Crue QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 1. The motion of « runner can be regarded as particle motion, ‘bur the motion ofa gymnast cannot, Explain 2. A newspaper report that the world record for speed skiing is 203.160 km/h. This speed was measured on a 100-m “speed tap." The skier took about 1.7 sto cross this trap. In ore to calculate speed to sx significant figures, we need to measure distance and time to six significant figures. What accuracy in distance and time does this require? 3. Do oursense organs permit us to feel velocity? Acceleration? 4. Whatis your velocity at this instant Ts this a well-defined ‘question? Whats your acceleration a this instant? 5. Does the speedometer on your car give you speed or velocity? ‘Does the speedometer care whether you drive eastward or westward along a road? 6. Suppose atone instant in time the velocity ofa body is zero, ‘Can this body have a nonzero acceleration at this instant? Give an example. 7. Give an example of a body in motion with instantaneous velocity and acceleration of the same sign. Give an example of | body in motion with instantaneous velocity and acceleration ‘of opposite signs. 8, Experienced drivers recommend that when driving in trafic you should stay atleast 2s behind the car in font of you. This is equivalent toa distance of about two car lengths for every 15 lan/h. Why is it necessary to lave a large distance between the cars when the speed is larger? 9, Is the average speed equal t the average magnitude of the velocity? Is the average speed equal to the magnitude of the average velocity? 10, Inthe seventeenth century Galileo Galilei investigated the acceleration of gravity by collin balls down an inclined plane. ‘Why did he not investigate the acceleration directly by drop ping a stone fiom a tower? PROBLEMS 2.1 Average Speed 1. The speed of nerve pulses in mammals is typically 10° m/s IF a shark bites the tail ofa 30-m-long whale, roughly how long will ake before the whale knows of this? 2. The world record for the 100-yard run is 9.0 s. What is the corresponding average speed in miles per hour? {3 Glaciers sometimes advance 20 m per yea. Express this speed in m/s and in em/day. Ed 11, Why did astronauts fii easy o jump on the Moon? Ifan astronaut can jump to eight of 20cm on the Earch (with is space suit) how high can he jump on the Moon? 12, An clevatoris moving upward with a constant velocity of Sin. Ifa passenger sanding inthis elevator drops an apple, wwhae will be the acelerition ofthe apple relative to the levator? 13. Some people are fond of fring guns nto the ai when under the influence of deink or patriotic fervor. What happens to the bullet? Is this practice dangerous? 14, A woman riding upward in an elevator drops a penny in the levator shaft when she i passing the thd Noor Ar the sume lnstat,a man standing atthe elevator door at dhe third oor ako drops penny inthe elevator shat. Which coin hits the bottom frst? Which coin hits wit the higher speed? Neglect Fction 15. Ifyou ake the fictional sistance of iio account, bow does this change your answers to Question 14? 16, Suppose that you drop a-kg packet of sugar and a hall coflead from the top ofa building Taking air fction into account, which will tke the shorter me to eeach the ground? Suppose you plac the sugar and the lead in identical eed sas jars before dropping them. Which will now take the shorter time? 17 Is ic fiction important in the filling motion ofa raindrop? If 4 rindrop were t fill without friction fomn a height of 300 m and hie you, what would it do to you? 18, An archer shoots an arrow straight up If you consider the effets ofthe fitonal sistance ofa, wou you expect the row to take a longer time ose oF ofall? 4, In the fll, the monarch butterfly migrates some 3500 km fiom the Northeastemn United States to Mexico, Guess the speed ofthe buttery and estimate how long i takes to make this tip. 5, In 1958 the nuclear-powered submarine Nautilus tok 6 days and 12 hours to travel submerged 5068 km across the Atlantic fiom Portland, England, to New York City: What was the average speed (in km/h) for thie tip?6. A galay beyond the constellation Corona Borealis is moving dlreely away from our Galaxy a the rate of 21 600 kan. This slay is now ata distance of 4 x 10° ight-years from our ‘Galaxy: Assuming tha the galaxy as always been moving ata constant speed, how many years ago wast right ontop of our Galay? 7, Onone occasion a tidal wave (tsunami originating near Java was detected in the English Channel 32 h later Roughly measure the distance from Java to England by sa (around the ‘Cape of Good Hope) on map of the world, and calculate the average speed of the tidal wave 8, In 1971, Francis Chichester in the yache Gypsy Moth V, antempred to sail the 4000 nautical miles (ami) from Portuguese Guinea to Nicaragua in no more than 20 days. (2) What minimum average speed (in nautical miles per hour) does this requte? () After sailing 13 days, he sill had 1720 ni ro go. What ‘minimum average speed did he require to reach his goal in the remaining 7 days? Knowing that is yacht could at best achieve a maximum speed of 10 nmi/h, what could he conclude a this point? 9. The frst ‘marathon” was run in 490. by the Greck Pheidippides, who ran the 35 km (22 mi) fom the battlefield (of Marathon to Athens in 25 h, What was his werage speed? 10, In the open ocean, dolphins sometimes travel 10 km per day, and inshore bursts, they can attain speeds of 32 km/h. Express the average travel speed and the burst speed in m/s 11, The surface ofthe Earth consists of several lage plates which ove relative to each other. The Pacific plate (which includes slice of the coastal part of California) ashing northward along the continental North American plate at a speed of -40/cm per year. Hw long docs it take fortis plate to move 1.0 ke? 1.0 X 10° km? 12, In setting a world record for speed, the horse Big Racket ran 402: (mile in 23.8 s, What was its average speed? 13. The speedskating record for women is held by Bonnie Bair, who completed a 500-m race in 3910s. What is the corre- sponding average speed? Give the answer in m/s and in kwh, 14. The fastest speed ever measured fora tennis allserved by a player was 263 km/h. At this speed, how long does the tennis cone end ofthe court othe othe, ds- 415, The distance from New York to Belem, Brazil s 5280 km, How long does it tke you to travel this distance by airlines, at {900 km/h? How long does it take you by ship, at 35 mh? 16, Atthe 1988 Olympics, Florence Griffiths Joyner (Fig. 223) ‘ran 100 m in 10.54, and she ran 200 min 21.34 s, What was her average speed in each cate? 17, Inthe ease ofthe closest verdict fora championship ski race, the winner ofa cross-country rae reached the finish Tine one hundredth ofa second ahead of his closest competitor. IFboth were moving ata speed of 6 m/s, what was the distance between them at the finish? 18. 19. 20, a, 2. "2. 24, od 9 FIGURE 2.23 Floveace Grifiths-Joyner wins the race. [A hunter shoots an arrow a a der running directly away fm him. When the arow leaves the bow, the deer is ta distance ‘of 40 m. When the arrow strikes, the deer iat a distance of 50 m.The sped ofthe arrow is 65 m/s, What must have been the speed ofthe deer? How long did the art take to teavel to the deer? “The fastest land animal isthe chesta, which runs ata speed of upto 101 kab, The scond-fistest isthe antelope, which rina at a speed of upto $8 anh, (@) Suppose that chectah begins to chase an antelope. Ifthe antelope has ahead start of 50m, howe long docs i tke the cheetah to catch the antelope? How fs will he chee- tah have traveled by thie ine? (©) The choctah can maintain its top speed for only about 205 (and chen has ore), wheres the antelope can continue top spec fora considerably longer time. Whats the ‘maxim bead start the chetah can allow the antelope? Carl Lewis set an Olympic record for the 100-m run in 1991 with atime of 9.86, What was his average speed? “The distance fea marathon is 26 mi 385 yd In 1984, Joan Benoit set an Olympic record with aime of 2h 24 min 52s Whar was her average speed in m/s? (Ona particular wristwatch, the tps ofthe minute and second hands are each 0.90 ci fom the center, whereas the ip ofthe hour hand is 050 cm from the center. What is the average speed ofeach ofthese thee ips? “The postion ofa runners given by x—4.0¢ — 0.504, where isin meters and isin seconds. What is the average speed Ierween ¢= Oand # = 8.05?(Hine Find the maximum valu of _xto determine cach of the outward and backwaed distances) You make 3 100-ka trip in an automobile, aveing the fist 50 lam at 60 kh andthe second 50 kim st 80 kan/b, Whats your average speed fortis rp? Explain why the average sped i 8 70 khCrue) “25, The table printed inside the book cover gives the radi ofthe orbits ofthe planets (mean distance from the Sun) and the times required for moving around the orbit (period of revolution). (a) Calculate the speed of motion ofeach of the nine planets in| its orbit around the Sun. Assume tac the orbits are cncular (b) Ina logarithmic graph of speed vs. radius, plot the loga- rithm of the speed ofeach planet and the logarithm of ts radial distance from the Sun asa point. Draw a curve ‘through the nine points. Can you represent this curve by a simple equation? 2.2 Average Velocity for Mo! a Straight Linet 26, Suppose you throw a bascall straight up so that it reaches 2 maximum height of 8.00 m and returns 2.55 «after you throw it. What isthe average speed for this motion ofthe ball? What is the average velocity? 27, Consider the automobile with the postion asa function of time plotted in Fig. 2.5. What isthe average velocity for che interval fiom ¢ Oto # ~10.0 «2 From = 10.0 stor 14.382 28, An clevator travels up from the frst flor to the ninth floor in 20s, down from the ninth floor tothe fifth floor in 12s, and finally up from the fifth floor to the twelfth floor in 18s. The spacing between any two adjacent floors is 4.0 m. For the entire period of 50s, what isthe average speed? What is the average velocity? 29, A messenger carries a package twelve city blocks north in 1M min 5 «there, she receives a second package, which she ‘brings six blocks south in 6 min 28s finally she ges a third package, which she brings 3 blocks north in 3 min 40s. Ifthe city block spacing is 81m, what is her average speed? What is her average veloc 30, The postion of a person is given by x ~ 4.07 — 0.50¢?, where «sis in meters and ¢is in seconds. What isthe average velocity between ¢ ~ O and ¢~8.03? Between ~ 8.0 sand ¢ 10.02 1. A horse tots around a quarter-mile track three complete times in 1 min 40s, Whats the avenge speed? The average velocity? 432. A dog runs 35 m to catch a Frisbee in 45 5 rurns quickly and ‘wots 22:m back in 3.6, but then stops to guard the Frisbee. ‘What isthe dog’s average speed? The do's average velocity? 33, A squirrel walks along a telephone cable, occasionally stop- ping, even tuming back once before proceeding. The qui position as function of time is shown in Fig. 2.24, What is the average speed for the entire time shown, = ¢— 30 8? "The average velocity for the entice time? Is 34, The postion ofan automobile as a function of ime i plored in Fig. 225. What is the average velocity for 0 = ¢= 2.092 For 2.0 =1= 4.03? Estimate the instantaneous velocity at ¢~ LO sand st /=30 1 Forhelp st Online Concept Tira 3 at wormiwortn confplyics Ed 10 0 + 0 2 30 FIGURE 2.24 Position of squire a function of time 50 as 0 ' 0 7 2 7 ae FIGURE 2.25 Automobile postion asa function of time. 2.3 Instantaneous Velocity 2.4 Acceleration’ 235, Inan experiment with a waterbraked rocket sled, an Air Force volunteer was subjected to an acceleration of 810 m/s for (0.040 s, What was his change of speed in this ime interval? 36, A Porsche racing ca takes 2.2 to accelerate fom 00 96 ka (60 mish). What is he average acceleration? 37. A football player kick stationary ball (Fig. 226) and sends it Aying Slow-motion photography shows tha the balls in contact with the foot for 8.0 107 sand leaves with a speed (027 m/s, What isthe average acceleration ofthe ball while in contact with the foot? FIGURE 2.26 Kicking a football38, The driver of an automobile traveling at 80 km/h suddenly slams on the rakes and stops in 2.8 s. What isthe average deceleration during braking? '39, (a) The blue curve in Fig.2.27 isa plot of velocity vs. time for Triumph sports car undergoing an acceleration test. By drawing tangents to the velocity curve, find the accelera- tions a ime ¢~0, 10,20, 30, and 40. (8) The red curve in Fig. 2.27 sa plot of velocity vs. time forthe same car when coasting with its gears in neutral FFind the accelerations at time ¢ 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 s svt 220 Py . 0 0 0 @ SOs FIGURE 2.27 Instantancous velocity a a function of ime fora Tiumph sportscar in an acceleration test. 40, The postion of a particle in meters i given by # —2.5¢ | 3.104 —4.5¢% where cis the time in seconds, What ae the instantaneous velocity and instantaneous acceleration at ¢ ~ (0.0.2 At¢—2.0 «2 What are the average velocity and average 12208 acceleration for the time interval 0 41. The position ofa particle in meters ie given by x ~ 3.622 — 2.4%, where is in seconds Find the two times when the ‘elacityis ero, Caleulte the position for cach of thos times Sketch x sa funcion of foe = = 2 42, The velocity of an automobile asa function of time is given by © Be —CP,where B60 m/s*and C — 20 mis! [Ac what times ie the velocity zero? Ar what te is the acceleration e702 Sketch © a function of for 0 ~ 1240s 43. The velocity of bicycle as a funtion of time is shown in Fig. 228, Whatie the average acceleration for = # = 5.02 For5.0s == 108? Estimate the instantancousaceerstion a= 3008 “44. The velocity of a parachutist as a function of time is given by 0 = 9+ (ay — vel“), where ¢ = corresponds to the instant the parachute is opened, x ~200 kawh isthe velocity before opening of the parachute, and v,~ 18 km/h is the final (tcrminal) velocity. What acceleration does the parachutist experience just after opening the parachute? od 61 10 mh 4 4 ° = iw FIGURE 2.28 Bicycle velocity a a function of time. *45, The velocity ofa particle is given by © — (11.4), where ‘ay 25 m/s and 4 ~ 2.0 s-*, Whats the acceleration at FOAL 208Atr> ? 46, Consider the red curve in Fig. 227 showing velocity vs. time fora decelerating sports cat. (2) From this curve, estimate the average velocity forthe interval ¢— 0 §t0 5s (Fin: The average velocity fora small time interval is oughly the average ofthe initial and final velocities; alternatively its roughly the velocity at the midpoint ofthe time interval.) Estimate how far the car travels in this time interval (b) Repeat the calculation of pat (a) for every 5-s interval between ¢—Ss and ¢—45 (0) What isthe ra distance that the car will have traveled at the end of 45 3 *47, Table 2.3 gives the horizontal velocity a a function of ime for projectile of 100 Ib fied horizontally from a 6-inch naval gun, The velocity decreases with time because ofthe frictional drag ofthe ait. EFFECT OF AIR RESISTANCE ‘ON A PROJECTILE TIME vetociry Me vetory Os 657 m/s 1.805 557 m/s 030 68 240 sa 0.60 a9 2.40 528 0.90 08 270 sis 1.20 588 3.00 so (a) Ona piece of graph paper, make a plot of velocity vs. time and draw a smooth curve through the points of che plo. (b) Estimate the average velocity foreach time interval [the cstimated average velocity forthe time interval =O sto "De othe icy of accrtey dang tangents, anor fr thi problem hat ier by wp to 10% ae asp48, 49. +50. Crue £030 sis 1657 + 638) m/s,ete]. From the average ‘velocities calculate the distances thatthe projectile ravels in each time interval. What i the total distance that the projectile eael in 3.002 (0, By directly counting the squares on your graph paper st- soae the ate (nuts of ra) under the eure ploted in pare (a) and compare thisaca withthe result of pat () ‘The instantaneous velocity of the projectile described in Problem 47 can be approximately represented bythe formula (valid for Os = 3.00.) = 655.9 — 61.140 | 3.260° where « is measured in meters per second and isn seconds CCalulate the instantaneous aceeration ofthe projectile at £05,150 s,and=3.00s “The portion of particle a function of time i given by = Aeon bt where and bate constants, Assume that d ~2.0.m and 10 radians (a) Roughly plot the position ofthis particle for the time interval 8 = ¢-= 7.08 (b) At what time does the particle pass the origin (x ~0)? ‘What are its velocity and acceleration a this instant? (©) Atwhat time does the particle reach maximum distance from the origin? What ae its velocity and acceleration at this instane? “The motion ofa rocket burning is fuel at a constant rate while moving through empty interstellar space can be described by tg | te (WO — 2) n{ — 29) here 1. and dare constants (1, is the exhaust velocity of the ses atthe tall ofthe rocket, and bs proportional to the rate ‘of fuel consumption). (a) Finda formula for the instantancous velocity ofthe rocket. (b) Find a formula for the instantaneous acceleration, (©) Suppose that a rocker with, ~ 3.0 X 10° m/s and = 7.5 % 10"%/ takes 120 sto bur all its ful. What isthe Jnstantancous velocity at ¢ 052 At — 1205? (@) What isthe instantaneous acceleration at ¢—0 9 Ate~ 12082 2.5 Motion with Constant Acceleration’ 31 32. “The takeoff speed ofa jetliner i 360 kav. Ifthe jetliner is ro take off from a runway of length 2100 m, what must be its acceleration along the eunway (assumed constant)? A British 6-inch naval gun has a barrel 6,63 m long.’The muzzle speed of «projectile fired from the gun is 657 m/s. Assuming that upon detonation ofthe explosive charge the projectile moves along the barrel with a constant acceleration, ‘whats the magnitude ofthis acceleration? How long does it take the projectile co travel the fll length ofthe barrel? 1 Rocelpsee Online Concept Teoria 3 at wren connphysia 54 5s. 56 58 53 61 a. Ed See eee eee Pie eet eS ot eee eee erence re Sat earners SS ere reer ion of 981 st atl ime (his wil simulate diary ravty within he spaceship. Ifthe spaceship accelerates lee gate eee et eeter eT eres leer eee een eee eee eee eee Ste eect ar eens te eet ae eee eee ae St Se eee eee eee cee) nan accident on motorway M1 in England, Jaguar sports ‘car made skid marks 290 m long while braking. Assuming that the deceleration was 10 m/s? during this skid (Chis is appeoxi- smately the maximum deceleration tata car with rubber wheel can atin on ordinary pavements, calculate the initial speed ofthe car befor braking. ‘The font end of an automobile hasbeen designed so that ‘upon impact ie progressively crumples by as ich a8 0.70. Suppose tha the automobile rashes nt a sold brick wall at 80 kaw, During the collision the passenger compartment decelerates over a distance of 0.70 Assume that the dceler- ation is constant. Whats the magnitude ofthe deceleration? fhe passenger is held bya safety harness, she ikely to su- vive? (Hin: Compare the deceleration withthe acceleration listed fora parachutist in Table 22.) A jet powered ca racing on the Salt Flats in Utah went ut of control and made skid marks 9.6m long. Assuming thatthe deceleration during the skid was about 5.0 nV, what must have been the inital speed ofthe car? How long did the car take to come to atop? “The operation manual of passenger automobile states that the stopping distance i 50 m when the brakes ae flly applied st 96 kan/h. What isthe deceleration? What isthe stopping time? ‘With an intl speed of 260 kaw, the French TGV (tain a grande vives takes 1500 m to stop ona level tack. Assume thatthe deceleration ie constant. What isthe magnitude of the deceleration? What isthe ime taken for stopping? [An automobile accelerates frm rest for 20 with a constant acceleration of 15 m/s! Whats its ial velociy? How far docs i evel in that time? Acone instant, ody in motion with constant acceleration has velocity 3.0 m/s when is postion is x 5.0 m. Ara time ‘4.0 late its postion isx 1.0 m, What is the acceleration? Whats the body velocity a the ater nstant? ‘Asia sieplane accelerates fom rest ata constant acelers- tion of 1.2m along the runway. The plane ise fom the runway after traveling 150m from its starting point How Jong di this take? [A Concorde jet traveling 2t $50 kan/h accelerates uniformly at (0.60 ss oe 90s, What sits ial velocity?(63. A type-A driver guns the engine when a light turns green, and. then brakes somewhat quickly forthe next red light; the accel- craton a a function of time is shown in Fig. 2.29 for 0-= #= 105. Ifthe driver started from rest at the origin at ¢— 0, accu- ‘ately sketch the velocity and position as Functions of time. 5 mit i == 30 mi o 5 104, Sat 3 FIGURE 2.29 Automobile acceleration a a function of ie, “64. A trucks initially traveling on a highway at constant speed. “The driver wishes to pass an automobile and so begins a 30-+ petiod of constant acceleration at 0.050 m/s. During this period, the truck travels 700 m. What was the truck’ initial speed? The truck’ final speed? %65. A train with velocity op accelerates uniformly at 0.50 m/s for 15s, Tetravels 550 m during this time, What is its final veloc- ity? What is 2 766, Ina drag race a car starts at est and attempts to cover 440 yd in the shortest posible time. The world record for a pston- engined ca is 5.637 s; while setting this record, the ear reached a final speed of 250.69 mish atthe 440-yd mark. (a) What was the average acceleration for the run? ()) Prove that the car did not move with constant acceler (6) What would have been the final speed ifthe car had ‘moved with constant acceleration so as to reach 440 yd in 5.0372 67, Ina lage hotel, a fast elevator takes you from the ground floor to the 21st floor. The elevator takes 17s for this trip: 5 sat constant acceleration, 7 sat constant velocity and 5s at con- stant deceleration, Each flor in the hotel has a height of 25 m. Calculate the values ofthe acceleration and decelera- tion (assume they re equal). Calculate the maximum speed of | the elevator. ini speed inh ‘onatant 32 Tom enck “68. “69. 70. om, aa 7. od 63 (a) Ina skyscraper an elevator takes 55s to descend from the top floor to ground level a distance of 400 m, Whats the average speed of the elevator for this tip? o) “The levator is at rest tthe beginning and a the end of the tip you wanted to program the elevator so dat it completes the tip in the specified time with a minimum acceleration and ssnimam deceleration, how would you have to accelerate and decelerate the elevator? What ‘would be this minimum value of he acceleration and deceleration? What would be the maximum speed during the tip? For sleepy or drunk drive, the reaction ime is much longer than for an aler driver, Recalculate the table of topping dis- tances for an automobile in Section 2.5 if the reaction time is 20 s instead of 0.75 As discussed in Section 2.5, the total topping distance for an automobile has two contributions: the reaction-sime contib- tion andthe braking contribution. On the basis ofthe data sven in the table on page 47, for what initial speed are these ‘bro contributions equal? In collision, an automobile nally traveling at SO km/h decelerates a constant ate of 200 m/s A passenger not wearing a sea belt rashes against the dashboard. Before the collision, the distance between the pasienger and the dash- board was 0.60 m, With what speed, lative to the automno- tile, docs the passenger crash into the dashboard? Assume thatthe passenger has no deceleration before contact withthe dashboard Figure 2.30 (adapted fom a diagram inthe operation manual ofan automobile) describes dhe automobile’ passing aiiy at low speed, From the data supplied inthis figure calculate the acceleration of the sutomobile during the pass and the time required fr the pass. Assume constant acceleration “The speed ofa body released fiom rest fling through avs- cous medium (for instance anion pelt ling jar flloF cil is gven bythe formula a constant that depends on the size and shape of the body and on the viscosity ofthe medium and ¢—2.718..is the basis ofthe natural logarithms. (a) Find the acceleration asa function of time. Saal peed Seka total pasting distnce —— FIGURE 2.30 Diagram fiom the operation manual of an automobileCrue) (0) Show that fore the speed approaches the terminal value —gr (0) By differentiation, verify that the equation forthe postion ss function of ime consistent with the above expression forthe speeds xanga ages gig (€) Show that for small values ofr (¢<& 7), the equation for « is approximately v2 gt? | x 2.6 The Acceleration of Free Fall’ 74, An apple drops fom the top ofthe Empire Stare Building, 380 m above srct level. How long das the apple take o fll? ‘What ists impace velocity on the sect Ignore air resistance. 75, Peregrine falcons dive on thir prey with speeds of up to 130 kh, From what height must filcon fl ely 0 achieve this speed? Ignore aie resstance 76, Cats are known for their ability to survive ill from buildings several lors high. IF at ills he floors down, distance of 8.7 m, whats its spend when it is the ground? 77. The world record for high jump fom a standing position ie 1.90 m, With what speed mus jumper lave the ground to attain thiseight? (Test this ax particle motion, although it rellyis not) 78, The muzzle speed ofa 22-caler bullet fred from a flee 366 m/s Lf there wete no air resistance, how high would this bull rise when fred straight up? 79, An engince standing ona bridge daops a penny toward the water and ses the penny splashing nto the water 30 slater. How high ithe bide? 80, The volcano Loki on To,one ofthe moons of Jupiter, eects debris toa height of 200k (Fig. 231), What must be the inital ection velocity of the debris? The acceleration of sewityon Io i 1.0 m/s Thete is no atmosphere on To, hence no air resistance. FIGURE 2.31 The volcano Loki on Io. 1 Roche, see Online Concept Tora 3 at wormrrnorton omnia 81. Thecrash ofan automobile into slid barier canbe simulated by dropping the automobile nose down, frm some height onto athard platform (some of the ealy crash tests were performed in ‘this manner). From what height must you deop the automobile to simulate crash at 45 kwh? 75 km/h? 105 km/h? To gin a ‘etter appreciation of what these heights mean, express cach height asa numberof fors up a typical apartment building, with 2.9m per loo (2.9m is one Noor up, et) 482, In diving competitions, diver jumping from a platform 10 m high performs 18 somersaults (head up, ro down, 0 up, to down) while falling toward the watee. How much time does ‘the diver have foreach $somersaule (head up to down, oF down to up)? 83, A hardball is thrown vertically upward, attains a height of 9.5 m above the point of release, falls downward, and is caught by the dhrower, How long wast in the ar? What was its in ‘ial velocity? ‘84, A Super Bais thrown tothe ground with an inital downward ‘velocity of 1.0 m/s and pops back upto the hand of the ‘theower magoitude asthe initial velocity the total ime elapsed is 0.75 s. Whar height was the Super Bll vhrown from? 85, Standing a the edge ofa building of height 9.2 m,a woman reaches out over the edge and throws a penny vertically ‘upward It ses, then falls past he, iting the ground below 25 s after release. What height did the penay atain? What ‘was its inital velocity? 86, A stone is released from rest and falls through a eight J Whar isthe average speed ofthe stone during this fll? 87. A rubber balls theown vertically downward from a height of 1.5 mand bounces back tothe same height with reversed velocity ofthe same in arotal ime of 0.90 s. What was the initial downward velocity? What was the velocity just before ising the oor? 88. A particle is initially at res at some height. If the particle is allowed to fil rely, what distance does it overin the time Oswe 1st01=282From/—2st0 13 Show that these successive distances are in the ratios 1357 from ¢ 12 From? *89, Galileo claimed in is Dialsguesthat“the variation of speed in, air berween balls of gold, lead, copper, porphyry, and other ‘heawy materials isso slight that ina fll of 100 cubits ball of gold would surely not outstrip one of copper by as much as four fingers. Having observed this I came tothe conclusion ‘that ina medium totally wid of resistance ll bodies would fll with the same speed." One cub is about 46 cm, and four fis gers are about 10cm, According to Galileo's data, what is the maximum percent difference between the accelerations of the balls of gold and of copper? 90. Quechee gorge in Vermont has a depth of 45 m. Ifyou want to measure this depth within 1086 by timing the fill oa stone dropped from the bridge across the gorge, how accurately must you measure the time? Is an ordinary watch with a second hand Adequate for this tsk, or do you need a stopwatch?“91, A golf ball released from a eight of 15 m above a concrete ‘aoe bounces back to a height of 1.1m. Ifthe balls in con tact with the floor for 6.2 x 10~'s, wha i the average ace ration ofthe ball while in contact with the Hor? 92, In 1978 the stuntman A.J. Bakunas died when he amped fiom the 23d floor of skyscraper and hit the pavement. The airbag that was supposed to cushion his impact ripped. (@) The height of his jump was 96 m. What was his impact speed? (©) The sirbag was 3.7 m thick. What would have hoon the mans deceleration had the air bag not ripped? Assume that his deceleration would have been uniform over the 3.7m itera 93, The HARP (High-Altude Resarch Projet) gun can fie an ‘4-kg projectile containing scientific instruments straight up tw an akitude of 180 kn. Ifwe pretend there sno aires tance, what muzzle speeds required to attain this aktude? How long does the projectile remain a height in excess of 100k, the height ofinteres for igh-aliude research? “94, ‘The International Geodesy Association has adopted the fal lowing formula from the aeceraton of gravity a function ofthe latitude (ar sea evel): 9780318 emis? (0 153.024 10-tsin? 59x10 sin? 20) (a) According to this formula, whats the acceleration of| ravity at the equator? Ata laticude of 45°? At the pole? () Show that according to this formula, g has a minimum at the equator, maximum at the pole, and no minima or ‘maxima a intermediate latitudes 95, Ata height of 1500 ma dive bomber in a vertical dive at 300 km/h shoots a cannon ata target on the ground. Relative to the bomber the initial speed of the projectile is 700 ms. ‘What wil be the impact speed of the projectile on the ground? How long wilt take to get there? Ignore aie fiction in your ealulation, "96, The elevators in the CN tower in Toronto travel at 370 m/min from ground level tothe Skypod, 335 m up. Suppose that when an levator begins to rise from ground level, you drop a ‘penny from the Skypod down the elevator shaft. At what height does che elevator meet the penny? 97. You throw a baseball stright up, so it bounces off ceiling 10 m above your hand and returns to your hand 2.0 later. What Initial speed is required? What is the speed at impact? Assume ‘thatthe impact on the ceiling reverses the velocity of the base ball but does not change its magnitude 98. Suppose you throw a stone straight up with an intial speed of 15.0. (a) Ifyou throwa second stone straight up 1.00 s after che fist, with what speed must you throw the second stone if itis to hit the frse ata height of 1.0 m2 (There are two. answers, Are both plausible) od 65 (b) Ifyou throw the second stone 1.30 after the frst, with what speed must you throw the second stone ifs to hit the first ata height of 11.0 m? +99, Raindcops drip fom a spout atthe edge of a roof and fall to the ground. Assume that the drops drip at a steady rate of ‘a deops per second (where wis large) and that the height of| the roofs A (a) How many drops are in the air atone instant? (b) What isthe median height of the drops (i.e, the height above and below which an equal number of deops are found)? (6) What isthe average ofthe heights of these drops? 2.7 Integrat of Motion n of the Equations 100. An automobile hasan initial velocity &) ~8.0 m/s, During (= 1+ 30s, it experiences a time-dependent acceleration sven by a ~ CF, where C= 0.25 m/s! Whats the instanta- neous velocity at 3.0 2 What i the change in postion between ¢—O and ¢— 1.0 4101. A particles inially test. Beginning at ¢—O,irbegins roving with an acceleration given by a alt — [4/6405], for =1=20 sand 0 theraferThe initial vali 20 ae What isthe patil’ velocity afer 1.02 After long time? Hw ft has the particle taveled ser 20 8 102, A particle moves in one dimension and experiences an accel ation which varies with time, given by a— de | BE, where A= 15 ms! and B~25 ons! The particle is at rest t#~0 Whats ite speed at ¢~ 202 How far docs it travel benwcen F-10sand e202 “103. parachutist in free fll has a downward speed & when she ‘opens her parachute. Thereafter he experiences an acceleration proportional ro her peed given by ag — de, where isa constant (which depends on the size and shape ofthe part~ chute, the sir density, and the mass of the parachutist), Show that her speed asa function of tm i given by 8) eye Afier atime #>> 1/4, v approaches the constant value ‘0 4/A; this is the terminal velocity. £ o Sa ere ee eee eee eer eral perience deceleration (et arse) ofthe form a BY? where B64 X10 mand vis the speed in See eee eee eeeeeree ot ete Bel eesle eres eared eel a Secretar!Crue REVIEW PROBLEMS 105. In 1993, Noureddine Morell set anew record of 3 min 4439 fora run of I mile, which superseded the previous record of 3 min 46.32 s by Steve Cram. Ifboth runners had ‘un together, at constant speed, how far behind would Cram, Ihave been atthe finish ine? 106, The world record for speed skating set in Salt Lake City in 2002 by Derek Parra was 1 min 43.95 s for 1500 m. What was his average speed? 107. A runner runs 100 m in 10s ests 60s, and seruens ata walle in 80s. What isthe average speed for the complete motion? What isthe average velocity? 108. You travel in your ca for 30 min at 35 kan/h, and then for another 30 min at 85 kan/h (a) What distance do you coverin the first 30 min? In the second 30 min? (b) What is your average speed forthe entire trip? 109, The fstest predator in the ocean isthe sailfish When pursu- ‘ng prey, it swims at 109 kaa/h. Suppose a sailfish spots a mackerel ata distance of 20 m. The mackerel attempts to ‘scape at 33 km/h on a straight path. How long does the sil- fish take to catch i? How far does the sailfish travel during the pursuit? "110. The distance from San Francisco to Vancouver is 1286 km by. air plane leaves San Francisco at 10:00 A. heading north ‘toward Vancouver, and another plane eaves Vancouver at 11:00 Ax. heading south toward San Francisco. The first plane travels at 720 km/h, and the second plane, slowed by 2 ‘headwind, travels at 640 km/h. Where do the planes meet? ‘Atwhat time? 111. You are traveling on a highway at 80 kaw/h and you ae over taking aca traveling in the same direction at 50 kan/h, How long does it take you to go from 10 m behind this car to 10 m ahead of this car? The length of the car is 4m. "112. The highest speed atained by a cyclist on level ground is 105 kin/h, To attain this speed, the cyclise wed a streamlined recumbent bike. Starting from res, he gradually built up his speed by pedaling furiously over a distance of 3.2 km. If his acceleration was uniform over this distance, what was the acceleration and how long did the cyclist take to buildup his final speed? °113.A particle moves slong the x axis, with the following equation forthe postion asa function of time: x20 1 602307 where is measured in meters and fs measured in seconds. (a) What isthe postion of the particle at 0.508 (b) What isthe instantaneous velocity a chis time? (0) What isthe instantaneous acceleration a this time? *114, An automobile speeding at 100 kaa/h passes a stationary police cruise. The police officer starts to move her cruiser in ‘pursuit 8.05 after the automobile pases. She accelerates uni- formly to 120 kma/hin 10, and then continues at uniform speed until she catches the speeder. (a) How far ahead is the speeder when the police cruiser “How far ahead, relative tothe cruiser, is the speeder when, the cruiser reaches the uniform speed of 120 kin/h? (©) How long does the police cruiser take to catch the speeder? How far ftom the initial position? °115, An automobile is traveling at 90 knv/h on a country road when the driver suddenly notices a cow inthe road 30 m ahead. The liver attempts to brake the automobile, but the distance is 100 short. With what velocity does the automobile hit the «cow? Assume that, asin the tble on page 47, the reaction time of the drivers 0.75 sand thatthe deceleration ofthe automobile is 8.0 m/s? when the brakes are applied. 116, The nozale of fire hose discharges water at the rate of 280 liters/min ata speed of 26 m/s. How high wil the stream of water rise if the nozae is aimed straight up? How many liters ‘of water willbe in the air at any given instant? o) 117. Acconding roan estimate man who survived afl from a '56-m cliff took 0.015 s to stop upon impact onthe ground. ‘What ws his speed just before impact? What was his average deceleration daring impact? *118. A slgver jumps out ofan airplane at a height of 1000 m, Calculate how long she takes to flo the ground. Assume that she fill ecely with a downward acceleration g until she reaches the terminal speed of 200 knw/h and that she then ‘continues to fall without acceleration until very neat the aground (where she opens her parachute afew moments before reaching the ground). "119, From a window on the fifth floor ofa building, 13. up, you ‘drop two tennis balls with an interval f 1.0 s beeween the first and the second, (a) Where isthe frst all when you release the second? ‘Where isthe second ball when the first hits the ground? (b) Whats the instantaneous velocity ofthe first ball relative to the second just before the firs its the ground? (6) What isthe instantaneous acceleration ofthe frst bal el ative to the second?Answers to Checkups Checkup 2.1 1. The average speed isthe total distance traveled divided by the time; forthe man, this i (50 m)/(100 5) oF 0.50 m/s, For the entire 100-s interval, the woman has the same average speed, (0.50 mvs (although her average speed for the fist 50s is rwice aslarge, 1.0 mv). 2, Iti posible that, tothe bicyclist, the spectator has larger speed than the runner, fr example if the bicylist raves at neatly the same speed asthe runner (elative to the Earth), then the runser thas a relative speed near zero, and che spectator has a relative speed near 10.1 m/s (but going in the backward diretion). leis ako posible that both the runner andthe spectator have the same speed this occurs inthe special ase when the bicylist ttavels at half the runner’ speed (5.05 m/s) relative tothe Earth. In that cate, che runner is traveling at 5.05 m/s relative ro the bicylis (in the forward direction) and the spectator is traveling at 5.05 m/s relative to the bicyclist (inthe backward diecton) 3, (E) 12 m/s. The average speed is the total distance divided by the time taken, (60 m)/(5.0s) = 12 mvs. Checkup 2.2 1. Since thee is zexo net change of postion for the round-trip motion of the bal, the average velocity will be zero (the negative and positive parts cance). We cannot calculate the average speed, since we would need to use the total distance, i.e, twice the distance from the hand to the sidewalk; this was not given (and cannot be calculated fiom the informa- tion given). 2. (D) Yes, yes. Asin Example 2, the speed is always postive, but the average velocity can be postive or negative, depending on the relative locations ofthe stating and ending points forthe «coordinate system chosen. Also, for any round trp, the net change in position, and thus the average velocity, is zero, ‘whereas, unless there was no motion at any time, the average speed will aways be positive. Checkup 2.3 1. A negative velocity refers to motion inthe negative direction forthe coordinate axis chosen; in one dimension, this would imply in the negative x direction, An aircraft could have a negative velocity if for example, the x axis points east but the aircraft flies west. 2. We cannot tell if the velocity is postive or negative until the direction ofthe x ais is specified, 3. No. If the average velocity was 8 m/s, then the instantaneous velocity must ave been sometimes larger than and sometimes smaller than (or always equal to) 8 a 4, (B) 8.0 m/s. The instantaneous velocity is given by the deriva- tive o = deldr—4 40" — Pane at ¢— 2.05, his ie v2.0) 8.0 mvs, Checkup 2.4 1. A negative acceleration means tha the velocity in the x direc tion is decreasing (by becoming either less positive o more negative). An automobile starting from rest can have a nega- tive acceleration by beginning to move inthe negative x direc- tion (for example ifthe «axis points east andthe automobile moves west). A braking automobile can have a positive accel~ craton (same example: ifthe + axis points east and an auto- mobile moving west slows down, the acceleration isin the positive x direction) 2. Let the «ais be pointing eas; in that case, an automobile moving east and slowing down has a postive velocity and a negative acceleration, Let the x axe point west; in that case, the same automobile (moving east and slowing down) has a negative velocity and a postive acceleration, 3, Yes—for example, a ball bouncing off a wall i instantaneously atest, but has a nonzero acceleration (since is velocity is changing from one direction tothe othe), 4. As the ball drops, the velocity is opposite to the chosen axis direction, and so it is negative. After it hits the floor, the velocity i postive (the «axis i upward) until dhe hall eaches its peakeand starts ro drop again. Before the ball hits the floor, the acceleration is negative (object fil increasingly quickly ‘because of gravity); after it hits the floo, the acceleration is still negative (slows down asi goes back up). During the collision, che acceleration is positive; ths acceleration changes the velocity from negative to positive. 5, Since the automobile begins at rest and ends at rest is aver- age acceleration forthe complete motion is ero (7 Aw/-W). “The average acceleration ofthe train is negative, since the x axis isin the direction of travel and che tain slows to a stop (e; <)-During the impact, the automobile velocity ‘increases from zero to a postive value, and so eis instanta- neously postive, After the impact, the automobile slows with the tin, and soit has negative instantaneous acceleration. 6. (D) Opposite; opposite, Just before the collision, the signs of | the velocities will be opposite one positive and one negative, since the velocities are in opposite direction ("head-on ‘During the collision, the accelerations will also be opposite; the car with postive velocity will undergo a negative accelera- ton, and the car with a negative velocity will havea postive acceleration,Crue Checkup 2.5 Ia eee ee ee cee square of the velocity (x — 4, ~ —0}/2a). Thus, twice the ini~ eae eee eee iim. Ea ers eee ee eee ere ree ifsc previ eee See ea eat 480 m/s? 8. (8) 4 Fiom o~ ny +a with nal veloiy ©~0 (stopped), eae eet ee ee eee Saco yee ee Checkup 2.6 1. No to both questions. The two bottles have the same accle tom and the same impact speed; the acelertion due to geav- lny is the same for different masses (neglecting ar friction). 2. No. The water accelerates atthe same rate as the cup (as usual, wwe neglect air fiction effect) 3. The stones velocity is zero atthe maximum height, since it y stops there. The velocity changes from positive ‘on the way upto negative on the way down, and so itis zero at the top. The acceleration remains negative (and constant, 4 =) throughout the motion, Ed 4. Zero. Terminal speed refers to the constant velociyataned under the combined influences of gravity and air esitance ‘Constant velocity means zero rate of change ofvelociy, hat is zero acceleration, 5. With te ans postive dow, the acceleration duet gravity becomes postive; that i the quantity ~gin each of Ege. (2.27) to (2.29) becomes 6. (D) 105 m, Under constant acceleration, the change in pos tion is proportional to the change inthe square ofthe velocity [ole —1) — He? — o)], So ifthe velocity is hala large, the Fight wil be one-fourth as igh, or (410 m/4 = 103m. Checkup 2.7 ee eter rere eee bea eee oe eee Fi ceree eeeee teed et eer Treen ee eee ete ee Pa ae eeertoeatceleseeeeaees a eceex et ete then £4, (24) indicts that the wlocy = fed nese in ‘proportion to (for zero initial velocity). The distance then eer tee ee a eee ae Seiete pepertalta beers TIF