I.

TITLE
Studying the Animals of Tissue

II. PURPOSE
At the end of this research, the student can explain the constituent tissue in animals.

III. BASIC THEORY

A group of cells have same shape amd function, called tissue (Tim Dosen Pembina,
2012: 13). Changes cells into tissues occurs through a process of specialization. Tissue
constituent bodies of animals there are four types, namely:
1. Epithelial tissue, a tissue that lines body surfaces and body cavities limit.
2. Connective tissue, a tissue that binds and supporting body parts.
3. Muscle tissue, a tissue that moves the body parts.
4. Nerves tissue, a tissue that respond to stimuli and continued stimulation (impulses)
from one body part to another part of the body. (Pratiwi, 2006: 76)

Epithelial tissue is the tissue that surrounds the perimeter and lining or coating the
surface of organs, cavities and channels, both outside and inside.
Epithelial tissue that lines the outer layer of the body is called the epidermis, limiting organ
epithelial tissue is called the endothelium, epithelial tissue called the mesothelium membatsai
cavity. (Pratiwi, 2006:76)
Epithelial cells are bound to each other by the substance between cells. Thus, this
tissue can protect underlying tissue from the effects of the external environment. (Syamsuri,
2006: 113)
Epithelial tissue can be classified by the number of cell layers and shape, as well as
based on the structure and function. Based on the shape, epithelial cells differentiated into flat
shapes, cube, cylindrical or rod. Then there epithelium simplex, the epithelial layer of cells
only. Epithelium complex, the epithelium consists of several layers of cells.

1. Various simplex epithelial tissue, the location and function,

Num Tissue Location Function
.
1. Flattened epithelial layer: Capsule Bouwman kidney Coating the
 Cytoplasm lucid The inner lining of blood inside cavities and
Core-shaped cells located in vessels and lymph. channels.
the midle Lung Alveolus The diffusion of
Space cardiac substances
membrane of the inner ear The substance
Tues small excretion of most antitrasi
glands
2. Epithelial layer of the cube: saliva glands The protective
Cytoplasm clear or grainy. Retina Eye layer or protection
large round nucleus, located The surface of the ovaries The absorption
in the middle Channels of kidney nephron or absorption
Producing
mucus (phlegm)
or secretion
3. Cylindrical epithelium layer: The walls of the stomach The protective
Cytoplasm clear or grainy intestine layer or protection
spherical nucleus is located Gallbladder Producing
near the base Rahim mucus (phlegm)
Line the upper respiratory or secretion
Digestive Tract The diffusion
and absorption of
substances
smoothed.
4. Cylindrical layer of ciliated The walls of the nasal cavity Producing
epithelium Channels trachea mucus (phlegm)
bronchus to catch foreign
The walls of the oviduct objects that enter
channel With vibration
ciliary flush
foreign objects
into or attached to
the mucus
5. Quasi-layered cylindrical nasal cavity Protection
epithelium. Channels trachea secretion
The epithelium is actually bronchus The movement
composed of a layer of The walls of the oviduct of substances
epithelial cells only. But only channel through the
consists of epithelial stem surface
cells are adjacent to each
other and not all cells reach
the surface, thus resembling
layered epithelium..

1. Various kinds of complex epithelial tissue, the location and function,

Num Tissue Location Function
.
1. Layered flat Skin (hand horn substance) The protective
epithelium. epidermis layer against
The oral cavity external influences
The esophagus The protective
Larynx layer in the channel
Vagina Producing mucus
Channels anus
nasal cavity
2. Epithelium Sweat glands Protective
layered cube. Oil glands Coatings
Ovary during growth Producing mucus
Testicles
3. Layered conjunctival layer (which is Protection
cylindrical always covered by a layer of Protective mucus
epithelium. mucus) for example in the white Movement of
part of the eye substances across
The walls of the eyelids the surface
Larynx Channel lymph
Pharynx fluid excretion and
urethra mammary gland
4. Transitional urinary bladder Hold the stretch
epithelium. ureter and pressure
renal pelvis

(Rajasthan, 2012: 12)

Epithelium based on the structure and function:

1. Gland epithelial tissue
In the glandular epithelial tissues are specialized cells that are capable of producing liquid
latex or secretions. All glands are embryologically derived from epithelial tissue. The two
main glands are exocrine glands and endocrine glands.

a) Exocrine glands are glands that have a channel to distribute the results of
expenditure which may be enzyme secretions, sweat, and saliva. Eksokrim gland can
be divided into two, based on the number of constituent cells, are unicellular and
multicellular.
b) The endocrine glands are glands that have cells secretion but does not have the
typical channels.
2. Epithelial tissue cover
This is known as epithelial tissue covering the body as it works to coat the surface and
other tissue. These tissues are on the surface of an organ, or a layer lining the cavity adjacent
to the existing channels of the body (such as the gastrointestinal tract and blood vessels).

The function of epithelial tissue:

1. Protection as protection or tissue who are on the inside
2. As the gland, the tissue that produces secretions
3. As a recipient of stimuli (receptor) is called sensory epithelium or neuropitelium
4. As the traffic gate agents, serve to absorption into the body and to remove
substances from the body.

Connective tissue
Connective tissue or connective tissue is a tissue that is always associated with other
tissues or organs, connective tissue has the function of, among others:
a) Reattaching a tissue to another
b) Wrap organs
c) Fill the cavity between the organs
d) Produce immunity

Various kinds of connective tissue

1. Ordinary connective tissue
a) dense connective tissue
The structure of the fibers (mainly collagen) were solid. Dense connective
tissue differentiated into dense connective tissue regular and irregular. On the basis of
connective tissue, collagen files regularly arranged in one direction, such as tendons.
Irregular dense connective tissue collagen has a spread beam forming strong coarse
matting, for example in the lower layer (dermis) of skin.

b) loose connective tissue

The composition of the fibers loose. This tissue serves as a medium advocates,
filling the space between the organ and the surrounding elements of the tissue to
another. The presence of collagen fibers allow the movement of the parts are
 interconnected. The tissue is also a role in providing nutrients for other tissue elements
that diselubunginya. For example, the tissue under the epithelium surrounding the
capillaries. Tissue mesenchymean embryonic connective tissue with a star-shaped
cells and intercellular substance aniorf. These tissues are a tissue of filling between
layers endoderm and ectoderm in the embryo.

c) Fat tissue
There are two types of adipose tissue, white and brown. White fat tissue is 20-
25% of an adult's body weight. There is a little white fat in humans, among others
interskapula. (Syamsuri, 2006: 115-119)

2. Specialized connective tissue

a. Cartilage tissue (cartilage)
Cartilage is the result of specialization of fibrous connective tissue with elastic
matrix. Cartilage is strong and flexible. Constituent of cartilage tissue is located inside
kondosit lakuna on the matrix containing fibers.
Cartilage serves as a skeleton in the early embryo, supporting soft tissue and
internal organs, as well as the surface of bones and joints. Cartilage ridak have nerves
and blood vessels.
Cartilage is divided into three, based on the content of the matrix are:
1. Hyaline cartilage
Contains collagen fibers are smooth, translucent color blue.
2. Elastic cartilage
Contains elastic fibers and collagen fibers
3. Fibrous cartilage
Collagen membrane containing a dense and coarse. (Syamsuri, 2006: 120)

b. Tissueing true bone (osteon)

True bone is a connective tissue that contains minerals, prepared by or bone cells
(osteocytes). Osteocytes derived from osteoblasts. Osteocytes lie in lakuna and interconnected
through kanalikuli.
Based on the presence or absence of cavities in them, distinguished bone compact
bone and spongy bone. Bone is made up of units called havers system. Bones bones wrapped
by a membrane wrapping cperiosteum. Bone serves as an advocate for the body, locomotor
and protective internal organs.

c. Tissues of blood
Substance of the blood consists of liquid and solid substances. Liquid substance called
blood plasma, solid substance such as blood cells. Three types of blood cells are erythrocytes
(red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets (blood pieces). Leukocytes are
of two kinds, namely glanulosit (leukocytes have granules) and agranulosit (leukocytes has no
granules).
Blood functions:
1. Transporting nutrients, O2 and hormones into the body's cells
2. Transporting the waste and CO2 from body cells.
3. Regulate body temperature
4. Leukocytes may serve to eradicate the disease
5. Closing the wound with blood clots

d. Tissue nodes
A lymph fluid from tissues collected and returned to the bloodstream. Cellular
components such as lymphocytes and granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils).
Lymph fluid flows in channels called lymph vessels that are parallel to the blood veins. The
function of the carrier fluid is lymph tissue, protein, fat and other substances from the tissues
to the circulatory system.

3. muscle tissue
Muscle tissue is composed of muscle cells. These tissues serve to movements in
various parts of the body. Muscle tissue can contract because it contained contractile fibers
called myofibrils. Myofibrils are composed of miofilamen or protein actin and myosin
protein. Muscle tissue can be divided into three, namely:

a. Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle contractile fibers that do not have a reflective criss-cross. So
sarcoplasma on bibs plain looks plain and homogeneous. Such as spindle cell shape, the
center of a large and tapered edges. Smooth muscle cells contained a single nucleus located in
the middle and flat shape.
 Smooth muscle works not under the will (unknowingly muscle) so-called involuntary
muscles and cells are innervated by the autonomic nervous system. For example, blood
vessels, lymph, digestive tract, bladder, and respiratory tract. Smooth muscle serves to move
out of the will. Also useful for controlling the diameter of blood vessels in the eye and pupil
movement.

b. Striated muscle
Striated muscle have contractile fibers that reflect light alternating dark (arisotrop) and
light (isotropic). Striated muscle fibers cylindrical shape or length. Having a lot of core and
located at the edge of the sarcoplasmic. Working under the will (voluntary muscles) so-called
voluntary muscles and cells are innervated by the central nervous system. The contraction of
striated muscle fast but irregular and easily tired. Striated muscle also called skeletal muscle
because there is usually attached to the skeleton. For example, the triceps and biceps. Striated
muscle function as active locomotor contract quickly and strongly to move bones and body.

c. The heart muscle

Cardiac muscle fibers are cylindrical or short. Muscles are composed of striated fibers
branching and interconnected with one another. Cardiac cells have one or two nuclei are
located in the sarcoplasmic. Heart muscle to work out the will (involuntary muscle), also
known as involuntary muscles and cells are innervated by autonomic nerves. Cardiac muscle
contraction takes place automatically, never tired, and slow to react. Characteristic of the heart
muscle is having discus interkalaris, that the meeting of two cells appear dark when viewed
with a microscope. (Pratiwi, 2006: 77-79)

4. Nerves tissues
The nervous system is composed of two main cell types, namely neurons and
supporting cells. Neurons are the cells that really deliver messages along the communication
lines of the nervous system. The rest is more of supporting cells, called glia, which is also its
structure in the nervous system as well as protect, proofing, and generally helps neurons.
Although there are many types of neurons that differ in structure and function. Some
neurons have several features in common. A neuron has a relatively large cell bodies
containing a nucleus and a variety of other cellular organelles. The most prominent
characteristic of neurons is similar penjuluran fibers, called the processus, so the cells are able
to achieve great distances to deliver messages.
Then there is also the dendrites which are structural adaptation that increases the
surface area where neurons are neurons that receive input from other neurons or sensory
receptors.
There are also hills axon, an area in the cell where the axon branching. In this area
impulse delivered to the axon generally raised. Many of the axons in the vertebrate nervous
system encased by a layer of insulation called myelin sheath, which is formed by supporting
cells. In the peripheral nervous system, supporting cells called Schwann cells. Axons can be
branched, and each branch can reach hundreds of thousands of special edges called synaptic
signals, which send signals to other cells by releasing chemical messengers called
neurotransmitters. location of synaptic contacts between the terminal and the target cells
(either another neuron or effector cells, such as muscle cells) called synapses. Synapses are
the junctions where one neuron communicates with other neurons in a nerves pathway or
where a neuron communicates with a muscle cell or gland cell. (Ahira, 2012)

IV. METHODS
4.1 Tools and Material
4.1.1 Tools
1. Microscope
4.1.2 Material
1. Preparation in the form of epithellial tissue preservation, tissue, muscle and nerves

4.2 Procedure
4.2.1 Epithellial tissue

Putting epithelial tissue preparations under the microscope

Observing the magnification weak-strong

Drawing and sheds cell parts that look

4.2.1 Connective tissue

 Putting epithelial tissue preparations under the microscope

Observing the magnification weak-strong

Drawing and sheds cell parts that look

4.2.1 Muscle tissue

Putting epithelial tissue preparations under the microscope

Observing the magnification weak-strong

Drawing and sheds cell parts that look

4.2.1 Nerves tissue

Putting epithelial tissue preparations under the microscope

Observing the magnification weak-strong

Drawing and sheds cell parts that look

V. HASIL PENGAMATAN

5.1 Observations cube layer of epithelial tissue

100x magnification

Keterangan :

1. Nukcleus

2. Cytoplasm
5.2 Observations loose connective tissue cells
100x magnification

Description :
1. Nucleus

2. Colagen fibric

5.3 The results of observations of dense connective tissue

100x magnification

Description :
1. Nucleus
2. Space room of cell
3. Cytoplasm
4. Cell shape : halogen fibric
5. Cell membrane

5.4 Observations smooth muscle tissue

100x magnification

Description :
1. Nuclues

2. Space room of cell

3. Cytoplasm

5.5 Observations of cardiac muscle tissue

100x magnification

Description :
1. Nucleus
2. Cell shape : halogen fibric

5.6 The observation of nerve tissue

100x magnification

Description :
1. Nucleus
2. Cell shape : halogen fibric
V. DISCUSSION

In practice this time, observations carried six times with different objects, and the results are
as follows:

Observations cube layer of epithelial tissue.

(See Figure 1 on the chart observation)
parts that can be observed in the core network is a cell that is a small circle in the middle of a
point resembling a flat-shaped cells. Then there were also the surrounding cytoplasm. network
is abundant in saliva gland, the retina of the eye, the surface of the ovaries, ducts of the kidney
nephron. function of epithelial tissue layer of the cube as a protective layer or protection,
where the absorption or absorption, and producing mucus (phlegm) or secretion.

Observations loose connective tissue cells.

(See Figure 2 on the observation chart)
parts that can be observed in the core networks is the small circle shaped cells and scattered
randomly around the collagen fibers are loosely bonded. This network is widely available as
the network layer of filler anatara endoderm and ectoderm in the embryo. This network serves
as a medium advocates, filling the space between the organ and the surrounding elements of
the network to another.

The results of observations of dense connective tissue

(See Figure 3 on the observation chart)
parts that can be observed on the network is shaped nucleus and a small band of scattered
evenly on the collagen fibers that bind tightly and looks solid. then be seen also the space
between cells, cytoplasm and cell membrane. cell shape in the form of yarn halogen. dense
connective tissue found in the dermis and tendon. This network forms a tendon attachment for
muscles to bones, joints and ligaments as a bone to bone.

Observations smooth muscle tissue

(See figure 4 on the observation chart)
parts that can be observed in the core network are randomly scattered cells and diklelilingi
cytoplasm. also be observed that there are spaces between cells in tissues. smooth muscle
tissue found in many vascular, lymphatic, digestive tract, bladder, and respiratory tract.
Smooth muscle serves to move out of the will. Also useful for controlling the diameter of
blood vessels in the eye and pupil movement.

Observations of cardiac muscle tissue

(See Figure 5 on the observation chart)
parts that can be observed on the network is at the core of flat round shaped cells spread on
collagen fibers. This network forms collagen in the form of yarn. The heart muscle will work
out, so the heart muscle contraction takes place automatically, never tired, and slow to react.

The observation of neural networks

(See figure 6 on the observation chart)
parts that can be observed on the network is the cell nucleus in the middle of the white
molecules. then seen also granule surrounded by a cell membrane. neural networks artifacts
along the nervous system in the body that affect the working power and balance.
VI. CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion
Based on the observation and analysis can be summarized as follows:
Tissue is a group of cells that have the same function
tissues making up the animal's body:
- Tissue epithelium
- Tissue Tie
- Tissue Muscles
- Nerves Tissues
nerves tissue has the following sections:
- Core cell
- The cell
- Neurons
- Axon
- Dendrites
smooth muscle tissue have the parts, as follows:
- Core cell
- Shaped compressed
- Shape the meeting without any space between cells
smooth muscle tissue have the parts, as follows:
- Core cell
- Sarcoplasmic (cytoplasmic in muscle cells)
There is a discrepancy between the observations and theoretical basis, this happens
at the observation layer of flattened epithelial tissue, there should be no space between
the cells, but it looks just the opposite.

6.2 Suggestion
Each observation must be done carefully to get maximum results. In observation
object by using the microscope focus setting should be done slowly
 REFERENCES

Ahira, Anne. 2012. http://www.anneahira.com/jaringan-hewan.htm

Pratiwi, D.A., dkk. 2007. Biologi. Jakarta: Erlangga
Rajasthan. 2012. http://www.careerpoint.ac.in/Zoology (diakses tanggal 24 Oktober 2012)
Syamsuri, Istamar, dkk. 2007. Biologi. Jakarta: Erlangga
Tim Dosen Pembina. 2012. Petunjuk Praktikum Biologi Dasar. Jember: FKIP Universitas
Jember.