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Credit & Collection Manual
Jose Diaz - jdiaz@edipesa.com.pe 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Credit Risk Analysis
concept of economic sectors Basic requirements for credit System Credit Evaluat
ion process credit and collection process for credit scoring methods of payment
Bibliography
1. - Credit 1.1 .- CONCEPTO.En a more general and more attached to the etymology
of the word credit comes from the word believe, commercial credit would then sa
y that the commitment to pay that takes a person or an institution on the basis
the view we have of them as to meet its financial commitments on time. So having
credit means having the characteristics or qualities required for others rely o
n a person or institution and to give her confidence. The loan allows you to bor
row money from morning to get something today. When you use credit to buy someth
ing, you are actually promising to cancel their debt. You are using the future i
ncome today
The essence of a credit transaction is the promise of payment at a future date.
Such a promise can be formal and written, like bills of exchange, checks, mortga
ges. Trade and industry operate on the basis of usually short-term credit-betwee
n suppliers and buyers of inputs or finished products. There are several ways of
providing credit, such as credit cards, personal loans, car loans and mortgages
. The terms of debt payments include payment of interest. The interest on the lo
an usually is identified as an annual percentage rate or APR - (Annual Percentag
e Rate) The APR is usually found with credit terms in the application for credit
, and takes into account the amount of time it will take to pay off the loan. Th
is rate may be only a few percentage points, or can be much more than 20%. The l
ower the interest, the less it costs to pay off their debt. The annual percentag
e rate or APR and monthly payments is important to understand the difference bet
ween the APR and monthly payment. Your monthly payment includes: 1. A portion of
the original loan amount, called the principal sum or capital. 2. A portion of
the APR.
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In other words, if your monthly payment is reasonable, if the APR is high, it wi
ll be more costly and will take longer to repay the debt. Many loans are designe
d so that interest will be canceled first, and then pay the principal sum or cap
ital. Therefore, when the APR is high, the interest probably will be high, and t
here could be additional charges. This means that you will take longer - so it w
ill cost you more money - paying off debt. When comparing loans, make sure you l
ook at the APR. The lower interest rate, the better for you. Speaking of credit
is taken into account the risk from the credit standpoint, ie taking in whom we
trust to give our money or to whom we will deliver a product, believing that the
return is credit payment is the 1.2 .- we hoped for the credit risk in very sim
ple terms there is risk in any situation where we do not know exactly what will
happen in the future. In other respects RISK is synonymous with uncertainty, is
the difficulty of predicting what will happen. Credit risk is associated with th
e uncertainty of third party approvals and recovery of these in the terms define
d, trying to avoid late payment of accounts receivable portfolio. 1.2.1 .- Main
Risk factors determining factors in businesses Internal depend directly on its o
wn administration and capacity of each company executives External factors such
as inflation, exchange rates, interest rates, whatever affect the payment capaci
ty of borrowers and 1.2.2 .- a Credit Risk Individual
1.2.3 .- Basic Principles of credit evaluation should always bear in mind two po
ints for a credit evaluation. Purpose of loan: destination, where the product wi
ll fall in February. Credit Analysis: to assess whether the applicant is subject
to credit assessment and granting credits always looks through an area or credi
t and collections department, which will have some specific functions within the
organization or company. 1.2.4.- Objectives and functions of the Credit Departm
ent The department's main objective is to minimize credit risk in credit operati
ons in order to ensure that the accounts receivable are at risk of higher delinq
uencies - Maintain relatively low levels of credit risk also that yield a good r
eturn and stay the same. - It is very important to maintain ongoing training to
staff on trends in the economies in the country and have ongoing training in the
field of finance and financial decisions
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- - - - -
Building systems of credit evaluation standards detect those loans higher than n
ormal risk to make them more careful monitoring countless Prepare for future ana
lysis account executives Conduct studies Conduct sectoral studies segment
2. - ANALYSIS OF CREDIT The credit analysis is considered an art because there i
s no rigid schemes and on the contrary, is dynamic and requires creativity on th
e part of the loan officer, however it is important to master the various techni
ques of credit analysis, and complement with good experience and good sense, and
it is necessary to have the necessary and sufficient information to allow us to
minimize the number of unknowns to make the right decision 2.2 .- QUANTITATIVE
ASPECTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF CREDIT 2.2.1 .- Availability Information at Credit Wh
en analyzing a loan to a company, you should be aware of the quality of informat
ion that was available for it, so it is important first interview. Never be poss
ible to have 100% of the information you want but can not be omitted is that inf
ormation that are readily available such as: • Customer Information • Informatio
n on the sector suppliers • Banks • Information Database • internal data externa
l database risk • Central • Public Records and RENIEC • Other sources of informa
tion 2.2.2 .- Aspects Necessary credit evaluation • Credit analysis should inclu
de an analysis of the qualitative aspects (proper, administration competition) a
nd quantitative (balance sheets, profit and loss statement, cash flow) • The pay
ment behavior of a customer with an institution is a very important decision for
future loans credit • The final decision is expected if a Customers can pay or
not in certain conditions. • Preferably it should analyze balance sheets of the
last three steps • Type of business credit applicant (SRL, SA, Family Business,
etc..) • Analysis of the sector where the applicant company belongs 2.2.3 .- Ana
lysis of accounts Balance • Commercial Accounts Receivable • Fixed Assets • Inve
ntory • Banking • Obligations Obligations trade or financial ratios • Reasons (a
nalysis) 2.3 .- QUALITATIVE ASPECTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF CREDIT It is important to
master the quantitative aspects, but not enough. The analysis of the aspects or
qualitative information is one of the most important and also more difficult to
evaluate a company. Their difficulty is because they are subjective aspects to
which we must consider the following aspects • Business analysis of the applican
t (activity and management of the company) • History of applicant (years in busi
ness, business development, type of society )
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• •
Applicant's credit history (credit experience with third parties, suppliers, fin
ancial institutions) Analysis of the sector to which the applicant belongs
3. - RISK OF MAJOR ECONOMIC RISK 3.1 .- THE GRANTING OF CREDIT IN THE MINING SEC
TOR - Optimism: the miners are usually very optimistic. They often believe they
have discovered a gold mine when they have not even done the prospecting stage.
- Size of the credit, generally are highly unlikely the guys credit. Since inves
tments are very large, its resource requirements are too. Thus the stakes are hi
gh - Prices of minerals: the prices of mining products are exposed to large fluc
tuations, usually at higher prices in the industry. This is because they are set
internationally and depend on many variables, which are impossible to predict.
- Production: production risks that exist are difficult to assess, given the gre
at technical knowledge required. It is therefore essential advice from experts -
Risk number: Since working conditions are generally harsh, it is normal onset o
f labor problems and strikes€experience shows a lack of capital from the west ow
ners more risks than other sectors 3.2 .- RISK IN THE AWARD OF CONSTRUCTION SECT
OR CREDIT) Risks common to all construction companies - technical inability to g
et out the work or delay in time beyond the provisions for the termination of th
is. - Increased costs due to rising wages, rising material mismatch between vs p
rice adjustments. cost adjustments, strikes, etc.. - Poor funding either in quan
tity or quality - Improper use or diversion of funds to finance the occasion of
other works, to other companies of the same owners b) risks inherent in construc
tion of works of others - Insolvency of the client and therefore non-payment all
or part of the buildings. This includes setting the arrears c) Risk 'own constr
uction of his own works - Increased competition exaggerated resulted in more spe
cific sub-market price without the possibility of growing demand. - Changes viol
ence, either as reduced demand, lower prices or both to see, due to regressive s
ituations. This leads to decline in value of inventories and fixed assets of ent
erprises in the field. With which they break. BASIC REQUIREMENTS 4 .- 4.1 .- CLA
SS OF CREDIT REQUIREMENTS a. Documents identity by which we can identify custome
rs seeking loans (ID, ID card, ID card for foreigners to individuals and compani
es RUC if legal) b. Documents Location: by which they may perform the specific l
ocation where you can locate the credit Applicants can be home or workplace (uti
lity bills in case of natural persons and operating license for companies)
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c. Income Documents: we will verify the monthly income on which loan applicants
may have to pay your monthly fee (Pay stubs for dependent workers, received for
fees for independent professionals, sales tax on monthly statements for companie
s and or people with their own business) d. Heritage Papers: by which may suppor
t the ownership of property and / or vehicles (Property Sheet Public Records) e.
Other reference documents: statement credit card, statement of accounts 4.2 .-
f. CLASSES OF CUSTOMERS Individuals (or dependent of independendientes workers,
freelancers) g. Legal Persons (EIRL, SRL, SA, SAC, SAA) Note: For credit evaluat
ion should be borne in mind that each class of customer is different for respect
ive assessment and payment terms may vary 4.3 .- DOCUMENTS THAT SHOULD APPLY All
natural person must have 18 months seniority h. Individuals • DNI, CIP, Alien R
egistration Card • Receipts for home services (Electricity, water and telephone)
canceled the last month, the applicant must be a day is its basic service payme
nts • Pay stubs (dependent workers) 3 months Finally, if Worker (12 ballots last
week) must be a minimum income of S /. 700 nuevos soles • Last receipt for fees
emitidido in the month in the last three months. In the case of independent pro
fessionals. Minimum Income S /. 1,500 new soles. • 03 latest declaration of VAT
payments to the Sunat in the case of traders. Simplified Regimen Sales Minimum S
/. Special Regime Sales 1.000 Minimum S /. General Sales Regimen 2.000 Minimum
S /. 5,000 • Affidavit of income tax of last year • last 3 lease payments SUNAT,
if rentiers (Besides Leasing contract) i. Juridical Persons each applicant shal
l an operational 24 months old • RUC • License to Operate • • Authorities ID reg
istered legal representative Legal representative in rows the public with an age
of 3 months • Company • Constitution last 03 declaration of VAT payments the Af
fidavit Sunat • Last income tax j. Other Documents • Autovaluo property, title t
o property ownership • Vehicle Cards
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• Statement of credit cards • Statement of current accounts All this documentati
on must be sent together with the credit application for evaluation to the credi
t bureau. In the case of the Branches of Provinces this documentation must be re
ferred to the respective Branch Manager,€who shall exercise the function in char
ge of credits in the respective branch of the department coloboracion Lima credi
ts will not be processed any credit file while no documentation or not fulfillin
g conditions stated above. 5 .- Credit System Financing There are different syst
ems, each of them is designed for each customer or each type of credits applican
t for these systems detailed below 5.1 .- DIRECT CREDIT (INDIVIDUALS) (FOREIGN C
URRENCY) This system credits granted to individuals under the acceptance of bill
s of exchange, with the following conditions in the form of payment: Price: List
Price less than 3% Down Payment 30% Payment term rates six months Interest rate
4% per month in ME Note. If this is the case in which a company accepts these c
onditions shall be processed the credit. 5.2 .- U BILLS RECEIVABLE PURCHASE ORDE
R (BUSINESS) (NATIONAL CURRENCY OR FOREIGN CURRENCY) credits granted to companie
s with good corporate or A1 qualification in the SBS system (Financial and Comme
rcial) List Price Price less than 3% Down Payment Option Payment periods 7, 15 a
nd 30 days 5.3 .- DEFERRED CHECK (BUSINESS) (NATIONAL CURRENCY OR FOREIGN CURREN
CY) Credits granted with the support of a security (check) aimed at companies wi
th substantially good moves in their bank accounts . Price List Price less than
3% Down Payment Option Payment periods 7 and 15 days 5.4 .- LITERATURE IN DISCOU
NT (BUSINESS) (foreign exchange) credits granted through the acceptance of bills
of exchange, this system is subject to acceptance for discount to our bank, for
which the company must have good information soliciatnte trading system - finan
cial and protest letters should show recent Price List Price less than 3% Minimu
m Down Payment 30% Payment Terms 30, 60 and 45 days 2.10% interest rate monthly
+ VAT ME CREDIT CARDS 5.5 .- Sale and credit cards
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The commission charged by the card usage is around 5% on sales value, so the fin
al selling price must cover that cost, without notice to the customer. 5.6 .- LE
ASING (BUSINESS) In these last two cases are direct transactions between the cus
tomer and the bank-soliciatante where after approval of the transaction and havi
ng signed the relevant documentation in between these two entities, the bank iss
uing the respective purchase order addressed our company, compromising the payme
nt from them once the merchandise delivered to the customer. Companies in the bu
siness AMERICA LEASING Leasing SA CITILEASING Leasing SA CREDIT LEASING Leasing
SA LEASING Leasing SA SUDAMERIS WIESE Leasing 5.7.-FUNDING AGREEMENTS WITH INSTI
TUTIONS
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They are banking, financial, municipal savings banks, rural banks, who through a
greements may finance the sale of products to customers, under conditions of cre
dits and payments than those offered by our company. JOINT MUNICIPAL FUND MANAGE
MENT ADDRESS PHONE DIRECTORY
BOXES OF MUNICIPAL CREDIT Pedro Escobedo Alberto Zegarra Willy Muñoz - María del
Socorro Nájar Friedrich Dongo Wilber Diaz Acuña Alfredo Otero Raul Manuel Gusta
vo Velazco CUSCO Huayhua CMAC (e) SA Barberis Charles Leon Tamayo Caparo Urribar
ri Flavio Dario Romero Luis Vigo Llempo Crispin CMAC OF Luis Alberto Rojas Rodrí
guez Vigo SA Llempo SANTA Juan Julio Avalos Jose Carranza Felipe Altamirano CHIN
CHA Language CMAC Boisset SA Ricardo Luis Tizon Mirtha Nahui Aliaga Edgar Hilari
o Yrribari Berrocal Vargas Horacio Gago Ciro Yacsahuache MUNICIPAL FUND Prialé H
enri Francisco Monje HUANCAYO Camayo Edmundo Carlos Montalvan Constantine CMAC -
ICA Rufino Uribe Edwin Olivera Hernández García Guillén SA Aparcana Abilio Fran
cisco Soto Julia A. Hilario Jose Guillermo Ramos Maynas League CMAC SA Guzman Ja
ime Vásquez Valcárcel Miguel Ramos Italo Godoy Juan Antonio Herran Ciccarelli PA
ITA CMAC SA Nolasco Jose Alejandro Peralta José Miguel Cruz Juan Herran Reform C
órdova Peralta Julio Cesar Cabrera Adolfo Salazar Julia CMAC Pisco SA Cicilia Gu
illermo Díaz Cordero Rosa Grigoletto Pictures Castro CMACAREQUIPA La Merced No.
106 Cercado 054-285127 (D) 054-289394 Fax 054-289864 Fax 084-237171 084-233660 0
84-261037 043-883151 Fax 043-883152
Portal Espinar N º 146 Cusco Av Jose Galvez Chimbote No. 602
Av Oscar R. 056-263329 Fax 056-263030 Mariscal Benavides and Castilla N º 299 Ch
incha Alta Calle Real N º 341 - 064-2165 343 16 Huancayo 064-233511 Fax 064-2128
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City Av 152 056-2117 No. 056-229448 Fax 056-225620 00 Ica
Prospero Street, No. 791, Iquitos
065-221256 Fax 065-223323
Plaza de Armas Paita No. 176-178
073-613080 Fax 073-611633
Pisco 500 Humay Beatita
056-533397 056-535206 056-532612 Fax 056-533074
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(E)
Laura Coronado Pedro Talledo Encalada Rumiche Briceño Viera Marcelino Joel Sianc
as CMAC Castro Luis Alfredo Leon SA Sullana Bertha Isabel Fernandez Oliva Ramire
z Samy Street Wilfredo Bohorquez David Renteria Oscar Manuel Vega Second TACNA C
MAC SA Alcalá Alvarado Jorge Fernando Vicente Blanco Contreras Leiva Ramirez Wal
ter Avalos Huamaní CMAC - T SA Namo Augusto Fernando Francisco Gonzalez Rodrigue
z Mercedes Martín Roberto Carlos Pulido Guanilo SAC CMAC Piura
Pedro Changa Puesco
Jr. Ayacucho No. 353 073-8843 Fax 073-337078 073-321950 00 Piura
Bolívar Calle 71 No. 272 073-5028 Fax 073-501920 Sullana
Av San Martín N º 710 Pasaje Vigil 052-725305 052-744272 052-741312 052-727807 F
ax Tacna
Spain Av N ° 2611 - 2615 044-205048, Trujillo. 044-222986 044-294155 044-298317
Fax 044-294000
6 .- Evaluation Process Credit and Collections
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7 .- Process for the Assessment of Credit The granting of credit is determined b
y the applicant's repayment ability, which in turn is defined primarily by its c
ash flow and credit history. The assessment of the applicant for the granting of
trade credit should also consider the concepts outlined in the preceding paragr
aph, the economic environment, the ability to meet its
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obligations to exchange rate variations, preferred securities, preferred and pre
ferred realization very fast self-liquidating, the quality of company management
 and the ratings assigned by other companies in the financial system. To evaluat
e the MES lending, consumer and home mortgage, we will analyze the capacity to p
ay based on your income, your net worth, the value of its various obligations, a
nd the amount of contributions to the company assumed as well as the ratings ass
igned by other companies in the financial system. For the evaluation of credits
we can follow the following procedure: 7.1-STEP # 1 RECEPTION credit application
and documentation shall be recepcionar the credit application duly filled in th
e format indicated, it is important that the applicant shall general information
, addresses, telephones, trade references and banking, real estate, so it must b
e attached photocopy documents as requirements that have applied
7.2-STEP # 2 VERIFICATION OF DATA 7.2.3 .- Central Verification risk
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This company provides us with information from the applicant, which have been co
llected by the Superintendency of Banking and Insurance, Sunat, Chamber of Comme
rce and other private entities with the following details DATA AND IDENTIFICATIO
N OF THE APPLICANT .- according to this detail you can get the RUC, State taxpay
er's address, in case of a company who are their legal representatives, in case
of a natural person if the legal representative of one or more companies
APPLICANT'S INDEBTEDNESS .- according to this detailed information from the appl
icant gives us the level of the SBS, in which we can obtain the status of their
last six months according to their debt with financial institutions, as well as
the number of entities with which it is operating, and details of its debt is in
question must take into account that the SBS scores as detailed below: A. - CLA
SSIFICATION OF DEBTOR CREDIT PORTFOLIO OF NORMAL BUSINESS CATEGORY (0) Debtor: a
) It has a liquid financial position, with low debt and adequate asset structure
of the same regarding their ability to generate profits. The cash flow is not s
usceptible to a significant worsening before significant changes in the behavior
of both core and variables related to their sector of activity, and b) meets pe
riodically with the payment of its obligations. In addition and without prejudic
e to the provisions of subsections a) and b) above, the company's financial syst
em will consider whether the debtor: a) It has a consistent and updated informat
ion that will enable it permanently in its financial and economic situation; b)
has a skilled and technical direction, with appropriate internal control systems
;
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c) belongs to a sector of the economy or business class a growing tendency, and
d) It is highly competitive in their business. POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH CATEGORY
(1) The debtor has any of the following: a) A good financial position and profit
ability, moderate leverage assets and adequate cash flow for the payment of prin
cipal and interest debts. The cash flow tends to weaken to meet the payments,€si
nce it is highly sensitive to changes in relevant variables, or, b) occasional a
nd limited Failures not exceeding 60 days. POOR CATEGORY (2) The debtor has any
of the following: a) A weak financial situation and level of cash flow that keep
s you meet the payment of the entire principal and interest on debts, and can co
ver only latter. The cash flow projection shows no improvement over time and sho
ws high sensitivity to minor changes and likely significant variables, further w
eakening their ability to pay. It has little ability to generate profits, or, b)
Violations greater than sixty (60) days and not exceeding one hundred twenty (1
20) days. DOUBTFUL CATEGORY (3) The debtor has any of the following: a) A clearl
y insufficient cash flow, unable to cover the payment of principal or interest,
presents a critical financial situation and very high debt levels, and is forced
to sell assets of importance to the activity and that, materially, are of signi
ficant magnitude with negative results in the business, or, b) Violations greate
r than one hundred twenty (120) days and not exceeding three hundred and sixty f
ive (365 ) days or, LOSS CATEGORY (4) The debtor has any of the following: a) A
cash flow is insufficient to cover production costs. It is in receivership, bein
g feasible to assume that also have difficulty meeting any restructuring agreeme
nts, is in a state of insolvency ordered or required to sell assets of importanc
e to the activity and that, materially, are of significant magnitude or b) older
Failures three hundred and sixty five (365) days. B. - CLASSIFICATION CONSIDERE
D AS BORROWER AND BORROWER MONTH OF CONSUMER CREDIT PORTFOLIO CATEGORY NORMAL (0
) are those debtors who are complying with the payment of their dues according t
o the agreement or with a delay of up to eight (8 ) calendar days. POTENTIAL PRO
BLEMS WITH CATEGORY (1) are those debtors with arrears in the payment of their a
ssessments of nine (9) to thirty (30) calendar days. POOR CATEGORY (2) Are those
debtors with arrears in the payment of their assessments of thirty-one (31) to
sixty (60) calendar days. DOUBTFUL CATEGORY (3) are those debtors with arrears i
n the payment of their assessments of sixty-one (61) one hundred twenty (120) ca
lendar days. LOSS CATEGORY (4)
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Are those debtors who are behind in paying their fees for more than one hundred
twenty (120) calendar days. C. - BORROWER CLASSIFICATION OF PORTFOLIO CATEGORY r
esidential mortgage NORMAL (0) are those debtors who are complying with the paym
ent of their dues according to the agreement or with a delay of up to thirty (30
) calendar days. POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH CATEGORY (1) are those debtors who are
late payment of thirty-one (31) to ninety (90) calendar days. POOR CATEGORY (2)
Are those debtors who are late payment of ninety-one (91) one hundred twenty (12
0) calendar days. DOUBTFUL CATEGORY (3) are those debtors who are behind in paym
ent of one hundred twenty-one (121) to three hundred sixty five (365) calendar d
ays. LOSS CATEGORY (4) are those debtors who are arrears of over three hundred s
ixty five (365) calendar days.
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.- Delinquent portfolio as this detail informs us the status of your receivables
portfolio held by the applicant, whether individuals or companies are you must
NEGATIVE INFORMATION .- as this detail shows us the negative information that th
e applicant possesses a level of Auditors Current Closed, Cancelled Credit Cards
, Delinquency Consolidated System (debt information to third parties), Bulletin
of bill protested, Sunat Debt information, information about AFP's debt
15
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7.2.3 .- VERIFICATION OF ADDRESS AND WORK. It will be necessary to undertake vis
its to the home and workplace of the applicant and guarantee (if any) with the f
ollowing character: Domiciliary .- Confirm that the applicant lives or owns the
home with supporting documents, so it objectively verify status housing, furnitu
re that account, family environment. Education .- Confirm the applicant's employ
ment relationship with the company where he works (seniority, position, salary)
in the case of employee, if the case should be verified to be independent (age o
f business, merchandise in stock, machinery for production, number of employees€
customer traffic) in both cases must bear in mind the location of the home and w
orkplace, considering that those addresses located in hazardous or difficult to
access may not qualify for credit. Credit first interview .- In the first interv
iew should try to obtain as much information as possible including the following
aide memoire A. - Amount and purpose of credit • That product needs • In that t
ime I intend to pay • For the product requires B - Sources of Payment • How to p
ay your loan • What are your main sources of funding • What other sources of pay
ment are available • Who are your main suppliers C. - Financial Data (Business o
r Enterprise) Balance from previous year • • Balances to date (three months last
) D. - Trust • General or All credit must go through a stage of evaluation simpl
er and faster than credit or Everything is easy and good risk and who looks or p
roperly secured credit analysis not intended to eliminate 100% of the uncertaint
y of the future, but only down or that credit decisions are not acting with exac
t variables, should play an important role the wisdom and common sense • Deeds o
f credit before • Seriousness and morality 7.2.4. - VERIFICATION OF REFERENCES A
ND COMMERCIAL BANK. It will be necessary to check references of third parties bo
th financial institutions (banks) and commercial (suppliers) seeking to obtain t
he following information: • Type of business relationship business relationship
• Age of business relationship • Rating • Line of credit obtained by the • Types
of lines applicant obtained (credit, overdraft, discount, etc.) • Average balan
ce in current accounts. • Moving average current accounts. • Behavior of payment
• Payment of debt
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This information allows us to have an insight into the behavior of the applicant
with other institutions, taking into account that there is often a better perfo
rmance with financial institutions with commercial institutions. 7.2.5 .- DOCUME
NTARY REVIEW CONSIDERATIONS • The DNI must submit the final hologram with refere
nce to the last election, otherwise the file will be rejected. • Receipts for se
rvices must be the last month and duly canceled. • The monthly fee shall not exc
eed 30% of monthly income of the applicant in case of an individual • Location o
f residence and / or workplace of the applicant must be within the jurisdiction
that encompasses the branch, and shall not be considered within hazardous areas
or difficult to access. • Married persons must submit data on their spouses, so
will sign both the respective dodumentos. • The applicant's property considered
as long as credited by registration statement registers in which his name appear
s • In case of natural persons with business the average monthly income is deter
mined with the average sales declared in the monthly VAT declaration. • In case
of law firms, legal representative's powers must be expressly considered in the
schedule of public records. • For law firms the acceptance of bills of exchange
will be explicitly designated by the person in the public record sheet is genera
lly the legal representative. May exist the possibility that two firms were pool
s • For legal persons the average monthly income is determined with the average
sales declared in the monthly VAT declaration. • In case of legal persons, was t
aken in reference to the average monthly sales in relation to sales declared in
your annual income tax last year.
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• •
• •
In case of juridical persons shall be considered the usefulness of the previous
year in the statement declared annual income tax records are rejected those who
have: or Letters protests in the last 6 months or returned checks in the last 6
months or commercial or financial information Rating SBS negative or potential p
roblem, poor, doubtful and loss or punishments Credits to 2 years old or current
accounts closed with a 1 year old conflict with the law and default or delinque
ncy problems with tax credit information from a client updated is basic, so it m
ust be periodically re-update this information. If a customer client ceased to b
e active more than 1 year must re-submit all your records and be tested again
8 .- Collection Methods usually employed various forms of collection procedures.
€As an account ages more and more, the collection management becomes more person
al and more strictly. The basic procedures used for recovery in the order they n
ormally are in the process of recovery. • LETTERS: After a certain number of day
s from the date of expiry of an account receivable, the company usually sends a
letter on good terms, reminding the customer of their obligation. If the account
is not received within a specified period after sending the letter, sent a seco
nd letter more compelling. The collection letters are the first step in the proc
ess of collection of overdue accounts. • Phone calls: If the cards are useless,
the credit manager of the company can call the customer and require immediate pa
yment. If the client has a reasonable excuse, you can make arrangements to exten
d the payment period. • Use of Collection Agency: A company can deliver the bad
debts to a collection agency or attorney to make them effective. Normally the fe
es for this kind of collection management are quite high and may be possible to
receive a much smaller percentage of which expect to receive. • LEGAL PROCEDURE:
This is the strictest step in the process of recovery. It is an alternative tha
t uses the collection agency. The legal process is not only costly, but can forc
e the debtor to declare bankruptcy, thus reducing the possibility of future busi
ness with the client and no guarantee the final receipt of shipments. There is a
point beyond which the additional cost of recovery may not provide sufficient p
erformance, the company must take account of this point. So we end this cycle of
the administration of claims, which, as explained in previous articles is very
important for the company and responsible for financial and accounting area. Bib
liography: • Credit Risk, Manfredo Anez. • Methodologies and tools for Credit Ri
sk Management, Ernest Young. • Superintendency of Banking and Insurance Lima
Jose Diaz jdiaz@edipesa.com.pe
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