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Thomas G. Spears
Physics Department, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691
(Dated: May 1, 2003)
Some optically inactive materials can become optically active by placing them in a high magnetic
field. The optical activity of the material causes planes of polarized light to rotate. The angle
of rotation is proportional to the product of the magnetic field, path length through the sample
and a constant known as the Verdet Constant. The goal of the lab was to measure the Verdet
Constant for a sample of light flint glass and to compare its value to a theoretically calculated
value. The experimental value was V = (4.13 0.04) 106 cm1 G1 while the theoretical value was
V = 1.18 105 cm1 G1 . A literature value for 578.0 nm was found to be V = 1.00 105 cm1 G1 .
Discrepancies between the three values can be attributed to a non-uniform magnetic field in the
area where the sample was placed and play in the cross-polarizer/analyzer used.
throughout the sample. A Melles Groit HeNe laser beam (known to 1 mA) and an unweighted linear curve was fit
of 632.8 nm wavelength passed through a polarizer, the to the field strength vs. current data:
magnets with the sample in the center and through the
cross-polarizer/analyzer as seen in Fig. 1. The poles had B = 51.8 11 + (747 2.1)I (3)
a hole of approximately 6 mm that allowed the laser light
to pass through. A sheet of white paper placed close to This equation was used to convert the applied current
the cross polarizer was used to help detect the minima in data into magnetic fields.
the transmitted light.
3000
Polarizer
2000
Melles Groit White
HeNe Laser Paper
1 mW 1000
Cenco Electromagnets
632.8 nm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Current (Amps)
The electromagnets did not produce a uniform mag- The magnetic field between the poles is not constant
netic field throughout the space in which the sample was and so to characterize the variations in the magnetic field,
placed. To determine the magnetic field that the sam- at two currents, nine data points were taken at equal
ple experiences an Applied Magnetics Laboratory, Inc. spacings between the poles. A plot of the relative field
Gaussmeter GM1A was used to measure the magnetic strength B/Bo where B is the field strength at the po-
field in Gauss at the center of the two poles for several sition it was measured (for example, 10mm to the left
currents and for two currents, 3 A and 7 A, the mag- of center) and Bo is the field strength in the center of
netic field was characterized at nine points throughout the poles. This plot showed that for most of the dis-
the space between the two poles. This was then used to tance between the poles, the relative field strength fol-
determine an average magnetic field experienced by the lowed a parabola with a minimum near the center of the
sample. poles. This plot, Fig. 3 shows the two sets of relative
The light flint glass data was taken by first centering field strengths as a function of position and that they are
the glass between the poles. Then the laser was turned close to being coincident which indicates that the mag-
on and the alignment checked to make sure that the beam netic field varies the same percentage independent of the
did not hit the cylindrical hole present in the center of the current applied. To find an average value for the mag-
piece of glass. The water used to cool the electromagnets netic field that the sample experiences, a parabola was
was turned on so that a steady flow of water was flowing. fit to the 3 A data. The data used was those in between
The power supply was turned on and the current was x = 15 mm and x = 15 mm since the two outer edge
slowly raised to the desired value. At each current value, points show that the field levels off and since most of the
from 1 A to 8 A, the rotation of the plane of polarized sample lies within the cursors, a curve fit to those data
light would be measured by the cross-polarizer by rotat- points is justified. By integrating the resulting function
ing it until a minimum in the transmitted light could be over the spatial interval and dividing by the interval an
determined on the white sheet of paper. average value for the magnetic field experienced by the
sample is 1.08 times the value of the magnetic field in
the center. An uncertainty of 0.07 was assumed for the
IV. RESULTS average value of the magnetic field.
The data for the angle of rotation vs. the current ap-
Since electromagnets are used to generate the mag- plied lends insight into whether or not the Faraday Ef-
netic field for the experiment, a correlation between the fect is being observed. This data can be found in Table
current supplied to the electromagnets and the measured I. Since the angle of rotation increases as the current is
magnetic field in the space between the poles needed to increased and as current is increased the magnetic field
be deduced. The magnetic field at the center of the poles increases linearly, the Faraday Effect has been observed
was measured at each integer current between 1 and 8 A in this experiment.
3
1.20
1.16
Theta (rads)
1.15
1.14
1.10
1.12
'3 A'
1.05
'7 A'
'Fit to 3 A Data' 1.10
1.00
FIG. 3: A plot of the relative field strength B(x)/B(0) vs. FIG. 4: A plot of the angle of rotation of the plane of polar-
position between the poles used to find an average value of ization vs. the magnetic field with an associated linear fit.
the magnetic field experienced by the sample.
With a relationship between current and magnetic field nd = 1.56 + 8083.62 (7)
established with Eq.(3), the current values from Table I To arrive at the Verdet constant from Eq. (7) the deriva-
can be converted to magnetic fields with an associated tive of Eq. (7) was calculated and evaluated at 632.8 nm.
error. The uncertainty in B comes from the averaging This value of the derivative was substituted into Eq. (2)
of the magnetic field over the space between the poles. and then converted from minutes of rotation per Gauss
The uncertainty in the measurements was taken to be centimeter (min/G cm) to radians per Gauss centimeter
a constant value of 0.01 radians (a good estimate of the (rad/G cm). A value for e/2mc was taken from source [4]
play in the cross analyzer) and magnetic field error was as 1.0083. This theoretical value is 1.18 105 min/G cm.
not propagated into the theta error. Error in the current The CRC value for the Verdet Constant of light flint glass
supplied by the power supply is negligible as drifts of was not listed for 632.8 nm but was present at 578.0 nm
less than a milliamp were noted. A plot of the angle of which yields an approximation of the actual value of V
rotation vs. the magnetic field is seen in Fig. 4 along at 632.8 nm. This value for the Verdet Constant was
with the error and associated unweighed linear fit. The V = 1.00 105 rad/G cm. [5]
equation that fits the theta vs. magnetic field data is
found in Eq. (4).
= 1.091 0.006 + (1.57 0.15) 105 B VI. CONCLUSIONS
(4)
The Verdet Constant can be evaluated from the slope of The effects of the rotation of plane polarized light are
the line. used everyday especially by organic chemists who use the
1 optical properties of chiral compounds for identification
V = (5)
l B purposes. Less used is the magnetically induced optical
4
activity seen in the Faraday Effect. In the lab, the Fara- lasers) to determine (dn/d).
day Effect was demonstrated in a sample of light flint
glass and the value of the Verdet Constant established to
be V = (4.13 0.04) 106 cm1 G1 . The application VII. REFERENCES
of a magnetic field cause the glass to become optically
active and as the magnetic field increased the angle of
rotation increased. [1] L. Wade, Organic Chemistry, Fifth Edition, (Pren-
In the future, the Faraday Effect could be explored in tice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2003)
a number of different ways. The first would be to choose [2] G. Monk, Light: Principles and Experiments,
a different sample such as a liquid, for which the Verdet (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1963)
Constant is known and find a way to increase the accu- [3] F. Jenkins, H. White, Fundamentals of Optics,
racy and precision of the apparatus used in order to get (McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1976)
experimental values to match better with known values. [4] F. Pedrotti, P. Bandettini, Amer. J. Phys. 58, 542
Besides measuring the Verdet Constant of another ma- (1990).
terial, it would be interesting to measure the index of [5] D. Lide, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
refraction of a material by knowing its Verdet Constant 77th Edition, (CRC Press, New York, 1996)
but using different wavelengths of light (different color