Lesson 19 Bacteria and Viruses

Bacteria
The bacteria belong to the Kingdom Monera. Their cells are called prokaryotic du
e to the absence of nuclear envelope, cytoplasm, we found the genetic material D
NA (circular) and ribosomes. Note, the bacteria structure below: Nucleoid Cell w
all
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes Besides circular DNA, bacteria have plasmids, ie, pieces of DNA disper
sed in the cytoplasm, which have independent replication and can be transferred
from one bacterium to another.
As for nutrition, bacteria are classified into autotrophic (quimiossintetizantes
and photosynthetic) and heterotrophic (parasitic and decomposing). The photosyn
thetic autotrophs produce their own food using light energy due to the presence
of a special kind of chlorophyll, while quimiossintetizantes bacteria produce th
eir own food, using the chemical energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds.
Cyanobacteria â ¡ bacteria chlorophyllous
Anabaena (cyanobacteria) - fix atmospheric nitrogen - part of soil fertility. Ba
cteria play roles essential to ecological balance, participate in the process of
recycling organic matter, decomposing these bacteria are known as pathogenic ba
cteria cause infections, with severe lesions in animals. They are transmitted by
contaminated water and food, secretions (phlegm), blood, urine, animals, etc. T
he bacteria cause inflammation, fever, cough, vomiting, diarrhea, stiff neck, re
spiratory disorders, skin lesions, etc..
Antibiotics interfere with the protein synthesis of bacteria and the formation o
f their cell wall.
IMPORTANT Bacteria are used in the fermentation of milk to manufacture cheese, y
ogurt and curd. Many substances such as hormones, enzymes and antibiotics, are p
roduced by bacteria. We used, for example, the human gene responsible for produc
ing insulin in bacteria, the plasmid, which
started to produce this hormone, used to treat diabetics. Note below, the introd
uction of a gene of interest in bacterial plasmid.
Diseases caused by bacteria:
Pneumonia Tuberculosis Bacterial Diseases Cholera Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis L
eprosy
Etiologic agent Pneumococcus, hemophilia, etc.. Koch's bacillus (Mycobacterium)
Vibrio cholerae Bordetella pertussis Corynebacterium mycobacterium leprae dipter
ie clostridium tetani
Droplet transmission eliminated by tose, sneezing, talking food and water drople
ts removed by tose, sneezing, talking feces of patients infected by spores are e
liminated penetration of droplets released through the skin or by the baciolo mu
cosasfala tose, sneezing, a perforated wound
Sanitation prevention, treatment and isolation of patients, care in preparation
Avoid contact Care Avoiding contact with sick people, food, Avoid contact with s
ick, injured, hygiene treatment to patients; MMR patient care staff; treatment o
f patients (DPT) or vaccination of tetanus patients (ineffective)
Manifestation
Severe diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain Lesions of cough; skin areas spasms, f
ever, muscle fever cough, difficulty in espasmóticas insensitive, respiratory,
skin disorders nodule, fever respiratory discomfort, dry skin regions of hoarsen
ess
(Continued) Headache, fever, vomiting, stiff neck, seizure, hemorrhagic lesions
on the skin fever, muscle pain, jaundice, dark urine, coughing, chest pain or ab
dominal pain, sore throat, fever, red lesions on the skin, peeling Node (cancer
) hard in the genitals, increasing lymph node skin lesions, neurological damage
pain when urinating, vaginal or urethral
Meningitis
Meningococcus, Haemophilus, Pneumococcus
Eliminated droplets by coughing, sneezing, talking
Treatment of patients; avoid contact with patients, vaccination
Leptospirosis
Leptospira sp
Contact with water contaminated with urine of mice and rats eliminated droplets
by coughing, sneezing, talking
Sanitation; Treatment of fighting rodents sick, avoid contact with sick
Scarlet fever
Streptococcus
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum
Sexual contact, maternal-fetal transmission during labor
Condom use, avoiding sexual promiscuity; treatment of patients
Gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus)
Sexual contact, maternal-fetal transmission during labor
Condom use, avoiding sexual promiscuity; treatment of patients
Many are viral meningitis.
The necessity of oxygen in the process of obtaining energy, bacteria are classif
ied as aerobic or anaerobic, and on ways fundamental€are classified as cocci, r
ods, vibrios and spirilli.
Bacterial forms
The reproduction of bacteria is by simple splitting, but in some species there a
re also sexual process, such as conjugation, which result in genetic recombinati
on.
Virus
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, have a simple structure. Are forme
d by a capsule, called capsid, which involves the viral genetic material, which
can be DNA or RNA.
Note below, the structure of the bacteriophage, viruses that parasitic bacteria:
Many diseases of plants and animals, including humans, such as hepatitis B and A
IDS are caused by viruses.
Reproduction of virus
The viruses that have DNA as their genetic material using the host cell to produ
ce new molecules of viral DNA and synthesis of virus structural proteins, formin
g then the new virus. It's the disruption of infected cells, and viruses will in
vade new cells. HIV (the human immunodeficiency virus) is called a retrovirus, i
e, have RNA as genetic material. This virus is the causative agent of AIDS (Acqu
ired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). Note below, the reproduction of HIV:
The virus (HIV) binds to CD4 lymphocyte protein and enters the cell, leaving the
capsid.
Retrovirus (HIV) presents a special enzyme called reverse transcriptase. This en
zyme converts viral RNA into viral DNA, which will be incorporated into the DNA
of lymphocytes and manufactures new capsules, causing many viruses that will inv
ade new cells, note the following figure: Many viruses can remain idle, without
the capsid and its genetic material incorporated into the parasitized cell over
a period and then become active, for example, the herpes virus.
Below, diseases caused by viruses: Diseases Influenza (Flu) Measles Rubella Chic
ken Pox Hepatitis B (now eradicated) Hepatitis A Polio Rabies (infantile paralys
is) is the etiologic agent of influenza viruses (types of rubella) Rubella virus
Measles virus transmission eliminated droplets by coughing , sneeze, talk dropl
ets shed by coughing, sneezing, talking Blood transfusion; droplets disposed mat
erials by coughing, sneezing, speech contaminated with blood or saliva; Direct c
ontact, saliva, (needles, syringes, cough, sneezing; objects contaminated dental
equipment or Contact directly with water or food surgical), contact through sal
iva secretions faringee contaminated by sexual (semen sick animals feces, direct
contact persons infected vaginal secretions)
Hepatitis A virus smallpox virus Hepatitis A virus Rabies virus Poliovirus (type
1,2,3)
(Continued) Mumps Virus Yellow Fever Dengue Dengue (types 1, 2, 3, 4) Yellow fev
er virus mumps virus Bite Mosquito Bite of the genus Aedes genus Aedes mosquito
eliminated droplets by coughing, sneezing, talking, direct contact sexual contac
t, contaminated blood and derivatives, transplacental transmission, contaminated
needle and syringe
AIDS
HIV
AIDS or AIDS
The acronym AIDS stands for "Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome." The word "syn
drome" means that the patient has several symptoms. The immunodeficiency is due
to the inability to combat the causative agents of pathogens (diseases), and whe
n this occurs, the patient is vulnerable to a variety of serious diseases such a
s pneumonia, tuberculosis, meningitis, Kaposi's sarcoma and other cancers. It is
these opportunistic diseases that take the AIDS patient to death. Transmission
of the virus occurs through blood transfusions, the sharing of syringes and / or
needles and sex. The mother carrying the virus or AIDS patient, can also transm
it HIV to her child during pregnancy. Currently, the treatment of patients with
AIDS, is used anti-AIDS cocktail, which features AZT; acronym derived from azido
timidina. This drug inhibits the enzyme transcriptase reveersa, eviatndo viral r
eplication. Kaposi's sarcoma lesions are large, red-purple, and may be located i
n any part of the skin.
Prions: are protein particles that are smaller than viruses. In cattle cause mad
cow syndrome.
Exercises
1) (VUNESP) Items I through VI present, not necessarily in sequence, the steps b
y which a virus is replicated. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Syndrome virus proteins. A
ccession of the cover of the virus with the cell membrane. Protein production. A
bandonment of the capsule. Release of virus from the cell. RNA replication
Tick the alternative that provides all the steps in the correct sequence. a) b)
c) d) e) II-IV-I-VI-III-IV-V VI-I-III-V II-VI-II-I-IV-VI-II-III V-I-IV - VI-II-I
II IV-VI-I-III-V
2) (FUVEST) - Antibiotics work against the causative agents of diseases: a) b),
c) d) e) tuberculosis, pertussis, and hepatitis. tuberculosis, syphilis and infl
uenza. tetanus, syphilis and influenza. tuberculosis, whooping cough and syphili
s. pertussis, measles and syphilis.
3) The microorganism Vibrio cholerae, which causes a picture of severe diarrhea
known as cholera, is a type of unicellular organism. Tick the alternative that c
orrectly identifies the type of organism and the kingdom belongs to. a) bacteria
- Monera
b) c) d) e)
bacteria - protozoa Protista - Protista virus - virus Monera - Protista
4) (Fuvest) - cholera and meningitis epidemic illnesses are relatively common in
Brazil. They are caused respectively by: a) bacteria, through fetal contaminati
on of water and food, and viruses, through inhalation of contaminated air. b) Ba
cteria through inhalation of contaminated air, and bacteria through faecal conta
mination of food and water. c) virus through fecal contamination of water and fo
od, and viruses through inhalation of contaminated air. d) Bacteria by fecal con
tamination and food, and virus through fecal contamination, water and foods. e)
Bacteria by fecal contamination, water and food, and bacteria through inhalation
of contaminated air. 5) (Fuvest) - One difficulty faced by researchers seeking
a vaccine against the AIDS virus due to the fact that he: a) b) c) d) e) does no
t possess the enzyme transcriptase reserved. Switch between their genetic materi
al DNA and RNA. Be virus rRNA, for which it is impossible to make vaccines. Have
their genetic material under constant change. Owning a lipid capsule that block
s the action of the vaccine.
Resolution
Response Exercise 1: E Response Exercise 2: D Response Exercise 3: The Response
of year 4: E Response Exercise 5: D