Endocrine system & nerves:

Jan 2002
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June 2002:
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 In this question, one
mark is available for the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar.

Describe how the resting potential is maintained.

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OCR 2009

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Quality of Written Communication [1]

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6 ) Insulin-dependent diabetes most often appears during childhood. It is caused by the
autoimmune destruction of cells in the pancreas. In this autoimmune response, specific
white blood cells respond to proteins on the surface of the cells.

(a) (i) Name the hormone that will become deficient due to the autoimmune destruction of
the cells.

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(ii) Name the pancreatic tissue in which the cells are found.

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(iii) Suggest what happens to the proteins on the cell surface membranes of the cells to
stimulate the autoimmune response.

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(b) In individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes, there is excessive secretion of glucagon.

Increased glucagon concentration in the blood results in additional metabolic changes to
those caused by damaged cells.

Describe the effects of increased glucagon concentration on the liver.

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(i) Describe the changes in blood glucose concentration in the diabetic individual for the 120
minutes following the meal.

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ii) Explain the changes in blood glucose concentration in the healthy individual for the 120
minutes following the meal.

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[Total: 12]
1 (a) The pancreas is a gland that plays an important role in the digestion of food.

Fig. 1.1 shows a section through part of the pancreas.

(i) Name A.

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(ii) The exocrine cells in Fig. 1.1 produce enzymes that are in an inactive form.

Explain why these enzymes need to be secreted in an inactive form.

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(b) A study was carried out on a group of people to measure the concentration of the
hormone, cholecystokinin (CCK) in the blood.

The concentration of CCK was measured:

30 minutes before eating a carbohydrate meal

while the meal was being eaten
at 30 minute intervals after eating the meal.

The results are summarised in Fig. 1.2.

(ii) Calculate the rate of increase of mean blood CCK concentration, in arbitrary units per
minute, between 30 and 60 minutes.

Show your working.

Answer = ......................... arbitrary units min1 [2]

(iii) After the meal is eaten, the blood CCK concentration increases rapidly.

Describe the stimulus that leads to an increased production of CCK and explain why more
CCK is needed after the meal is eaten.

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(c) The same study also measured the concentrations of glucose and insulin in the blood.

The results are summarised in Fig. 1.3.

Explain the relationship between the concentration of glucose and the concentration of insulin
shown in Fig. 1.3.

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