Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2
2. Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language
2.1 The Pronunciation of Morphemes
2.1.1 The Pronunciation of Plurals
2.1.2 Additional Examples of Allomorphs
2.2 Phonemes: The Phonological Units of Language
2.2.1 Vowel Nasalization in English as an Illustration of Allophones
2.2.2 Allophones of /t/
2.2.3 Minimal Pairs in ASL
2.2.4 Complementary Distribution
2.3 Distinctive Features of Phonemes
2.3.1 Feature Values
2.3.2 Non-distinctive Features
2.3.4 Phonemic Patterns May Vary Across Languages
2.3.5 Natural Classes of Speech Sounds
2.3.6 Feature Specifications for American English Consonants and Vowels
2.4 The Rules of Phonology
2.4.1 Assimilation Rules
2.4.2 Dissimilation Rules
2.4.3 Feature-Changing Rules
2.4.4 Segment Insertion and Deletion Rules
2.4.5 Movement (Metathesis) Rules
2.4.6 From One to Many and from Many to One
2.4.7 The Function of Phonological Rules
2.4.8 Slips of the Tongue: Evidence for Phonological Rules
2.5 Prosodic Phonology
2.5.1 Syllable Structure
2.5.2 Word Stress
2.5.3 Sentence and Phrase Stress
2.5.4 Intonation
2.6 Sequential Constraints of Phonemes
2.6.1 Lexical Gaps
2.7 Why Do Phonological Rules Exist?
2.8 Phonological Analysis: Discovering Phonemes
3. Application
3.1 Accent Variation General American
3.2 Accents of the British Isles 1: England
3.3 Accents of the British Isles 2: Celtic-Influenced Varieties
3.4 World Accent Varieties of English
3.5 Variation in Spanish Pronunciation
3.6 Pronunciation Change: Past, Present, Future
3.7 Teaching and Learning a Foreign Language
3.8 Universal Patterns and Strategies in Child Phonology
Websites:
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/IPA_chart_(C)2005.pdf
IPA Help Preview
http://www.sil.org/computing/speechtools/ipahelp/IPAprvw2.htm
3
Software for acoustic phonetics: PRAAT
http://www.praat.org/
El anlisis acstico del habla, Joaquim Llisterri, (Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona)
http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/phonetics/fon_anal_acus/Analisis_Acustico.html
Fontica y Fonologa de la Lengua Espaola, Universidad Nacional de Educacin a Distancia
http://www.uned.es/451059/451059d.htm
Curso bsico de fontica general, Summer Institute of Linguistics International
http://www.sil.org/training/capacitar/FONETICA/cursos/CursoBasicoFonetica.stm
Curso bsico de fonologa, Summer Institute of Linguistics International
http://www.sil.org/training/capacitar/Fonologia/cursos/cursobasicofonol.htm
An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Robert Mannell, Felicity Cox and Jonathan Harrington
(Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, 2009)
http://clas.mq.edu.au/phonetics/index.html
Basic readings:
Clark, John & Yallop, Colin (1995). An introduction to phonetics and phonology. 2nd ed. Oxford:
Blackwell. [PDF]
Collins, Beverley & Mees, Inger M (2003). Practical Phonetics and Phonology. A Resource Book for
Students. London: Routledge.
Crystal, David (1997): The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP. [PDF]
Davenport, Mike & Hannahs, Stephen J. (1998). Introducing phonetics and phonology. London: Arnold.
Davis, John F (1998). Phonetics and phonology. Stuttgart, Leipzig, Dsseldorf: Klett.
DIntrono, Francesco; del Teso, Enrique & Weston, R. (1995). Fontica y fonologa actual del espaol.
Madrid: Ctedra.
Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert & Hyams, Nina (2007). An Introduction to Language. 8th ed.
Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. [PDF]
Garca Lecumberri, Ma. Luisa & Maidment, John A. (2000). English Transcription Course. London,
New York: Routledge. [PDF]
Gil Fernndez, Juana (ed.) (2000). Panorama de la fonologa espaola actual. Madrid: Arco.
Hualde, Jos Ignacio (2005). The Sounds of Spanish. Cambridge: CUP.
Iribarren, Mary C. (2005). Fontica y fonologa espaolas. Madrid: Sntesis.
Johnson, Keith (2003). Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
Johnson, Wyn & Reimers, Paula (2010). Patterns in child phonology. Edinburgh: EUP.
Kelly, Gerald (2000). How to Teach Pronunciation. Edinburh: Longman/Pearson. [PDF]
Kreidler, Charles W. (2004). The pronunciation of English. A Course Book. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
[PDF]
Ladefoged, Peter (2003). Phonetic data analysis: an introduction to fieldwork and instrumental
techniques. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ladefoged, Peter (2005). Vowels and Consonants. 2nd ed. Oxford et al.: Blackwell.
Ladefoged, Peter & Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the Worlds Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lodge, Ken (2009). A Critical Introduction to Phonetics. London, New York: Continuum. [PDF]
Martnez Celdrn, Eugenio (2007). Anlisis espectrogrfico de los sonidos del habla. 2nd ed. Barcelona:
Ariel Lingstica.
Martnez Celdrn, Eugenio & Fernndez Planas, Ana M. (2007). Manual de fontica espaola.
Articulaciones y sonidos del espaol. Barcelona: Ariel Lingstica.
McCully, Christopher (2009). The Sound Structure of English. An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP. [PDF]
McMahon, April (2002). An Introduction to English Phonology. Edinburgh: EUP. [PDF]
Ogden, Richard (2009). An Introduction to Englich Phonetics. Edinburgh: EUP. [PDF]
Reetz, Henning & Jongman, Allard (2009). Phonetics. Transcription, Production, Acoustics, and
Perception. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. [PDF]
Rogers, Henry (2000). The sounds of language: an introduction to phonetics. Marlow: Longman.
Smith, Jeremy J. (2007). Sound Change and the History of English. Oxford: OUP. [PDF]