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ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
FUNDAMENTALS
ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN VERSION
-
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CONTENTS
Contact Larisa@larisaschooloflanguage.com
6
The English Alphabet
7
Consonants
7
Vowels
8
Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers
8
Compound Numbers Reading and Writing Examples
? 9
Telling Time in English
10
Countries and Nationalities
11
Parts of Speech in English
12
The Verb To Be
To Have (to have got) 13
The Verb To Have (to have got)
15
Pronouns
16
Personal Pronouns
18
Demonstrative Pronouns
. 18
Possessive Pronouns
20
-, -, , -, -,
Indefinite Pronouns
3
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4
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37
The Future Continuous (Progressive) Tense
38
The Present Perfect Tense
40
The Past Perfect Tense
42
The Future Perfect Tense
44
Articles
45
Singular and Plural Nouns
47
The Possessive Case of Nouns
48
Adjectives. Degrees of Comparison
50
Adverbs. Degrees of Comparison
51
Conditional Sentences
52
English Prepositions and Conjunctions
53
The Future in the Past
54
The Sequence of Tenses
55
Irregular English Verbs
Elementary Wordlist 61
Elementary
5
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20 Tt tee [ti]
21 Uu u [ju]
22 Vv vee [vi]
23 Ww double-u [db()l ju] -
24 Xx ex [ks]
25 Yy wy [wa]
wye
26 Zz zed, zee [zd], [zi] , zee -
6
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CONSONANTS
-
1. Bb bee [bi]
2. Cc cee [si]
3. Dd dee [di]
4. Ff ef [f]
5. Gg gee [di]
6. Hh aitch [et]
7. Jj jay [de]
8. Kk kay [ke]
9. Ll el [l]
10. Mm em [m]
11. Nn en [n]
12. Pp pee [pi]
13. Qq cue [kju]
14. Rr ar [] [] :,
15. Ss ess [s]
16. Tt tee [ti]
17. Vv vee [vi]
18. Ww Double-u [db()l ju] -
19. Xx ex [ks]
20 Zz Zed, zee [zd], [zi] ,
VOWELS
-
1. Aa a [e]
2. Ee e [i]
3. Ii i [a]
4. Oo o []
5. Uu u [ju]
6. Yy its more used for [wa]
sounds
(can be both a vowel
and a consonant )
For more information, see the following links:
The English Alphabet with Audio
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/English_Alphabet_Audio.html 7
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CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMBERS
1. Formal but easier way: say the hours first and then the minutes.
For minutes 01 through 09, you can pronounce the '0' as oh. [u]
2. More popular way: say the minutes first and then the hours. Use past and the preceding hour for
minutes 01 through 30. Use to and the forthcoming hour for minutes 31 through 59 .
Example: 7.15 - fifteen minutes past seven [ff'tin 'mnt pst 'sev()n]
Another possibility of saying '15 minutes past' is: a quarter past ['kwt pst]
Another possibility of saying '15 minutes to' is: a quarter to ['kwt tu:]
Another possibility of saying '30 minutes past' is: half past [hf pst]
07700 900318 oh double seven double oh nine double oh three one eight
[u db()l sv()n db()l u nn db()l u ri]
COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES
Countries Adjectives Nationality
Russia / Russian a Russian the Russians
a Scot, a Scotsman /
Scotland / Scottish the Scotsmen
woman
Sweden / Swedish a Swede the Swedes
the Irishmen,
Ireland / Irish an Irishman / woman
the Irish
10
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PARTS OF SPEECH IN ENGLISH
Nouns are parts of speech used to name people, places and things.
( - , , ,
.)
Examples: a girl, a town, an umbrella.
Interjections are unusual words, because they often stand alone. Interjections are words
which express emotion or surprise, and they are usually followed by exclamation marks.
( , ,
.)
Examples: Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha!
TO BE
THE VERB TO BE
The verb To be To be
- ", ". ,
(, , ),
, . ,
"to be" (.. ):
I am Im ()
He is Hes ()
She is Shes ()
It is Its , , , ()
We are Were ()
I am
He
She
is
It from Ukraine
We
You
are
They
Examples:
I am a doctor. . ( ).
The weather is bad. .
They are from Paris. .
The Petrovs
- ", , ".
have, has have got, has got ( 've got
's got) ,
.
to have got ()
13
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Examples:
We've got a nice flat. - .
Have you got any pets? - ?
Yes, a dog and a cat. - , .
14
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ENGLISH PRONOUNS
, , ,
. ,
.
Pronouns (
( ) ( )
) Whose , , Who(m) , ?
Who ? ?
I I- My / mine Me , ,
Your / yours
II You - You , ,
It - Its / its , It ,
15
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PERSONAL PRONOUNS
The Nominative Case The Objective Case
I -
me - , ,
Singular he -
. she - him -, ,
her -, ,
it - (, )
it -/, /
-, ,
us
Plural we -
. you - , , -, ,
you
they -
them -, ,
16
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USE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Examples:
it ,
, :
"it"
, , ,
.
Examples:
It's snowing. - .
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Singular Plural
this - , , these -
that - , , those -
. "this"
, , "that" -
; "that" ", ".
, .
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Pronouns ()
18
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! , ,
. ,
.
,
whose? - ?
(possessive pronouns)
, , .
-
own [oun] , , :
on ones own , ,
:
19
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-
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Something, anything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody
-, -, , -, -,
Somebody /
Positive
Something Somewhere
Someone
- -, -, -
-
Questions
Anything Anybody /
Anywhere
-, - Anyone
-, -
-, -
Nowhere
,
Not anything Not anybody
, "-body"/-one,
.
, "-thing",
.
QUANTITATIVE PRONOUNS
In negative sentences
We use
In positive sentences
CNs
count nouns
(
In questions
)
With CNs
With UNs
UNs
uncount nouns
(
)
Some
(sometimes)
Any
Much
Many
A lot/ lots of
A few
'some/ any'
A little
"/
"
.
"some"
. "Any" -
.
Examples:
21
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REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
himself [hm'self]
themselves [m'selvz]
3 herself [h'self]
itself [It'self]
- - oneself [wan'self]
, :
, , , -, -.
, :
, , ,
Examples:
She rode a bike by herself. - .
They talked about themselves. - .
I can take care of myself. - .
, (,
, ), ,
I feel terrible.
.
Id like to have a Porsche but I cannot afford it.
, .
wash, bath, shave,
(un)dress change (clothes):
I dressed quickly, had my breakfast and left for work.
, .
22
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MODAL VERBS
Examples Use
Modal Verb
He can find any street in London. Ability ()
CAN .
23
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Opinion/Advice
OUGHT TO You ought to drive more carefully.
. (/)
Positive
I Infinitive without to
He/She/It Modal verb (can, may, (swim/read/dance)
We/You/They must, might, could)
to
I can dance.
I must go to work.
I might come to your party tonight.
Negative
I Modal verb + not (cant, Infinitive without to
He/She/It may not, mustnt, might (swim/read/dance)
We/You/They not, couldnt)
to
24
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Questions
Modal verb (can, may, must, I Infinitive without to
might, could) He/She/It (swim/read/dance)?
We/You/They to
,
, , .
? ,
, , , , ,
, , . .
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
Months of the year ( ) Time of the day ( )
January ()
February ()
March ()
April () the morning
May () the afternoon
in June () in Dates ()
the evening
July ()
August () exception!
September () third june
at night
October () ninth august
November ()
December ()
25
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Examples:
My birthday is on the seventh of March. .
I like drinking coffee in the mornings. .
Theres a big holiday on Sunday. .
My friends are coming to visit me in December.
.
Prepositions of Time
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Flashcards_Prepositions_TR7.html
Prepositions of Place
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Flashcards_prepositions_V8L.html
Prepositions of Movement
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Flashcards_prepositions.html
Seasons, Months, Days of the Week, Dates
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/flashcards_seasons.html
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
5 :
1. (general questions);
2. (special questions);
3. (questions to the subject);
4. (tag questions / disjunctive questions);
5. (alternative questions).
. , , ,
.
.
(What? When? Why? Which? Where? Etc.)
26
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, , ,
, :
S subject ( ,
, ).
V verb .
V2 verb2 -ed,
.
Ving verb ing -ing.
V3 verb3 -ed,
.
Wh .
Present
Do you work Are you working Have you worked Have you
here? here? here? been working
here?
Did you work Were you working Had you worked Had you been
here? here? here? working here?
Future
Will you work Will you be working Will you have Will you have
here? here? worked here? been working
here?
27
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(General Questions)
. .
yes / no question.
(do,
does, is ..) .
Examples:
Does she like knitting? ?
Do you play computer games? ?
Is this his book? ?
, to be
:
Are you at home? ? Was he at the cinema yesterday?
?
(Special Questions)
,
. ,
: What? ?; When? ?;
Where? ?; Why? ?; Which? ? .
Examples:
Where are you going to move? ?
What would you like to read? ?
When did you leave the house? ?
(),
.
: Who? What? ( ). ,
.
shall / will, , ,
.
.
Examples:
What happened to us? ?
What makes you feel upset? ?
Who invites guests to the parties?
28
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(Alternative Questions)
,
, ,
, ..
or.
Examples:
They finished writing the article at 5 p.m. 5 .
Did they finish writing the article in the morning or at night?
?
Did they finish writing or reading the article? ?
(Question Tags)
, , .
?, ?
, ,
, ;
,
, .
:
, ;
, .
Examples:
I am a pessimist, aint/arent I? , ?
29
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ENGLISH TENSES REVIEW
12 ,
:
- simple indefinite ( );
- continuous progressive ( );
- perfect ( );
Continuous tenses describe on-going actions and processes. We use an auxiliary verb
be and ing verb forms to form continuous tenses. ( ,
, -
(), , , .
be,
"-ing").
Perfect tenses describe actions that happened at an indefinite time in the past or that
began in the past and continue in the present. We use an auxiliary verb have and the
past participle to form perfect tenses. (
, - .
have,
(
).
Perfect Continuous tenses are used to express an action which begins in the past and
continues into the present moment or to express the duration of an activity that
begins in the past and continues into the present. We use two auxiliary verbs have
and been, and also an -ing verb form to build these tenses. (
, ,
, ,
.
have been,
"-ing").
30
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()
THE PRESENT SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) TENSE
P: He/she/it speaks.
Do I/you/we/they speak?
31
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to arrive , To return
to come , to sail
to go , to start
to leave
Examples:
My father goes to London next week.
.
The next train leaves in an hour. .
Our ship sails on next Tuesday.
.
()
THE PAST SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) TENSE
32
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()
THE FUTURE SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) TENSE
33
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The Future Simple Tense is often called will, because we make the future simple tense
with the modal auxiliary will. For negative sentences in the future simple tense, we insert
not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the
subject and auxiliary verb. When we use the future simple tense in speaking, we often
contract the subject and auxiliary verb. For negative sentences in the future simple
tense, we contract with won't.
Will you :
Will you please open the window? , , .
:
I shall/will not do this. .
You will not (wont) be late. .
Future Simple
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Simple_Flashcards.html
34
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THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE
Q: Am I speaking?
Is he/she/it speaking?
Are you/we/they
speaking?
Q: Am I going to speak?
Is he/she/it going to
speak?
Are you/we/they going to
speak?
The Present Progressive Tense (also sometimes called the "present continuous") is formed
with the present tense of the verb to be + a main verb + -ing. Present Continuous
to be (
am, is, are ) - Present Participle
(IV- ing-).
35
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Present Continuous
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Present_continuous.html
THE PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE
36
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The Past Progressive Tense (also sometimes called "past continuous") is formed by using
was/were + main verb + ing. Past Continuous
to be ( was, were )
- Present Participle (IV- ing-
).
Present Continuous
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Present_continuous.html
THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE
Positives/ Negatives/ Use Time Expressions
Questions
action that is going on at a
certain time in the future
P: Hell be (will be) (,
speaking.
N: He wont (will not) be in one year, next
speaking. ); week, tomorrow
Q: Will he be speaking? action that is sure to
happen in the near future
(,
)
The Future Progressive Tense is formed with will be + main verb + ing. The negative form
of this tense is won't be + main verb + ing.
37
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Future Continuous to be
( will be) -
Present Participle (IV- ing-).
,
,
, :
at noon at five oclock
at midnight at 3 oclock tomorrow 3
at that moment
:
In an hour Ill be flying over the sea. .
Ill be waiting for you at 9 oclock 9 .
tomorrow.
Just think. This time tomorrow Ill be lying .
on the beach. .
Past Continuous
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Tense_Flashcards.html
THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE
Positives/ Negatives/ Use Time Expressions
Questions
P: I/We/You/They have putting emphasis on the already, ever, just,
spoken. result ( never, not yet, so far,
till now, up to now
He/She/It has spoken.
)
N: I/We/You/They havent action that started in the
(have not) spoken. past and is still going on
He/She/It hasnt (has not) (,
spoken.
Q: Have I/We/You/They )
spoken? action that stopped
Has he/she/it spoken? recently (,
38
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)
finished action that has an
influence on the present
( ,
)
action that has taken place
once, never or several
times before the moment of
speaking (,
,
)
The Present Perfect Tense is formed with have/has + a past participle. There are several
situations in which we use this tense: 1) to talk about something that was true in the past,
and is still true in the present, as in, "I have been married for five years."
2) to refer to something that happened at an unspecified time in the past, as in, "Becky
has visited China several times already."
3) to talk about something that happened during a period of time that has not yet
ended, as in, "I have gone to three parties so far this month." When used with "just," to
refer to something that happened very recently, as in, "My mother has just arrived."
When you see words like for, since, ever, already, and so far in a sentence, it often
means that you need to use the present perfect tense.
39
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,
, ,
.
Present Perfect ,
- .
,
Past Simple:
I have seen the film. I saw it in London. .
Did you like the film? .
?
Well, I have had a word with the boss. , .
He said he would think it over. , .
THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE
Positives/ Negatives/ Use Time Expressions
Questions
P: He had spoken. action taking place before a already, just, never,
N: He hadnt (had not) certain time in the past not yet, once, until
spoken. (, that day, by then
Q: Had he spoken? - if - sentence type III (If
); I had talked, )
sometimes interchangeable
with past perfect progressive
(
past perfect progressive );
putting emphasis only on the
fact (not the duration)
(
- ,
);
40
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Past Perfect ,
,
,
:
by two oclock by then /
by noon by that time
by Saturday by the end of the week
by the 15th of September
15 by the end of the year
:
By six o'clock on Sunday I had already
learned all the words. .
She had left by the 1st of June. () .
She had written only two letters by noon. 2
.
, Past
Simple, , Past
Perfect:
When we came to the station the train had ,
already gone. .
She had just made coffee when I arrived. ,
.
: ,
, ,
Past Indefinite:
I took a bath and went to bed.
.
Past Perfect ,
:
41
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THE FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE
The Future Perfect Tense is formed with will have + past participle, as in, "I will have left by
tomorrow" or "They will have been friends for a long time." The form stays the same no
matter what subject you use.
We use the Future Perfect Tense to talk about an action that will be completed
sometime in the future. Usually this action will be completed before something else
happens or by a certain time in the future. For example, we can say, "I will have
graduated by the time I turn 18." This means that I will turn 18 in the future, and at some
point before then, I will graduate in the future.
42
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Future Perfect ,
,
,
:
by five oclock by that time
by noon by the end of the year
by Saturday
by then
:
We shall have translated the article by ()
five oclock. .
I shall have finished the report by tonight. .
The workers will have built this school by 1
September 1st. .
Present Indefinite (
), ,
Future Perfect ( ) .
, before , when :
, Perfect
. Future Perfect
.
ARTICLES
-
. : (the indefinite article) "a" ( "an",
) (the definite article) "the".
"",
: a tree - , an apple - .
.
.
.
""
.
Examples:
,
,
.
44
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Examples:
a cat / a black cat / a dirty black cat
/ /
,
:
this dictionary -
my dictionary -
The Article
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Article.html
SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
s.
Singular Plural
camera () cameras
pen () pens
phone () phones
, -ch, -sh, -s -x,
-es.
Singular Plural
watch ( ) watches
brush () brushes
bus () buses
box () boxes
Tomato () potato ()
-es: tomatoes, potatoes.
45
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, + -y (, -ty, -ly), -
ies.
Singular Plural
city () cities
family () families
, fl, -fe
f v -es
Singular Plural
loaf ( ) loaves
wife (, ) wives
-s -es. :
woman () women
person (, ) people
tooth () teeth
foot () Feet
mouse () mice
child () children
deer () deer
fish () fish
goose () geese
sheep () sheep
POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS
1. :
(the Common ase) (the Possessive Case).
.
:
2. ,
.
's ( s)
.
,
, .. :
1. [s]:
The cadet's book [kedets] -
2. [z]:
Frunze's works ['frunzaz] -
The worker's profession -
3. [iz]:
Bush's songs -
3. ,
-s, -ss, -x,
('). [iz]:
4. ,
-s,
('):
,
, , ,
's:
47
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5. 's
:
Editor-in-chief' s room -
of. of
:
ADJECTIVES. DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Adjective Comparative Superlative Degree
Degree
Regular Long () Longer Longest (
Cold () () )
Colder Coldest(
() )
48
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,
: , .
, ..
: difficult - , green - . ,
, "as ... as - ... ,
" "not so ... as - ... , ".
,
,
,
"-er" , .
There are also some irregular degrees of comparison you have to remember.
Good () - Better () - The best ()
Examples:
That is the highest building in the city. - - .
49
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ADVERBS. DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Adverbs describe verbs, showing the manner, place, time or frequency of an action.
- , , : "
(?) ; ( ?)",..
", ?".
(, , )
, .
Examples:
He reads well. -- .
He works slowly. -- .
I arrived early. -- .
We live here. -- .
She is so nice. -- .
.
. - (here - , well - ),
"-ly" (slow / slowly -
/ , happy / happily - / ),
(nowhere - , downstairs - ),
(at first - , , all of a sudden - ).
50
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,
:
1. - now, soon, yesterday ( , , ).
2. - sometimes, often ( , ).
3. - here, inside, abroad ( , , ).
4. - badly, quickly, suddenly ( , , ).
5. - very, completely, too ( , , ) ..
,
:
"-er"
"-est".
IF WHEN
IF AND WHEN CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
"
, , .
,
, .
, .
"clauses".
, -
,
"conditional clauses", "if ()"
"when ( - , )".
Examples:
If the weather is good on Sunday, I always go for a walk in the park.
, .
I often visit Martin when I go to London.
, .
, -
, -
51
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, -
. , "if / when"
.
. :
PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS
, ,
, :
Her hair was dark and long. - .
It's fine but cold. - , .
Tea or coffee? - ?
52
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,
, :
When she read the letter, she locked it in her desk.
, .
He knew that I would go with him if he asked me to.
, , .
Prepositions of Movement
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Flashcards_prepositions.html
Prepositions of Time
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Flashcards_Prepositions_TR7.html
Prepositions of Place
http://www.larisaschooloflanguage.net/Flashcards_prepositions_V8L.html
THE FUTURE IN THE PAST
,
.
"the Future in the Past" "should"
"would" ( to):
" " ,
,
, -
.
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" "
:
SHOULD
WOULD + INFINITIVE
Example:
THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
it is interesting (now).
Jim says (that) it was interesting (yesterday).
it will be interesting (tomorrow).
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(sequence of tenses):
.
,
(indirect speech). , ,
.
IRREGULAR VERBS
50 .
Infinitive
Past Simple Past Participle
Beat
/bi:t/ beat /bi:t/ beaten /'bi:tn/
Become
/b 'km/ became /b 'kem/ become /b 'km/
Begin
/b 'gn/ began /b 'gn/ begun /b 'gn/
Bend
/bend/ bent /bent/ bent /bent/
Bind
/band/ bound /band/ bound /band/
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Bite
/bat/ bit /bt/ bitten /'btn/
Bleed
/bli:d/ bled /bled/ bled /bled/
Blow
/blou/ blew /blu:/ blown /bloun/
Break
, /brek/ broke /brouk/ broken /'broukn/
Bring
/br/ brought /br:t/ brought /br:t/
Build
/bld/ built /blt/ built /blt/
Burn burnt /
/b:rn/ /b:rnt/ burnt / burned /b:rnt/
burned
Buy
/ba/ bought /b:t/ bought /b:t/
Catch
/kt/ caught /k:t/ caught /k:t/
,
Choose
/tu:z/ chose /touz/ chosen /'touzn/
Come
, /km/ came /kem/ come /km/
Cost
/kst/ cost /kst/ cost /kst/
Cut
/kt/ cut /kt/ cut /kt/
Dig
/dg/ dug /dg/ dug /dg/
Do
, /du:/ did /dd/ done /dn/
Draw
/dr:/ drew /dru:/ drawn /dr:n/
Dream
dreamt / dreamt /
, /dri:m/ /dremt/ /dremt/
dreamed dreamed
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Drink
/drk/ drank /drk/ drunk /drk/
Drive
/drav/ drove /drouv/ driven /'drvn/
Eat
/i:t/ ate /et, et/ eaten /'i:tn/
Fall
/f:l/ fell /fel/ fallen /'f:ln/
Feed
/fi:d/ fed /fed/ fed /fed/
Feel
/fi:l/ felt /felt/ felt /felt/
Fight
, /fat/ fought /f:t/ fought /f:t/
Find
/fand/ found /fand/ found /fand/
Fly
/fla/ flew /flu:/ flown /floun/
Forget
/fr 'get/ forgot /fr 'gt/ forgotten /fr 'gtn/
Forgive
/fr 'gv/ forgave /fr 'gev/ forgiven /fr 'gvn/
Freeze
/fri:z/ froze /frouz/ frozen /'frouzn/
Get
/get/ got /gt/ got / gotten /gt/
Give
/gv/ gave /gev/ given /'gvn/
Go
, /gou/ went /went/ gone /gn/
Grow
/grou/ grew /gru:/ grown /groun/
Hang
/h/ hung /h/ hung /h/
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Have
/hv/ had /hd/ had /hd/
Hear
/hr/ heard /h:rd/ heard /h:rd/
Hide
/had/ hid /hd/ hidden /'hdn/
Hit
/ht/ hit /ht/ hit /ht/
,
Hold
, /hould/ held /held/ held /held/
Hurt
/h:rt/ hurt /h:rt/ hurt /h:rt/
,
Keep
/ki:p/ kept /kept/ kept /kept/
Know
/nou/ knew /nu:/ known /noun/
Lay
/le/ laid /led/ laid /led/
Lead
/li:d/ led /led/ led /led/
Learn
learnt / learnt /
, /l:rn/ /l:rnt/ /l:rnt/
learned learned
Leave
, /li:v/ left /left/ left /left/
Lend
/lend/ lent /lent/ lent /lent/
Let
/let/ let /let/ let /let/
Lie
/la/ lay /le/ lain /len/
,
Lose
/lu:z/ lost /lst/ lost /lst/
Make
,
/mek/ made /med/ made /med/
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Mean
/mi:n/ meant /ment/ meant /ment/
Meet
/mi:t/ met /met/ met /met/
Pay
/pe/ paid /ped/ paid /ped/
Put
/pt/ put /pt/ put /pt/
,
Read
/ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/
Ride
/rad/ rode /roud/ ridden /'rdn/
Ring
/r/ rang /r/ rung /r/
Rise
, /raz/ rose /rouz/ risen /'rzn/
Run
/rn/ ran /rn/ run /rn/
Say
/se/ said /sed/ said /sed/
See
/si:/ saw /s:/ seen /si:n/
Sell
/sel/ sold /sould/ sold /sould/
Send
/send/ sent /sent/ sent /sent/
Set
, /set/ set /set/ set /set/
Shake
/ek/ shook /k/ shaken /'ekn/
Shine
/an/ shone /oun, n/ shone /oun, n/
Shoot
/u:t/ shot /t/ shot /t/
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Show
/ou/ showed /oud/ shown /oun/
Shut
/t/ shut /t/ shut /t/
Sing
/s/ sang /s/ sung /s/
Sink
/sk/ sank /sk/ sunk /sk/
Sit
/st/ sat /st/ sat /st/
Sleep
/sli:p/ slept /slept/ slept /slept/
Smell smelt / smelt /
/smel/ /smelt/ /smelt/
smelled smelled
Speak
/spi:k/ spoke /spouk/ spoken /'spoukn/
Spell
spelt / spelt /
/spel/ /spelt/ /spelt/
spelled spelled
Spend
/spend/ spent /spent/ spent /spent/
(),
()
Spill
/spl/ spilt / spilled /splt/ spilt / spilled /splt/
Spit
/spt/ spat / spit /spt/ spat / spit /spt/
Split
/splt/ split /splt/ split /splt/
Spoil spoilt / spoilt /
/spol/ /spolt/ /spolt/
spoiled spoiled
Stand
/stnd/ stood /std/ stood /std/
Steal
/sti:l/ stole /stoul/ stolen /'stouln/
Strike
/strak/ struck /strk/ struck /strk/
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Swim
/swm/ swam /swm/ swum /swm/
Take
/tek/ took /tk/ taken /'tekn/
Teach
/ti:t/ taught /t:t/ taught /t:t/
Tear
/ter/ tore /tr/ torn /trn/
Tell
/tel/ told /tould/ told /tould/
Think
/k/ thought /:t/ thought /:t/
Throw
/rou/ threw /ru:/ thrown /roun/
Understand
/ndr 'stnd/ understood /ndr 'std/ understood /ndr 'std/
Wake
/wek/ woke /wouk/ woken /'woukn/
Wear
/wer/ wore /wr/ worn /wrn/
Win
/wn/ won /wn/ won /wn/
Write
/rat/ wrote /rout/ written /'rtn/
ELEMENTARY
ELEMENTARY WORDLIST
Elementary Wordlist 1
age (n)
American (adj)
aunt (n)
bad (adj)
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beautiful (adj)
big (adj)
blog (n)
boyfriend (n) ,
brother (n)
bye
cafe (n)
car (n) ,
centre (n)
cheap (adj)
children (pl n)
city (n)
class (n)
cold (adj)
cousin (n) ()
darling (n) ,
difficult (adj)
doctor (n)
easy (adj)
Egypt (n)
English (adj)
Europe (n)
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expensive (adj) ,
family (n)
fast (adj)
father (n) ,
free (adj) ,
French (adj)
Friday
friendly (adj)
from (prep) ,
gallery (n)
Germany (n)
girl (n)
girlfriend (n)
good (adj)
good afternoon
good morning
good night
goodbye ,
grandfather (n)
grandmother (n) ,
great (adj) ,
hello ,
her (pron) ,
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hi
he (pron)
his (pron)
home (n) ( )
homework (n) ( )
horrible (adj) ,
hot (adj) ,
house (n) ( )
Hungary (n)
husband (n)
interesting (adj)
international (adj)
Italian (adj)
Japan (n)
language (n) ( )
like (v)
live (v)
look (v)
love (v)
lovely (adj) , ,
married (adj) ()
meal (n) ,
meet (v)
Mexico (n)
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Monday
mother (n) ,
museum (n)
name (n) ,
near (adj/prep) ,
nephew (n)
nice (adj) , ,
niece (n)
office (n)
old (adj)
parents (pl n)
park (n)
people (n) ,
places (pl n)
please
really (adv)
Rome (n)
salesman (n)
same (pron)
school (n)
shopping (n)
shops (pl n)
sister (n)
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slow (adj)
small (adj)
son (n)
Spain (n)
speak (v)
spell (n)
student (n)
sunny (adj)
surname (n)
Switzerland (n)
teacher (n)
thank goodness
thanks ()
them (pron) ,
today (n) c
uncle (n)
underground (n) , ,
understand (v)
university (n)
weather (n)
weekend (n) ( )
welcome
west (n)
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what (pron) ,
where (adv) ,
wife (n)
year (n)
young (adj)
Elementary Wordlist 2
accountant (n)
actress (n)
airport (n)
animal (n) ,
architect (n)
banker (n)
Belgium (n)
Bengali (adj)
building (n)
busy (adj)
capital (n) , ,
clock (n)
come (v)
cost (v)
country (n) ,
cut (v)
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dentist (n)
desert (n)
design (v)
earn (v)
engineer (n)
exactly (adv)
exciting (adj) ,
famous (adj)
France (n)
go (v) ,
gym (n)
hair (n)
hairdresser (n)
have (v)
history (n)
hotel (n)
hour (n)
housework (n)
hurry (v)
India (n)
lnternet (n)
interpreter (n) ()
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job (n)
journalist (n)
Iawyer (n) ,
learn (v)
lucky (adj) ,
lunch (n)
many (pron) (
)
maths (n)
model (n)
money (n)
natural (adj) ,
never (adv)
newspaper (n)
nurse (n)
outdoors (n)
physics (n)
pilot (n) ,
play (v)
poor (adj) ,
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reading (n)
receptionist (n) ,
salary (n) ,
Scotland (n)
snooker (n) ( )
sometimes (adv)
Spanish (adj)
study (v)
teeth (n)
time (n)
tired (adj)
town (n)
travel (v)
TV (n) ,
village (n) ,
visit (v)
walk (v)
watch (v)
work (v)
world (n)
write (v)
zoologist (n)
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Elementary Wordlist 3
always (adv)
apartment (n)
badminton (n)
band (n)
barefoot (adj)
bath (n)
bed (n)
bilingual (adj)
books (pl n)
bookstore (n) US
boutiques (pI n) ,
cards (pI n)
chicken (n)
cinema (n) ,
computer (n)
cook (v)
countryside (n)
cycling (n)
dancing (n)
early (adj)
enjoy (v)
evening (n)
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excuse me
exercise (n)
finish (v)
flowers (pl n)
football (n) ,
foreign (adj)
get up (v)
golf (n)
grass (n)
happy (adj)
holiday (n) , , ,
indoor (adj) ,
,
Indian (adj)
Japanese (adj)
listen (v)
little (adj) ,
massage (n)
music (n)
often (adv)
outdoor (adj)
pardon
personal (adj)
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poker (n)
postcard (n)
problem (n) ,
programme (n)
pub (n) ,
pudding (n)
restaurant (n)
roast (n)
running (n)
sailing (n)
Saturday
singer (n)
skiing (n)
spa (n) ( )
squash (n) ()
sticky (adj) ,
Sunday
swimming (n)
takeaway (n) ,
tennis (n)
Thursday
toffee (n) ( )
traffic (n)
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Tuesday
Turkey (n)
usually (adv)
warm (adj)
Wednesday
week (n)
windsurfing (n)
Elementary Wordlist 4
above (prep) ,
amazing (adj) ,
armchair (n)
awfuI (adj)
balcony (n)
bathroom (n)
bedroom (n)
bench (n) ,
birthday (n)
bookshelves (pl n)
boss (n) ,
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carpet (n)
cathedral (n)
chemist's (n)
choose (v)
clothes (pl n)
coat (n)
colour (n)
comfortable (adj) ,
cooker (n)
curtains (pl n)
desk (n) ,
diary (n)
dinner (n)
eat (v)
elevator (n) US
excellent (adj)
fabulous (adj) ,
fantastic (adj)
fireplace (n)
flat (n)
fridge (n)
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fruit (n) ,
furniture (n)
gardener (n)
gift (n)
glass (n)
grow (v) ,
guest (n)
in (prep) ()
keys (pl n)
kitchen (n)
lamp (n)
library (n)
lipstick (n)
mirror (n)
mug (n) ,
next to (prep) ()
on (prep) ()
opposite (prep) ()
outside (prep) ()
oven (n)
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party (n)
pavement (n)
pen (n)
phone (n)
picture (n) ,
plate (n)
president (n)
public (n) ,
purse (n)
relax (v)
rent (v) , /
shoes (pl n) ,
shower (n)
sleep (v)
sofa (n)
table (n)
terrible (adj)
towel (n)
tree (n)
under (prep) ()
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unfortunately (adv)
vegetables (pl n)
visitor (n)
wall (n)
wallet (n)
wedding (n)
window (n)
wine (n)
wing (n)
wonderful (adj)
worldfamous (adj)
Elementary Wordlist 5
advertisement (n)
afford (v) ()
art (n)
bag (n)
bike (n)
borrow (v)
business (n) ,
cello (n)
certainly (adv)
cheese (n)
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child (n)
Chinese (adj) ,
concert (n)
cry (v)
drive (v)
favour (n) ,
fly (v)
glasses (pl n)
guitar (n)
hard (adj)
hardworking (adj)
hero (n)
housewife (n)
icecream (n)
important (adj)
independent (adj)
interested (adj)
jeans (pl n)
jump (v)
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lift (n) ,
light (n)
menu (n)
metre (n)
Mexican (n)
moment (n) ,
motorbike (n)
occasion (n)
open (v)
painter (n)
painting (n)
passionate (adj)
pay (v)
petrol (n)
pianist (n)
post (v) ,
prodigy (n) ,
professionally (adv)
proud (adj)
resort (n)
return (v)
rich (adj)
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ride (v) ()
sandwich (n)
send (v) ,
sentimental (adj)
shop (n)
sit (v)
skateboard (v) ,
speed (n)
station (n)
stop (v)
succeed (v) ,
success (n)
suit (n)
talented (adj)
talk (v)
television (n)
ticket (n)
tie (n)
violin (n)
violinist (n)
water (n)
wear (v)
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Elementary Wordlist 6
advice (n)
again (adv) ,
annoyed (adj)
artistic (adj) ; ;
ask (v)
award (n)
before (prep) ,
begin (v)
behaviour (n)
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clever (adj)
coal mine (n)
company (n) ,
dad (n)
date (n) ,
daughters (pl n)
designer (n)
die (v)
dollars (pl n)
drama (n)
dyslexic (adj) ,
emails (pl n)
enough (adv)
entrepreneur (n) ,
everything (pron)
everywhere (adv)
exam (n)
excited (adj) ,
exclaim (v)
export (v)
fashion show (n)
film (n) ,
first (num) ,
fish (n)
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fisherman (n)
friend (n)
tall (adj)
funny (adj) ,
gentleman (n) ,
give (v)
greatgrandparents (pl n)
help (v)
interview (v)
last night
last year
late (adj)
laugh (v)
leave (v) ,
lecture (n)
local (adj)
longer (adj)
lose (v)
lottery (n)
lots (of sth) (pl n) ()
make (v) ,
marathon (n)
match (n)
matter (v)
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millionaire (v)
minutes (pl n)
month (n)
move (v) , ,
much (det)
nationality (n)
news (n) ,
nothing (pron)
present (n) ,
problems (pl n)
radio station (n)
receive (v)
richest (adj)
run a company
scholarship (n)
siesta (n)
software (n)
start (v) ()
stay in touch
successful (adj)
talk show (n)
toast (n)
tomorrow
TV star (n)
Valentine's Day (n) .
watch (v) ,
win (v)
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women (pl n)
word (n)
worried (adj)
yesterday
Elementary Worldlist 7
accident (n)
air (n)
altitude (n)
arthritis (n)
astronaut (n)
at (prep) , ,
aviation (n)
badly (adv) ,
because (conj)
cake (n)
carefully (adv) ,
channels (pl n)
collect (v)
college (n)
comics (pl n)
compass (n)
complete (v) ,
congratulations (pl n)
crash (v) ,
crossing (n)
dangerous (adj)
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deeply (adv)
dishwasher (n)
education (n)
enormous (adj) ,
equipment (n)
events (pl n) ,
exploration (n) ,
fast food (n) ; ,
finally (adv)
fireworks (pI n)
flag (n)
flight (n)
fluently (adv) ,
fog (n)
fortunately (adv)
giant (adj) ,
habit (n)
high school (n)
hits (pl n) ,
hospital (n)
ill (adj)
immediately (adv) ,
impossible (adj)
injury (n) ,
inscription (n)
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invitation (n)
invite (v)
It sounds greatl! !
join (v) ,
journey (n)
know (v)
land (v)
leap (v) ,
Iife (n)
Iift off (v) ( )
lunar module (n)
man (n) ,
mankind (n)
midnight (n)
modern (adj)
moon (n)
movie (n)
no idea ,
nonstop (adj) ,
on (prep) , ()
passport (n)
peace (n)
philosophy (n)
pioneer (n) ,
planes (pl n)
pocket money (n)
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prepare (v)
professor (n) , (
)
psychology (n)
publish (v)
put up (v) , ()
quickly (adv)
qietly (adv)
relativity (n)
remember (v)
reporters (pI n) ,
rocket (n)
rocks (pl n) ,
roses (pl n)
sailor (n)
samples (pl n) ,
sell (v)
shirt (n)
slowly (adv)
spend (time) (v) ()
step (v)
suddenly (adv)
summer (n)
surface (n)
sweets (pl n)
term (n) , ,
theme parks (pl n)
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theory (n)
umbrella (n)
voyage (v) ,
wake up (v)
wave (v)
whole (adj)
wool (n)
Elementary Wordlist 8
adaptor (n) ,
add (v) , ,
()
any (det) ,
apple (n)
apple juice (n)
aspirin (n)
bacon (n) ;
banana (n)
basil (n)
batteries (pl n)
beef (n)
biscuits (pl n)
boil (n) ,
boring (adj)
bottle (n)
boy (n) ,
bread (n)
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broccoli (n)
butter (n)
carrots (pl n) (.)
cartoon characters (pl n)
cats (pl n) ,
chef (n)
chips (pl n)
chocolate (n)
chop (v) ()
club (n)
coach (n) ,
cold drink (n)
cookbook (n)
cooking (n)
cottage pie (n)
crisps (pl n) ()
croissant (n)
daily (adj)
delicious (adj)
disgusting (adj)
dry (adj)
eggs (pl n)
envelopes (pl n)
especially (adv)
fashionable (adj)
favourite (adj)
fish fingers (pl n) (
;
)
forget (v)
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fry (v)
fussy (adj) , ,
gamble (v)
grams (pl n)
ham (n)
hardware shop (n) /
herbs (pl n) ,
honey (n)
how much ? (
)
hungry (adj)
I'm afraid ( ),
ingredient (n) ,
kid (n)
large (adj)
layer (n)
list (n)
magazine (n)
meat (n)
medium (adj)
milk (n)
minced (adj) ,
miss (v) ,
mix (v)
mustard (n)
need (v)
newsagent's (n)
no problem
notebook (n)
nuts (pl n)
oil (n)
olives (pl n)
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onions (pl n)
order (v)
out (prep) , ; ,
.
packet (n) , ,
pasta (n) ,
peanut butter (n)
peas (pl n)
pepper (n)
plasters (pl n)
pocket (n)
popular (adj)
potatoes (pl n)
raspberry (n)
recipe (n)
record (v)
salad (n)
salt (n)
scissors (pl n)
screwdriver (n)
sellotape (n) ,
shampoo (n)
size (n)
slice (n)
smoothie (n) ( )
some (def) ,
sorry
spaghetti (n)
spend (v) ,
spices (pl n) c
sports (pl n)
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stamp (n)
starving (adj)
stationer's (n)
steak (n)
still (adv) ,
strawberries (pl n)
sugar (n)
survey (n)
tap water (n)
tea (n)
tomatoes (pl n)
toothpaste (n)
try (v) ,
until (prep) , ()
waitress (n)
worldwide (adj)
worry (v) ,
yoghurt (n)
Elementary Wordlist 9
accent (n)
architecture (n)
air (n)
area (n) ,
artists (pl n)
banks (pl n)
blossom (n)
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celebrities (pl n)
central (adj)
change (v)
cherry (n)
climate (n)
clubs (pl n)
church (n)
coast (n)
colonial (adj)
commercial centres (pl n)
commuter (n) 1) ,
( ); 2)
cool (adj)
crowded (adj) ,
culture (n)
earthquake (n)
east (n)
electricity (n)
elegant (adj)
emperor (n)
empire (n)
Englishman (n)
experience (n) ,
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extreme (adj)
fashion (n)
fishing (n)
food (n)
foreigners (pI n)
generally (adv) , ;
gold (n)
goods (pl n)
handicrafts (pl n) ;
headquarters (n)
highclass (adj)
hill (n)
historic (adj)
huge (adj)
humid (adj) , , ,
hundreds (pl n)
independence (n)
industry (n) , ,
invade (v) ; ,
jewellery (n)
kilometre (n)
latest (adj) ,
Ioud (adj)
market (n)
megacity (n)
metro (n)
mountains (pI n)
multicultural (adj)
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mysterious (adj)
nightclub (n)
north (n)
of course
orange (adj)
originally (adv)
palace (n)
pedestrian crossing (n)
pink (adj)
polite (adj)
pollution (n)
population (n)
poverty (n)
prefer (v)
produce (v)
public bath (n)
public transport (n)
quality (n)
quieter (adj)
railway system (n)
rainy (adj)
river (n)
romantic (adj)
roundabout (n) 1) ;
2)
;
safe (adj)
sanitation (n) 1) ,
2) 3) ;
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season (n) ,
shrine (n)
skyscrapers (pl n)
slums (pl n)
snacks (pl n)
somewhere (adv)
south (n)
spring (n)
square (n)
stone (adj)
subway system (n)
sunrise (n) ,
sunset (n)
surrounded (adj)
take place (v) ,
tall (adj)
tattoo (n)
temple (n)
theatre (n)
tourist attraction (n) ,
toy shop (n)
traditional (adj)
traffic lights (pI n)
traffic sign (n)
transport (n)
true (adj)
unique (adj)
uptodate (adj) ,
valley (n)
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variety (n)
wet (adj)
wood (n) ,
Elementary Worldlist 10
actor (n)
affect (v)
alike (adj)
attached (adj) 1) ; 2) (
, ); 3)
bank holiday (n)
below (prep)
blond (adj)
blue (n) ; ; ;
bone (n)
boots (pl n) ,
brown (n)
build (v) ,
coat (n)
compartment (n) , ( )
compete (v)
condition (pl n)
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couple (n)
dark (adj)
decide (v)
detective (n)
earth (n)
effects (pl n) 1) , ; 2) ,
;
experiment (n)
fair (adj) ,
fight (v) ,
float (v)
glasses (pl n)
goodlooking (adj) , ;
gravity (n) ,
handsome (adj) , ( )
happen (v) ,
hat (n)
identical (adj) ,
incredible (adj)
instruments (pl n)
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jeans (n)
laboratory (n)
laptop (n)
long (adj)
message (n)
muscle (n) ,
never mind ,
noise (n)
orbit (v) 1) (
)
origin (n)
oxygen (n)
planet (n)
preparation (n)
pretty (adj) , ( )
purple (n)
research (n)
romance (n) 1) ;
; 2)
sauce (n)
scarf (n)
shoes (pl n)
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short (adj)
shorts (pl n)
skirt (n)
spicey (adj) , ( )
spoon (n)
star (n)
suit (n)
supplies (pl n) ,
switch on (v)
Tshirt (n)
tall (adj)
tasty (adj)
tin (n)
trainers (pl n)
truth (n)
twins (pl n)
universe (n)
unusual (adj)
washingup (n)
Elementary Wordlist 11
backpack (n)
carry (v)
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climb (v) ,
colourful (adj)
cruise (n)
do the washing (v)
drop (v)
due (adj) , ,
fall (v)
fields (pl n)
folk song (n) ,
freedom (n)
frightened (adj)
future (n)
grow up (v)
harmony (n)
hat (n) ,
hire (v) ,
hospitality (n)
human (adj)
jacket (n) ,
kiss (v)
passersby (pI n)
pay rise (n)
peaceful (adj)
perfect (adj)
picnic (n)
plan (v)
podcasts (pl n) (
,
)
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pyramids (pl n)
retire (v) ,
safari (n)
sign (n)
simple (adj)
sneeze (v)
soon (adv)
storm (n)
stressful (adj) , , ,
suitcase (n)
supper (n)
thunder (n)
Wales (n)
website (n)
woods (pl n) , ,
Elementary Wordlist 12
acres (pl n) 1) ( ; = 0,4
4047 2); 2) (acres) , ,
acts (pI n) ,
atmosphere (n)
attend (v)
Australia (n)
Brazil (n)
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brilliant (adj)
cancel (v)
check in (v) ( ,
)
China (n)
cider (n)
colleague (n) ,
continual (adj)
crowd (n)
death (n)
definite (adj)
departures board (n)
disappointed (adj)
Egypt (n)
ever (adv)
express (v)
fail (v) ,
festival (n) ,
get on (v)
Italy (n)
Japan (n)
jumbo jet (n)
just (adv)
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knees (pl n)
luggage (n)
memories (pI n)
mud (n)
noisy (adj)
openair (adj)
packing (n)
performer (n)
piece (n)
platform (n)
poem (n)
print (v)
queue (n)
refer to (v) ,
rise (v)
rubbish (adj) ,
savings (pl n) ,
security (n)
slogan (n) , ,
stage (n) , ,
sunshine (n) , ,
( )
taxi (n)
tent (n)
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the US (n)
trip (n) ,
yet (adv) 1) ( ); 2) (
)
107