SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MYSORE

CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

India is the second largest nation in the world, with a population of 1.25 billion, accounting
for nearly 18% of worlds human population, but it does not have enough resources or
adequate systems in place to treat its solid wastes. Its urban population grew at a rate of
31.8% during the last decade to 377 million, which is greater than the entire population of
US, the third largest country in the world according to population. India is facing a sharp
contrast between its increasing urban population and available services and resources. Solid
waste management (SWM) is one such service where India has an enormous gap to fill.
Proper municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal systems to address the ongoing amount of
wastes are absent. The current SWM services are inefficient, heavy expenditure and are so
low as to be a potential threat to the public health and environmental quality. Improper solid
waste management deteriorates public health, causes environmental pollution, accelerates
natural resources degradation, causes climate change and greatly impacts the quality of life of
citizens.

Figure 1: Impact of Improper SWM on Ecosystems in India

The present citizens of India are living in times of unprecedented economic growth,
rising aspirations, and rapidly changing lifestyles, which will raise the expectations on public
health and quality of life. Remediation and recovery of misused resources will also be
expected. These expectations when not met might result in a low quality of life for the
citizens. Pollution of whether air, water or land results in long-term reduction of productivity
leading to a deterioration of economic condition of a country. Therefore, controlling pollution

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to reduce risk of poor health, to protect the natural environment and to contribute to our
quality of life is a key component of sustainable development.

The per capita waste generation rate in India has increased from 0.44 kg/day in 2001
to 0.6 kg/day in 2015, fuelled by changing lifestyles and increased purchasing power of urban
Indians. Urban population growth and increase in per capita waste generation have resulted in
a 50% increase in the waste generated by Indian cities within only a decade since 2001. There
are 53 cities in India with a million plus population, which together generate 86,000 tons per
day (TPD) of MSW at a per capita waste generation rate of 500 grams/day. The total MSW
generated in urban India is estimated to be 68.8 million tons per year (TPY) or 188,500 tons
per day (TPD) of MSW. Such a steep increase in waste generation within a decade has
severed the stress on all available natural, infrastructural and budgetary resources.

Big cities collect about 70 - 90% of MSW generated, whereas smaller cities and
towns collect less than 50% of waste generated. More than 91% of the MSW collected
formally is land filled on open lands and dumps. It is estimated that about 2% of the
uncollected wastes are burnt openly on the streets. About 10% of the collected MSW is
openly burnt or is caught in landfill fires. Such open burning of MSW and landfill fires
together releases 10,000 tons of pollutants into the lower atmosphere of Mysore city every
year (Figure 2). The pollutants include carbon monoxide (CO), carcinogenic hydro carbons
(HC) (includes dioxins and furans), particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and
sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Figure 2: Wastes are burnt for disposal

1.2 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW)

Waste is defined as any material that is not useful and does not represent any economic value
to its owner, the owner being the waste generator. Depending on the physical state of waste,

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wastes are categorized into solid, liquid and gaseous. Solid Wastes are categorized into
municipal wastes, hazardous wastes, medical wastes and radioactive wastes. Managing solid
waste generally involves planning, financing, construction and operation of facilities for the
collection, transportation, recycling and final disposition of the waste. This study focuses
only on the disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW), as an element of overall municipal
solid waste management or just solid waste management (SWM).

Table 1: Sources and Types of Municipal Solid Waste

MSW is defined as any waste generated by household, commercial and/or

institutional activities and is not hazardous. Depending upon the source, MSW is categorized
into three types: Residential or household waste which arises from domestic areas from
individual houses; commercial wastes and/or institutional wastes which arise from
individually larger sources of MSW like hotels, office buildings, schools, etc.; municipal
services wastes which arise from area sources like streets, parks, etc. MSW usually contains
food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, glass, metals, wood, street sweepings,
landscape and tree trimmings, general wastes from parks, beaches, and other recreational
areas. Sometimes other household wastes like batteries and consumer electronics also get
mixed up with MSW.

Current Scenario of Municipal Solid Waste Management in India: Municipal Solid

Waste is generally termed as unwanted or undesired material. Though the term is universal
it has different concern depending upon the location and living standard of people. According
to Indian MSW, Rules 2000 "Municipal Solid Waste includes commercial and residential
wastes generated in a municipal or notified area in either solid or semi-solid for excluding
industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes. Indias population as
per 2001 census is 1027 million, of which 285.3 million people live in 5161 urban areas. The

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problem of urban waste management is noteworthy not only because of large quantities of
waste but also due to its spatial spread across 5161 Urban-Local-Bodies (ULB) and a variety
of problems faced in setting up for systems for collection, transportation and disposal of
waste.

1.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (SWM)

A solid waste management (SWM) system includes the generation of waste, storage,
collection, transportation, processing and final disposal. This study will focus on disposal
options for MSW in Mysore.

Agricultural and manufactured products of no more value are discarded as wastes.

Once items are discarded as waste, they need to be collected. Waste collection in most parts
of the world is centralized and all kinds of waste generated by a household or institution are
collected together as mixed wastes. Indian cities are still struggling to achieve the collection
of all MSW generated. Metros and other big cities in India collect between 70- 90% of MSW.
Smaller cities and towns collect less than 50%. The benchmark for collection is 100%, which
is one of the most important targets at present. This is a reason why source separated
collection is not yet in the radar.

The occurrence of solid waste management concept is a big challenge all over the
world for human beings. The problem of Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is
also prevailing in the urban environment of Mysore. The rapid growth of population in a city
leads to increasing demands for solid waste management and also larger area for disposal of
effluent and toxic waste from different sources. Management of solid wastes is one of the
critical issues for the urban areas of developed and developing countries. The tasks of solid-
waste management present complex technical challenges. This concept includes a wider
concept of costs incurred for managing the process of solid waste management.

The present study area has been cover in this paper; a composting plant was set up
under the ADB assisted Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development Project at Vidayranya
Puram to generate compost from the city refuses. The plant is located about 6 Km from the
Mysore city within an areas of 12.5 acres The plant was set up by the Excel Industries and
was being operated by M/S Vennar Organics till June 2005. The plant has been operational at
sub optimal levels and as of then the agency stopped operation. Now MCC is operating the
Excel plant itself. The plant has the capacity to handle 200 tons of waste per day. The

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remaining waste is being dumped besides the Excel plant. Under the JNNURM project
handling on PPP basis in JASCO. PPP it means "a partnership between a public sector entity
and a private sector entity for the creation and management of infrastructure for public
purpose for a specified period of time on commercial terms and in which the private partner
has been procured through a transparent to provide a detailed analysis of the factors that
determine full cost and solid waste service costs, attention is focused on municipalities of the
64 wards in Mysore city.

Full Cost Analysis is that it provides accurate and complete information on the real
costs of managing solid waste. It uncovers hidden and overlooked costs and allocates all costs
to the specific program for which they are incurred. As a result, managers are able to compare
current and proposed services accurately, predict future costs reliably, and evaluate
privatization options thoroughly. In short, full-cost analysis allows elected officials and solid
waste managers to make informed decisions regarding the types and levels of solid waste
services. In addition to the general advantages that come with understanding program costs.

Generation of solid waste is increasing in Mysore due to tremendous growth of

population, urbanization and development in commercial and industrial activities. The total
solid waste generated by the Mysore city ranges from 380-400 tons/day. Efforts have been
taken by the MCC to combat the increasing waste generation. Mysore being a tourist city
there are many locations within the city and occasions especially during the Dasara where
special efforts for cleanliness are required. Special contingents of staff are dedicated for these
operations. The service charges levied are in the range of Rs. 10-15/month/house.

MCC staff for waste management: The Health Officer from the MCC is in charge of the
SWM activities. The Deputy Health Officer, 2 Environmental Engineers and Health
Inspectors along with 2 Senior Health Inspectors and 18 Junior Health Inspectors assist in
performing the operations. The Health Inspectors are assisted by the 36 conservancy dafedars
who in turn manage the pourakarmikas of the City Corporation and the staff on contract.

1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Solid waste management issues are a highly emotive topic. The plant has been operational at
sub optimal levels as public and private partnership and some of the agency stopped
operation. Delay in sanction of budget for solid management, there is need high actual
budgets require manage all the activities the main problem they facing shortage of funds such

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as primary and secondary cost, infrastructure development cost, transportation costs, Disposal
costs need to be balanced all the expenses incurred to manage against available actual budget
on the basis of public private partnership. To highlight of the study was undertaken Full
Cost Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Mysore City Corporation.

1.5 NEED FOR THE STUDY

Now a days solid waste management is becoming huge problem for human beings as well as
environment. So it is necessary to adopt scientific method in municipal solid waste
management. This requires financial budgets to require manage all expenses incurred to
complete solid waste management process. So that, this study contributes financial and full
cost analysis related information to upgrade the Mysore City Corporation have a valuable
planning tool preparing budgets and determining a programs direction explore the
incorporation of financial incentives into solid waste management programs. The public can
also benefit from full cost analysis information. Full cost results can be presented to the
public through the newspaper, tax forms, or other avenues to make solid waste cost and fees
more transparent. With such information, citizens can better evaluate their own actions and
the choices of their publics.

1.6 OBJECTIVES

The broad objectives of the Detail Project Report (DPR) are to determine a technically and
economically viable sold waste management project for the urban area of Mysore. This report
focuses on various options available for the disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW)
sustainably and attempts to provide a documented picture of their suitability to Mysore.

Following are the specific objectives;

1) To devise a system for effective and efficient method of MSW disposal.

2) To assess Project feasibility
3) To assess Environment Impact Assessment of the Project
4) To prepare operational plan

Scope & Limitations of the study

1) The study is limited to Mysore Urban area only

2) The study is limited to end the disposal and make Mysore city always cleanest city in India.

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CHAPTER - 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1. WASTE GENERATION, QUANTITY AND CHARACTERISTICS

A normative standard of 360 gm/capita/day of waste generation is preferred and used as the basis
for estimating the waste generation for Mysore city. Considering the waste generation and the
present estimated population of 9.1 lakhs, the waste generation is estimated at 255 tons/ day
based on the normative standards. The estimate of the source wise waste generation is
300 tons/day. The waste collected by both the City Corporation and the contractor vehicles are
transported to the compost plant. The vehicles are weighed at the compost plant for its quantity.
The records show that the average waste transported is 273 tons/day and minimum is
226 tons/day and the maximum is 321 tons/day. The collection efficiency based on these
numbers is 80-90%.

Table 2.1: Waste generated from different sources

Domestic households: The waste generated in the domestic households forms the major
component of the total MSW generated in the city. Assuming the waste generation of 360
gm/capita/ day, the total waste generated is 338 tons/day from total population of 9,38,386
including floating population as shown in the graph.

Commercial establishments: There are approximately 20,000 commercial establishments in

the city, majority of which are general shops, petty shops, bakeries, juice shops, electrical &
electronics, wholesale and retail stores. Based on the waste quantification studies undertaken,

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the MSW generation rate is approximately 1 kg/day per establishment and the estimated
quantum of MSW generated is 20 tons/day.

Choultries: There are approximately 124 Choultries in the city generating 50 kg of MSW
estimated to generate about 6 tons/day of municipal solid waste.

Hotels, Restaurants & Lodgings: Hotels, restaurants and lodgings mainly generate
biodegradable waste. There are approximately 415 hotels in the city. The MSW generation
rate is approximately 50 kg/unit/day and the estimated quantum of MSW generated by the
hotels is 21 tons/day.

Markets: Vegetable, meat shops and other market areas are the other sources of waste
generation in the city. There are approximately 387 markets in the city which generate an
estimated quantum of 28 tons/day of MSW.

Street sweepings & drain cleanings: Street sweepings and drain cleanings are the other
major components of total MSW generated in urban areas. The street sweepings range from
60 kg per km road length in high density areas to around 15 kg/km road length in less density
areas. The quantum of street sweeping waste generated per day has been estimated at 17
tons/day.

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Slaughter houses: There is one slaughter house at Kuri Mandi in Ward No. 47 of Subhash
Nagar. Approximately 0.5 ton/day of waste is generated at the slaughter house.

Others: Hospitals, clinics, industries and other generators such as schools, institutions,
temples, etc., generated an estimated quantum of 13 tons/day of MSW.

Table 2.2: Categories of waste generated and collected

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Datas to be collected for the project are;

Primary collection and coverage

Transportation of solid waste

Treatment and disposal of solid waste

Zero waste management at Vidyaranyapuram, Mysore

Disposal of municipal solid waste

Health of sanitary workers

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