11/25/2013

1. Introduction
2. Physical Quantities
3. Kinematics
4. Forces & Universal Gravitation
5. Work, Energy and Power
6. Linear Momentum and Collision
7. Fluid Mechanics
8. Thermodynamics

describe the theory of Mechanics (Newtonian) Kinematics

and its branches Brief History
Definition
1- Dimensional Kinematics
define distance, displacement, speed, velocity & Distance & Speed
acceleration Displacement, Velocity & Acceleration
2-Dimensional Kinematics
Projectile Motion
apply this concepts in solving kinematic Uniform Circular Motion
problems

KINEMATICS
deals with the description of motion.

Aristotle Isaac Newton DYNAMICS

deals with causes of motion.
Galileo Galilei

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Motion along a straight line Anything can be considered to be a particle- a

molecule, a person, or a galaxy, as long as we can
- the simplest case of motion to study
reasonably ignore its internal structure
- considering objects to travel along a flat and narrow
straight line
- object in consideration is termed as point particle

Reference frame a physical entity to which the

motion and position of objects are referred.

Inertial frame a reference frame moving with

constant velocity.

DISTANCE DISPLACEMENT
(x) (x = xf - xi)
- a SCALAR quantity - a VECTOR quantity
"how much space an object has "how far out of place an object is?"
covered?

total length traveled change in position (x or y)

shortest distance from initial
position to final position of the object
- a system for assigning numbers or coordinates to the being considered
location of a point in a reference frame. (+) or () for 1D motion

Dimension: L

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Average Speed
Distance traveled along
the path of an object
divided by the time it
takes to travel the
distance.
Average Velocity Distance may be, but is not necessarily, the magnitude
of the displacement
Displacement of an
object divided by the
time.

Displacement
Distance
(orange line)
(blue line)

If you run a 1000m circular race track from

start to finish,
What is your total distance travelled?
What is your total displacement?

Note: position-time graph is not necessarily a straight line, even

though the motion is along x-direction

SPEED
initial position (xi)
- a SCALAR quantity
- " how fast an object is moving?

total distance
vs
8m total time

VELOCITY
- a VECTOR quantity
6m - " the rate at which an object changes its position?
final position (xf) xf xi total displacement
v
t total time
Dimension: L/T

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Suppose that in both cases truck covers the distance in 10 seconds.

What is the trucks velocity for each trip? Mario enters in a kart race. He completes the 1250m race
around a circular track in 31.7532 s

x 70m 1. What is Marios average speed?
v1 average 1
t 10 s 2. What is Marios average velocity?
7m s

x 60 m
v2 average 2
t 10 s
6m s

You run 100m in 12 s, then turn around and jog 50m

back toward the starting point in 30s. Calculate d
vave
(a) your average speed, and t
(b) your average velocity for the total trip.
d

* Concern only on the initial point and final point

Velocity can be determined from a position-time graph

Instantaneous velocity is defined as the limit of the
Average velocity equals the slope of the line joining the average velocity as the time interval becomes
initial and final positions
infinitesimally short, or as the time interval approaches
zero

x x f xi


x 40 m vinst lim lim
vaverage t 0 t t 0 t
t 3 .0 s
13 m s
The instantaneous velocity indicates what is happening
at every point of time

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Instantaneous velocity is the slope of the tangent line to

the curve at the time of interest
The magnitude of the instantaneous velocity is the
instantaneous speed

Uniform velocity is
constant velocity
The instantaneous
velocities are always
the same

Average velocity Instantaneous velocity

- a VECTOR quantity
- the rate at which an object changes its velocity

v v f vi
a average
t t

Dimension: L/T2

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Acceleration has nothing to do with A falling apple captured by strobe

moving fast!!!!
If an object is slowing down, then its
acceleration is in the opposite direction of
its motion.
For motion with constant velocity, the
acceleration is zero
photography at 60 flashes per
second.
The acceleration of the apple is
indicated by the widening spaces
between the images

When the sign of the velocity and the Instantaneous acceleration is the limit of the
acceleration are the same (either positive or average acceleration as the time interval goes to
negative), then the speed is increasing zero
When the sign of the velocity and the v v f vi
acceleration are opposite, the speed is ainst lim lim
t 0 t t 0 t
decreasing
When the instantaneous accelerations are always
the same, the acceleration will be uniform
The instantaneous accelerations will all be equal to
the average acceleration

Average acceleration is the

slope of the line connecting Constant velocity velocity (magnitude and direction) is
the initial and final not changing with time
velocities on a velocity-time
graph Zero acceleration
Instantaneous acceleration
is the slope of the tangent
line to the curve of the Constant acceleration acceleration (magnitude and
velocity-time graph direction) is not changing with time

Non - zero acceleration

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Uniform velocity (shown by red arrows maintaining Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction
the same size) Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting longer)
Acceleration equals zero Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same length)

d d

t t
Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions
Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting shorter)
Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same length)
d d

t t

v v

t t

a = zero

v v

t t

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A= const
Slope = a

Y-intercept = Vo