

There is
Use "there is" (there's) for a noun - singular.

Example:

There is a mouse in the bag.

There are

Use "there are" for a noun - plural.

Example:

There are four girls in a team.

There is = there's

The contraction of there is - is there's.

There is no short form for there are!

Negative form of "there is" and "there are"

Examples:

There is a car. There isn't a car.

There are four balls. There aren't four balls.

Place there is and there are at the start of a sentence.

Questions with there is and there are

Place is or are in front of there to form a question.

Examples:

There is a book on the table.

Is there a book on the table?

There are books on the table.

Are there books on the table?

Some and Any

We use SOME and ANY with plural nouns and uncountable nouns.
Some is generally used in positive sentences.
Any is generally used in negative sentences.

I have some information for you about flights to Paris.

(Positive - Uncountable)

I don't have any information for you about flights to Paris.

(Negative - Uncountable)

We met some friends for drinks after work yesterday.

(Positive - Plural Countable)

I didn't see any friends there on Thursday.

(Negative - Plural Countable)

I think he will have some time to speak to you today.

(Positive - Uncountable)

I don't think he will have any time to speak to you today.

(Negative - Uncountable)

You can also use SOME and ANY in a sentence without a noun if the meaning of the
sentence is clear.

I didn't eat any salad but Peter ate some. (salad)

Sean took lots of photos of the mountains but Emma didn't take any. (photos)

Questions with Some and Any

Generally, we use ANY in questions.

Are there any books?

Do you have any children?

But, SOME is used in the following circumstances:

1. When we are offering something.

Would you like some coffee?

Do you want some sugar for your coffee?

2. When we are asking for something.

Can I have some fries with that?

3. When we are suggesting something.

Why don't we watch some movies on TV tonight?

Why don't you give her some advice?

THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE

This, That, These, Those are called demonstratives and they are used to show the relative
distance between the speaker and the noun.
Demonstrative Pronouns
We use this (singular) and these (plural) to refer to something that is here / near.
Examples:

This is my car. (singular)

These are our children. (plural)

We use that (singular) and those (plural) to refer to something that is there / far.
Examples:

That is our house. (singular)

Those are my shoes. (plural)

You can also use Demonstrative Pronouns by themselves:

Did you do that?

Which of those would you like?

Present vs. Past

If an action is near in time we tend to use this / these.
If an action has finished or is in the past we use that / those.
Examples:

This is a good meal. (at the time of eating)

Those girls we met last night were silly. (an event that happened in the past).