Resulting force due to Mass flow and Flow Velocity

The resulting force in x-direction due to mass flow and flow velocity can be expressed as:

Rx = Change in momentum

= mv-mv cos

= m v (1 - cos) (1)

= A v2 (1 - cos) (1b)

= (d / 2)2 v2 (1 - cos) (1c)

where

Rx = resulting force in x-direction (N)

m = mass flow (kg/s)=density*volumetric flow rate

v = flow velocity (m/s)

= turning bend angle (degrees)

= fluid density (kg/m3)

d = internal pipe or bend diameter (m)

= 3.14...

The resulting force in y-direction due to mass flow and flow velocity can be expressed as:

Ry = m v sin (2)

= A v2 sin (2b)

= (d / 2)2 v2 sin (2c)

Ry = resulting force in y direction (N)

The resulting force on the bend due to force in x- and y-direction can be expressed as:

R = (Rx2 + Ry2)1/2 (3)

where

R = resulting force on the bend (N)

Example - Resulting force on a bend due to mass flow and flow velocity

The resulting force on a 45o bend with

diameter 114 mm = 0.114 m

water with density 1000 kg/m
3

flow velocity 20 m/s

can be calculated by as

Resulting force in x-direction:

Rx = (1000 kg/m3) ((0.114 m) / 2)2 (20 m/s)2 (1 - cos45)

= 1196 (N)

Resulting force in y-direction:

Ry = (1000 kg/m3) ((0.114 m) / 2)2 (20 m/s)2 sin45

= 2887 (N)

Resulting force on the bend

R = ((1196 N)2 + (2887 N)2)1/2

= 3125 (N)

Note - if is 90o the resulting forces in x- and y-directions are the same.

Resulting force due to Static Pressure

The pressure and the end surfaces of the bend creates resulting forces in x- and y-directions.

The resulting force in x-direction can be expressed as

Rpx = p A (1- cos ) (4)

= p (d / 2)2 (1- cos ) (4b)

where

Rpx = resulting force due to pressure in x-direction (N)

p = gauge pressure inside pipe (Pa, N/m2)

The resulting force in y-direction can be expressed as

Rpy = p (d / 2)2 sin (5)

where

Rpy = resulting force due to pressure in y-direction (N)

The resulting force on the bend due to force in x- and y-direction can be expressed as:
Rp = (Rpx2 + Rpy2)1/2 (6)

where

Rp = resulting force on the bend due to static pressure (N)

Example - Resulting force on a bend due to pressure

The resulting force on a 45o bend with

diameter 114 mm = 0.114 m

pressure 100 kPa

can be calculated by as

Resulting force in x-direction:

Rx = (100 kPa) ((0.114 m) / 2)2 (1 - cos45)

= 299 (N)

Resulting force in y-direction:

Ry = (100 kPa) ((0.114 m) / 2)2 sin45

= 722 (N)

Resulting force on the bend

R = ((299 N)2 + (722 N)2)1/2

= 781 (N)