practical guide to wood species

EUROPEAN UNION
European Social Fund
EDIT: Confemadera-Spanish Confederation of Wood C / Sagasta, n. º 24, 3. º r.. 2
8004 MADRID Tel: 91 594 44 04 Fax: 91 594 44 64 info@confemadera.es http://www.c
onfemadera.es TECHNICAL TEAM: Francesc de Paula del Castillo Beatriz Pons Alfons
o Parra Aránzazu Cristina Fernández González Pedro Martinez Almudena González Re
guera Our thanks to D. Vignot Santiago Peña, Professor at the Escuela Superior d
e Ingenieros de Montes de Madrid, D. Cagigal Alberto Romero, Secretary General o
f the Spanish Association of Importers of Wood-AEIM (http://www.aeim.org) for th
eir invaluable assistance in preparing this guide and Canals Revilla and Ms. Gen
evieve D. Francisco Arriaga for his photographic contribution. The timber featur
es described in this drought have been found in: Guindeo et al, 1997 species of
wood for woodworking, construction and furniture. Ed AITIM Yves Benoit, 1997 Le
Guide des essences de bois Ed CTBA, Eyrolles Miscellaneous, 1999 Wood handbook.
Wood as an Engeneering Material. Forest Products Laboratory Ed Chichignoud M, et
al Atlas des bois tropicaux. Several volumes. Ed OIBT; CTFT Vignot et al, 2000
Main wood used in the province of Bizcaia. Diputación Foral de Bizcaia Ed. PRINT
S: Graphic Arts Industry Group Industrial Ibersaf, S. L. Legal Deposit: M-13791-
2004
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ORGANIC CHLORINE FREE PAPER
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index
1. 2. 3. 4.
INTRODUCTION ................................................. .................
................................. ............................................ L
IVING WITH WOOD ............................................... ................
.................................. ..................................... CERTIFI
CATION OF FOREST AND WOOD SECTOR ......................................... .....
.......... WOOD SHEETS ............................................... .........
......................................... .................................. CON
IFERS ................................................. ........................
.......................... .................................................. .
RED PINE ................................................ ......................
............................ ................................................ RE
D CEDAR PACIFIC .............................................. .................
................................. ................... Hemlock ..................
............................... ................................................
.. .................................................. .. SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE ..
............................................ ...................................
............... ....................... Douglas fir ............................
................... .................................................. .........
............................. Insignis pine ....................................
............ .................................................. ................
........................... Corsican pine ......................................
.......... .................................................. ..................
........................... MARITIME PINE ......................................
.......... .................................................. ..................
...................... Pine ................................................ ...
............................................... ................................
......... LEAFY ................................................. ..............
.................................... ...........................................
...... BIRCH ................................................. .................
................................. ..............................................
.... ...... RED ALDER ................................................ .........
......................................... ......................................
........... EUROPEAN MAPLE ................................................ ....
.............................................. .................................
........ CHESTNUT ................................................. ............
...................................... .........................................
......... ... AMERICAN CHERRY ................................................ .
................................................. ..............................
EUROPEAN CHERRY ................................................ ..............
.................................... .................................... AMERIC
AN FRESNO ................................................ .....................
............................. .............................. EUROPEAN FRESNO ...
............................................. ..................................
................................................... . BEECH ....................
............................. ..................................................
.................................................. ........... LENGA ..........
....................................... ........................................
.......... .................................................. ......... SOFT MAP
LE ................................................ ............................
...................... ......................................... HARD MAPLE ....
............................................ ...................................
............... .............................................. EUROPEAN WALNUT .
............................................... ................................
.................. ...................................... AMERICAN BLACK WALNUT
............................................... ................................
.................. ................ AMERICAN WHITE OAK .........................
...................... .................................................. ......
.......... EUROPEAN OAK ................................................ .......
........................................... ....................................
... AMERICAN RED OAK ............................................... ...........
....................................... ...................... TULIPIER ........
......................................... ......................................
............ .................................................. ..... TROPICAL .
................................................ ...............................
................... .................................................. AMERICAN
CEDAR ................................................ .........................
......................... ................................ Cerejeira ...........
...................................... .........................................
......... .................................................. . Cumaru ..........
....................................... ........................................
.......... .................................................. ... Doussia ......
........................................... ....................................
.............. .................................................. .... Elondo ..
............................................... ................................
.................. .................................................. ..... IPE
................................................. ..............................
.................... .................................................. ........
........ IROKO ................................................. ...............
................................... ............................................
...... ......... JATOBA ................................................. ......
............................................ ...................................
............... ....... KOTIBÉ .................................................
.................................................. ............................
...................... ........ KOTO ...........................................
...... .................................................. ......................
............................ ............ SAMBA ................................
................. .................................................. ...........
....................................... ....... SAPELLI ........................
......................... .................................................. ...
............................................... ....... SIPO ...................
.............................. .................................................
. .................................................. ............. Sucupira ....
............................................. ..................................
................ .................................................. . Tatajuba .
................................................ ...............................
................... .................................................. .. TECA .
................................................ ...............................
................... .................................................. .........
... WENGUE ................................................. ...................
............................... ................................................
.. .... 5. WOOD PRODUCTS ............................................... .......
........................................... ..........................
4 5 6 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19
20 20 21 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30
3
1
INTRODUCTION
Forests provide products and services that contribute directly to the welfare of
people worldwide and are necessary to conserve biodiversity, environment,€rural
development, etc. The preservation and maintenance of natural resources, among
which is the wood, is a key factor in the commitment they have to take everyone
involved to ensure the use made of them. The increasing demand for wood increase
s further the need to promote the use of species that avoided deforestation in t
hose areas of the planet where they have not practiced proper management of fore
sts. The wood sector, aware of this situation, continues to work for all initiat
ives that promote sustainable forest management such as the CERTIFICATION FROM T
HE WOOD. Therefore the aim of this guide is to promote sustainable development t
hrough the increased use of wood and making both prescribers and processors of w
ood on the possibility of diversifying sources of supply through the use of new
wood species . This guide shows firstly what are the characteristics of wood as
organic material, the availability of certified wood and a piece by species whic
h have been characterized among others, the origin, appearance, difficulty, util
ities, and alternative species in response to the group technology to which they
belong and so on., including some final thoughts on the qualities of wood and w
ood products that can be found on the market.
Pedro Garcia Moya CONFEMADERA President
4
2
LIVING WITH WOOD
Wood is a material that respects the environment, a renewable raw material which
sustainable use benefits the environment and society. Almost imperceptibly wood
surrounds us in our daily lives (doors, windows, furniture, pens, frames, kitch
en utensils, brushes, etc.) is a material that maintains healthy and pleasant th
ermal conditions in housing, moderate fluctuations humidity, purify the air and
provides relaxation to people. On top of this wood is: U Recyclable: The life cy
cle of the timber is closed. After the end of its useful life of wood debris can
be introduced again as raw material for other wood industries. (Eg chips, sawdu
st) U helps to mitigate climate change: Storing carbon dioxide over the life cyc
le of wood products. U not only energy used in its preparation: The consumption
of energy in the process of transforming wood is very inferior compared to the e
nergy used in the manufacture of other materials. U offers solutions that enable
innovative designs: The technology has allowed the development of numerous wood
products (boards, plywood, etc.) that offer many possibilities in its use in co
nstruction and furniture, woodworking, packaging, etc.. U Good fire behavior: Th
e wood is an insulating material with excellent fire behavior slowing its spread
. Manufacturing technology of wood products has led to products with high resist
ance to fire.
5
3
forest certification and wood sector
Forest certification promotes sustainable forest management of forests. To the e
nd user is satisfied that the product you choose is made with wood that comes fr
om forests that have been managed in a sustainable way, (respecting ecological c
riteria, social and economic) is necessary to follow up through the industry. In
this control process is called chain of custody (CoC)
Wood flow
Forest Certification in the Industry 1. ª Processing Industry 2. ª Transformatio
n Final Consumer
Flow certification (chain of custody)
For this process to be credible and transparent and that the final product can b
e stamped, it is necessary to control the passage of the wood industry, the chai
n of custody through the certification by an independent third party through aud
its . Forests are evaluated according to previously defined standards and certif
ied by an audit. Subsequently, the industry provides a control system for certif
ied timber that transforms, a procedure which is also audited.
Certification Scheme of the wood industry
CoC Implementation uncertified wood PRODUCTION PROCESS Audit Certificate Applica
tion Certified wood Certified Wood Wood not registered
6
The two certification systems operating in Spain are PEFC and FSC. The following
pages contain information on both systems and the availability of certified spe
cies in them:
• FSC-Forest Stewardship Council-http: / / www.wwf.es http://www.fscoax.org - Of
ficial Site of FSC http://www.fsc-info.org/english.htm - page where you can chec
k the certificate companies have FSC chain of custody so as Sustainable Forest M
anagement in the world http: / / www.wwf.es / cert forestal.php - Official Site
of ADENA, FSC's primary partner in Spain http://www.certifiedwood.org (www.mader
acertificada.org) Some species Certified: California redwood (Sequoia sempervire
ns) Grandillo (Platymiscium yucatanum) Cocobolo (Delbergia retusa) Favinha (Ente
rlobium schomburgkii) Guariuba (Clarisia racemosa), Cumaru (Tonka bean) Honduran
Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Ramon (Brosimun alicastrum swartz) Manchiche (
Lochocarpus castilloi stand) Santa Maria (Calophylum brasiliense ) Pucté (Bucida
s buceras L.)
• PEFC Pan-European Forest Certification-http: / / www.pefc.es http://www.pefc.o
rg - Official Site of PEFC http://www.pefc.cz/register/ Europe - page where you
can consult the companies benefiting from certified PEFC chain of custody so as
Sustainable Forest Management in the world certified Some species: Eucalyptus Fi
r Larch Pine Beech Oak
7
4
coniferous wood chips
RED PINE
Title: scientific: Picea abies Karst Spanish: Spruce Provenance: Central and Nor
thern Europe in Germany, Austria, Scandinavia, Poland and Russia Description of
wood: Sapwood U: U Yellow White Heartwood: reddish yellow U Fiber: Right U Grain
: Medium to fine defects characteristic U: Knots small, healthy or abundant salt
adizos Mechanical Properties: Static bending strength: 710 Kg/cm2. Modulus of El
asticity: 110,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 450 Kg/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Po
co sensitive durable Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood impregnable Soon: No impreg
nable Machining: Sawing U: Easy, smooth U Drying: Rapid risk of cracks and ateje
U Brushing: No U difficulties Bonding: Well U nails and screws: tending to give
up. Little resistance to boot U Finish: Tint unequal Applications: interior woo
dwork. Plywood. Internal joinery coatings, friezes, fences, precercos, moldings,
baseboards. Decorative plates. Musical instruments. Packaging Alternatives: ins
ignis pine, Corsican pine, maritime pine, Scots pine
PACIFIC RED CEDAR
Title: scientific: Thuja plicata D. Don Spanish: Pacific Red Cedar Provenance: T
he west coast of North America, from Alaska to California Description of wood: S
apwood U: U White Heartwood: Reddish brown to reddish brown fiber U: U Straight
Grain: Medium U characteristic defects : Knots small mechanical properties: stat
ic bending strength: 530 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 80,000 Kg/cm2. Compressi
ve strength: 310 Kg/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Moderately durable Treatability Sapwo
od: Heartwood impregnable Soon: No impregnable Machining: Sawing U: Easy, smooth
U Drying: Slow, at risk of collapse and ateje U Brushing: No problems U Bonding
: No problems U nails and screws: No problems U Finish: No problems Applications
: Exterior Carpentry: exterior siding, shingles, pergolas. Shipbuilding. Packagi
ng Alternatives: maritime pine, Corsican pine, insignis pine
8
Hemlock
Title: scientific: Tsuga heterophylla Sarg. Spanish: Hemlock, Western Hemlock Pr
ovenance: The west coast of North America, southern Alaska and the entire provin
ce of British Columbia in Canada Description of the wood: Sapwood U: Slightly wh
iter than the heartwood Heartwood U: U Light Brown Fiber: Straight, sometimes sl
ightly wavy grain U: Medium to coarse U defects characteristic: small knots salt
adizos Mechanical properties: static bending strength: 780 Kg/cm2. Modulus of El
asticity: 108,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 450 Kg/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Lo
w durability Treatability Sapwood: Moderately permeable. Heartwood: Poco impregn
able Machining: Sawing U: Easy, smooth U Drying: Slow, but easy, no cracks are f
requent defects or deformation U Brushing: No problems U Bonding: No problems U
nails and screws: No problems or finish : No problems Applications: carpentry an
d wall voids and semiexterior interior doors, windows, flooring, trims, moldings
. Alternatives woodwork: Pine, Maple, Red Alder
SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE
Title: Appearance Scientific: Pinus taeda L., P. Engelm Elliotis, P. echinata Mi
ll, P. Marsh Mill Spanish: Southern Yellow Pine, Scots pine, P. moved; Pino tea
Hometown: Southeast U.S. timber Description: U Sapwood: Heartwood yellowish-whit
e U: U Reddish brown Fiber: Right U Grain: Medium U defects characteristic: knot
s, resin pockets,€enteamiento and juvenile wood mechanical properties: static be
nding strength: 975 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 130,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive s
trength: 492 Kg/cm2 Durability: Mushrooms: Half-sensitive durable Treatability S
apwood: Medium to low permeable Heartwood: No impregnable Machining: Sawing U: E
asy, except if you have excess resin U Drying: Quick and easy . Small risk of cr
acks and deformations. U resin exudations Brushing: Easy. Risk of clogging of re
sin U Bonding: Problems if there is excess resin nails and screws U: U Need preh
ole drilling Finish: Problems when there is resin. There should be a wood backgr
ound homogenized Applications: Rustic furniture and interior youth. Carpentry an
d wall openings, interior, and semiexterior: Doors, windows, flooring, trims. Wo
odwork. Veneer and plywood alternatives: pine, insignis pine, Corsican pine, Dou
glas fir
9
Douglas fir
Title: scientific: Franco Pseudotsuga menziessi Spanish: Oregon Pine, Douglas Fi
r, Douglas Hometown: North America and has been introduced in the United Kingdom
, New Zealand, Austria, Ireland and France Description of wood: U Sapwood: Heart
wood pale yellow U: yellowish brown fiber U: U Straight Grain: Medium to large d
efects characteristic U: Units adherent, thick mechanical properties: static ben
ding strength: 860 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 128 000 Kg/cm2. Compressive st
rength: 525 Kg/cm2. Tensile Parallel: 930 Kg/cm2 Durability: Fungi: The durable
durable medium Treatability Sapwood: Medium to low permeable Heartwood: No impre
gnable Machining: Sawing U: Easy, smooth U Drying: Easy. Small risk of cracks U
Planing: Easy, trouble-U Bonding: Nailing and screwing U Easy: No hassle. High r
esistance to boot U Finish: No problems, although it should implement a fund to
homogenize Applications wood: rustic furniture and indoor and outdoor youth. Car
pentry and wall openings, interior and exterior: doors, windows, friezes. Woodwo
rk, interior and exterior. Decorative veneer and plywood alternatives: maritime
pine, insignis pine, European Ash, European Oak
Insignis pine
Title: Appearance Scientific: Pinus Radiata D. Don Spanish: insignis pine, Monte
rey pine Hometown: Your original area is reduced to an area off the coast of Cal
ifornia in the United States. It is now widespread. In Spain is mainly in the Ca
ntabrian Mountains in the Basque Country Description of wood: Sapwood U: U Heart
wood yellowish white: yellow-brown to brown Brown Fiber U: U Straight Grain: Med
ium to coarse defects characteristic U: Units generally healthy, very abundant.
Juvenile wood and compression wood mechanical properties: static bending strengt
h: 874 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 90,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 434 K
g/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Low-sensitive durable Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood I
mpregnable: Medium to low permeable Machining: Sawing U: Easy, trouble-U Drying:
Easy and fast. Small risk of cracks and deformations U Planing: Easy U Bonding:
Nailing and screwing U Easy: Easy. Need U prehole drilling Finish: Easy Applica
tions: indoor furniture rustic and youthful. Joinery and cladding hollow interio
r. Interior woodwork. Plywood. Precercos, fences, trims. Packaging. Plywood. Blo
ckboard Alternatives: maritime pine, Corsican pine, Scots pine, Douglas fir
10
Corsican pine
Title: Appearance Scientific: Pinus nigra Arn. Spanish: Corsican Pine Provenance
: Central and Southern Europe Description of wood: Sapwood U: U Yellow White Hea
rtwood: Pale Red Fiber U: U Straight Grain: Medium U defects characteristic: sma
ll and medium Knots relatively abundant. Resin pockets. Enteo Wood Mechanical Pr
operties: Static bending strength: 1169 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 96 500 Kg
/cm2. Compressive strength: 456 Kg/cm2 Durability: Mushrooms: From little durabl
e durable Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood Impregnable: No impregnable Machining:
Sawing U: Easy, except if you have excess resin U Drying: Easy and fast. Small
risk of cracks and deformations. U resin exudations Brushing: Easy except the du
ll resin U Bonding: Problems if there is excess resin nails and screws U: U smoo
th finish Easy: Problems when there is a lot of resin Applications: Rustic furni
ture and interior youth. Carpentry and wall voids, inside and semiexterior: door
s, windows, flooring, trims. Woodwork, interior and semiexterior.€Auxiliary stru
cture (props, formwork) Alternatives: maritime pine, insignis pine
MARITIME PINE
Title: Appearance Scientific: Pinus pinaster Ait. Spanish: maritime pine, P. gal
lego, P. resin-Hometown: In almost all countries bordering the western Mediterra
nean. In Spain is found in almost all provinces timber Description: U Sapwood: H
eartwood yellowish white U: U Orange Yellow Fiber: U Straight Grain: medium thic
kness defects characteristic U: saltadizos knots and of medium to large, abundan
t. Juvenile wood. Bags of wood resin and mechanical properties being: static ben
ding strength: 795 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 74 000 Kg/cm2. Compressive str
ength: 400 Kg/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Low durability Treatability Sapwood: Heartw
ood Impregnable: Little or no machining impregnable: U Sawing: Easy, except if y
ou have excess resin U Drying: Easy and fast. Small risk of cracks and deformati
ons. U resin exudations Brushing: Easy. Risk of clogging resin nails and screws
U: U Need prehole drilling Finish: Problems when there is lots of resin. There s
hould be a wood background homogenized Applications: Rustic furniture and interi
or youth. Joinery and cladding hollow interior: doors, flooring, trims and welts
. Interior woodwork. Plywood. Decorative veneer and plywood. Blockboard. Packagi
ng. Auxiliary structure (props, formwork) Alternatives: Corsican pine, insignis
pine, Scotch pine, Douglas fir
11
PINO SILVESTRE
Title: Appearance Scientific: Pinus sylvestris L. Spanish: Pine, P. Valsaín, P.
Red Hometown: North Asia and Europe. In Spain there are great masses in the Pyre
nees, Cordillera Central and Cordillera Ibérica timber Description: U Sapwood: H
eartwood pale yellow U: U Reddish Fiber: U Straight Grain: Medium to fine defect
s characteristic U: Knots small to large, healthy and saltadizos fairly common.
Small resin pockets Mechanical properties: static bending strength: 1057 Kg/cm2.
Modulus of Elasticity: 94 000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 406 Kg/cm2. Tensile
Parallel: 1020 Kg/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Medium to slightly durable Treatabilit
y Sapwood: Heartwood Impregnable: Low permeable not Machining: Sawing U: Easy, t
rouble-U Drying: Easy and fast. Small risk of cracks and deformations U Planing:
Easy U Bonding: Nailing and screwing U Easy: Easy U Finish: Easy Applications:
Rustic furniture and interior youth. Carpentry and wall voids, inside and semiex
terior: doors, windows, flooring, trims. Woodwork, interior and semiexterior. De
corative veneer and plywood. Auxiliary structure (props, formwork) Alternatives:
Pino Oregon, Fresno European maritime pine, Corsican pine, insignis pine
LEAFY
BIRCH
Title: scientific: Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh Spanish: Birch Provena
nce: Found in most of Europe, including Sweden and the United Kingdom and Portug
al except Greece and timber Description: U sapwood and heartwood: Yellowish whit
e to white soft orange U Fiber: Straight, occasionally wavy grain U: U Thin Defe
cts: Knots small wonder and light decay Mechanical properties: static bending st
rength: 1548 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 170,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength
: 526 Kg/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Sensitive Treatability of moderately resistant t
o permeable Machining: Sawing U: Easy, trouble-U Drying: Quick and easy, with al
most no defects Brushed U: U Easy Bonding: Easy U Nailed and screwed: U should m
ake prehole drilling Finish: The dye takes on an irregular basis. Varnishes caug
ht without problems Uses: Fine furniture indoors. Turned and carved furniture. I
nterior linings Joinery: friezes, moldings, baseboards. Woodwork, interior and s
emiexterior. Decorative veneer and plywood alternatives: Scots pine, Corsican pi
ne, European Maple
12
RED ALDER
Title: Science: Agnus rubra Bong. Spanish: Red Maple, Alder, Aliso American Home
town: Pacific Coast of Canada and the United States timber Description: U sapwoo
d and heartwood: White yellowish to yellowish brown U Fiber: Straight, occasiona
lly wavy grain U: Fine Mechanical Properties: Resistance Static bending: 680 Kg/
cm2. Modulus of elasticity: 95.000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 401 Kg/cm2 Dura
bility: Fungi: Sensitive Treatability of impregnable impregnable little Machinin
g: Sawing U: Easy, smooth brushed U: U nails and screws Easy: Easy U Drying: Eas
y and fast€U defects hardly Bonding: Easy U Finish: Look Easy
Uses: Fine furniture indoors. Turned and carved furniture. Interior linings Join
ery: friezes, moldings, baseboards. Alternatives plywood: birch, pine, insignis
pine, European Oak
EUROPEAN MAPLE
Title: Science: Acer pseudoplatanus L. Spanish: European Maple, Sycamore Hometow
n: Central Europe and western Asia timber Description: U sapwood and heartwood:
White to yellowish white fiber U: Straight to wavy U Grain: Fine to very fine me
chanical properties: static bending strength: 1100 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity
: 105,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 540 Kg/cm2. Tensile Parallel: 1150 Kg/cm
2 Durability: Fungi: Sensitive Treatability Impregnable Machining: Sawing U: No
U drying problems: Easy, medium to fast. U color Risk Brushing and operation: No
problems Bonding U: U nails and screws Easy: Easy U Finish: Easy Applications:
furniture and interior joinery. Carving, turning and curved furniture. Carpentry
and wall openings, interior: doors, windows, parquet flooring, trims, moldings.
Decorative plates Alternatives: birch, pine, insignis pine, oak Appearance
13
CHESTNUT
Title: scientific: Castanea sativa Mill Spanish: Brown Hometown: Mediterranean E
urope and Asia Description of wood: Sapwood U: U Heartwood yellowish white: brow
n salmon U Brown Fiber: U Straight Grain: Medium U characteristic defects: eye K
nots partridge, ring shakes Mechanical Properties: Static bending strength: 710
Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 100,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 460 Kg/cm2.
Tensile Parallel: 1280 Kg/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Durable Treatability Sapwood:
Heartwood Impregnable: No impregnable Machining: Sawing U: Easy, trouble-U Dryin
g: Slow. Risk of collapse, cemented and internal and external cracks Brushed U:
U Easy Bonding: Wood acid, reaction with tails risk of Nailed and screwed alkali
ne U: U Need countersinking Finish: Risks arising from its acidity Applications:
Rustic furniture indoor and outdoor . Joinery and cladding hollow interior and
exterior: doors, windows, flooring, trims, moldings. Woodwork, interior and exte
rior. Decorative plates. Cooperage Alternatives: European Oak, Scots pine, Dougl
as fir
AMERICAN CHERRY
Title: Science: Prunus serotina Ehrth. Spanish: American Cherry, black cherry Ho
metown: North Description of wood: Sapwood U: U-white Pink Fiber: Straight U Hea
rtwood: reddish brown to red U Grain: Fine Appearance
Mechanical properties: static bending strength: 850 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticit
y: 103,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 490 Kg/cm2 Durability: Mushrooms: Half-
sensitive durable Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood Impregnable: Moderately permea
ble
Machining: Sawing U: Easy, trouble-U Drying: Easy and fast. U ateje Risk Brushin
g and operation: No problems U Bonding: Some issues with hot acidic tails U nail
s and screws: Easy to regulate U Finish: Easy Applications: furniture and interi
or joinery. Size, shaped and curved furniture. Carpentry and wall openings: door
s, windows, flooring, parquet, friezes, moldings. Decorative plates Alternatives
: European Cherry, Spanish Cherry, Pine
14
EUROPEAN CHERRY
Title: scientific: Prunus avium L. Spanish: European Cherry Hometown: Found thro
ughout Europe, including the British Isles in the eastern part of Asia and North
Africa Description of wood: Sapwood U: U Heartwood pale pink: pink to red fiber
U: U Line Grain: Fine to very fine characteristic U Defects: Truth attacks due
chromogens Mechanical Properties: Static bending strength: 980 Kg/cm2. Modulus o
f Elasticity: 102,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 490 Kg/cm2. Tensile Parallel
: 980 Kg/cm2 Durability: Mushrooms: Half-sensitive durable Treatability Sapwood:
Heartwood Impregnable: No impregnable Mechanization: U Drying: Easy if done slo
wly sawing U: U Brushing No problems and other operations: No U Bonding problems
: Problems with lines sour hot nails and screws U: U Finish Easy: Easy Applicati
ons: furniture and interior joinery. Carving, turning, curved furniture. Joinery
and cladding hollow interior: Doors, flooring, parquet, friezes, moldings. Deco
rative plates Alternatives: Spanish Cherry, Pine, Oregon Pine
AMERICAN ASH
Title: Scientific: Oregon Fraxinus Nutt;€Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh Spanish: F
resno American Hometown: Northeastern U.S. and Southeastern Canada Description o
f wood: Sapwood U: U White Fiber: Straight U Heartwood: Pale yellow to light bro
wn grain U: Basto Appearance
Mechanical properties: static bending strength: 1030 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elastici
ty: 120,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 511 Kg/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Durable
Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood Impregnable: Moderately permeable
Machining: Sawing U: Easy, trouble-U Drying: Easy and fast. Ateje risk. Internal
and external cracks Brushed U: U Easy Bonding: Easy U nails and screws: Need U
countersinking Finish: Easy Applications: Rustic furniture and fine interior and
exterior. Furniture curved. Joinery and cladding hollow interior and exterior:
doors, windows, flooring, trims, moldings. Decorative plates. Sporting Goods. Al
ternatives: European Fresno, insignis pine, Scots pine
15
EUROPEAN ASH
Title: scientific: Fraxinus excelsior L; F. Vahl angustifolioa Spanish: European
Fresno Hometown: All over Europe including the British Isles, northern Africa a
nd eastern Asia. In Spain in the northern half of river banks in timber Descript
ion: U sapwood and heartwood: White to pinkish white fiber U: U Straight Grain:
Medium defects characteristic U: Units birdseye. False dark heart mechanical pro
perties: static bending strength: 1130 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 129 000 Kg
/cm2. Compressive strength: 510 Kg/cm2. Tensile Parallel: 1450 Kg/cm2 Durability
: Fungi: Low durability Treatability: Moderately permeable Mechanization: U Dryi
ng: Easy. From fast to slow moderately U Sawing: Easy, smooth brushed U: Easy. U
curve is relatively well-Bonding: Easy, except resorcinol glues U nails and scr
ews: Need U countersinking Finish: Easy Applications: Rustic furniture and fine
interior and semiexterior. Joinery and cladding hollow interior: Doors, flooring
, trims, moldings. Decorative plates. Sporting Alternatives: Corsican pine, Scot
s pine, Douglas fir
BEECH
Title: scientific: Fagus sylvatica L. Spanish: European Beech Provenance: A Euro
pean species, which dominates much more in the west than in the east. In Spain t
he most important bodies are in Navarra, in the mountains of Valle de Salazar Ir
ati and in Asturias and some wood Description: U sapwood and heartwood of white
to light pink orange fiber U: U Straight Grain: Fine U characteristic defects :
Growth stress. False red heart attack due to chromogen Mechanical Properties: St
atic bending strength: 1100 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 145,000 Kg/cm2. Compr
essive strength: 580 Kg/cm2. Tensile Parallel: 1200 Kg/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Se
nsitive Treatability Impregnable Machining: Sawing U: Easy, risk of deformation
U Drying: Difficult and slow. Risk of cracks U Brushing: Easy. It curves, relati
vely good size tournament and U Bonding: Easy U nails and screws: No U Finish di
fficulties: Easy, takes dyes well Applications: furniture and interior joinery.
Cutting, bending and turning. Joinery and cladding hollow interior: Doors, floor
ing, trims, moldings. Decorative veneer and plywood. Alternative Sporting Goods:
European Fresno, Pine, Maple
16
LENGA
Title: Science: Kras pumilio Nocthofagus Spanish: Lenga, Cerezo de Chile Hometow
n: South America, mainly Chile and Argentina Description of wood: Sapwood U: U p
ink White Fiber: Right U Heartwood: Pink U Amarillo Grain: Fine Appearance
Mechanical properties: static bending strength: 820 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticit
y: 98,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 480 Kg/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Poco sensi
tive durable Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood Impregnable: No U drying impregnabl
e: Slow. U ateje Risk Bonding: Easy U Finish: Easy
Machining: Sawing U: U Easy Brushing and smooth operation: No problems U nails a
nd screws: Easy to regulate
Applications: furniture and interior joinery. Carving, turning and curved furnit
ure. Carpentry and wall voids, inside: Doors, flooring, trims, moldings, baseboa
rds. Alternatives decorative veneer: Ash, Maple, Beech
SOFT MAPLE
Title: Science: Acer rubrum Spanish Marsh: Soft Maple, American soft Maple Origi
n: Eastern United States and Canada Description of the wood: Sapwood U: U White
Fiber: Straight, wavy sometimes U Heartwood: Pale Red U Grain: Fine Appearance
Mechanical properties: static bending strength: 920 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticit
y: 113.000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 451 Kg/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Durable T
reatability Sapwood: Heartwood Impregnable: Poco impregnable U Drying: Easy and
fast. U ateje Risk Bonding: Easy U Finish: Easy
Machining: Sawing U: Easy, smooth brushed U and other operations: No problems U
nails and screws: Easy
Uses: Fine furniture indoors. Carving, turning and curved furniture. Carpentry a
nd wall openings, interior: doors, windows, flooring, parquet, friezes, moldings
. Decorative plates Alternatives: Hard Maple, Pine, Beech
17
HARD MAPLE
Title: Scientific Appearance: Acer saccharum Marsh Spanish: Hard Maple, Hard Map
le American Hometown: Eastern United States and Canada Description of the wood:
Sapwood U: U soft reddish White Heartwood: Pale U Red Fiber: Straight, wavy some
times U Grain: Fine to very fine-mechanical properties: static bending strength:
1090 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 126 000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 540 K
g/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Durable Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood Impregnable: Po
co impregnable Machining: Sawing U: U Need Power Dry: Easy and fairly slow. Risk
of collapse, cemented and ateje U Brushing and operation: In addition to issues
of power, has amiss U Bonding: Nailing and screwing U Easy: You need pre-drille
d to facilitate the penetration and prevent breakage U Finish: Easy Applications
: furniture and joinery interior fine fine interior. Size, shaped and curved fur
niture. Carpentry and wall voids, inside: Doors, flooring, parquet, friezes, mol
dings. Alternatives Decorative Plates: Soft Maple, Walnut, Cherry
EUROPEAN WALNUT
Title: scientific: Junglans regia L. Spanish: European Walnut Origin: Southeaste
rn Europe (Spain, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, Bulgaria), West Asia (Turke
y, Armenia, northern Persia), northwest India and the Himalayas. In Spain, exten
ds over all regions, especially in Galicia, Aragon, Catalonia, Andalusia and woo
d Alcarria Description: U Sapwood: Heartwood yellowish to grayish U: Grayish-bro
wn with black streaks U Fiber: Straight sometimes slightly wavy U Grain: Medium
Mechanical properties: static bending strength: 970 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticit
y: 113 000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 590 Kg/cm2. Tensile Parallel: 970 Kg/cm
2 Durability: Fungi: Low durability Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood moderately r
esistant: Little or no impregnable Machining: Sawing U: No U drying problems: Mo
derately fast. Risk of collapse and cemented U Brushing and operation: No proble
ms U Bonding: Problems with U tails alkaline nails and screws: Easy U Finish: Ea
sy Applications: Fine furniture indoor and semiexterior. Size, shaped and curved
furniture. Carpentry and wall voids, inside and semiexterior: Doors, flooring,
stairs, trims, moldings. Decorative plates Alternatives: Fresno, Hard Maple, Che
stnut, Maple
18
AMERICAN BLACK WALNUT
Title: scientific: Juglans nigra L. Spanish: American black walnut Origin: Easte
rn United States and Canada Description of wood: U Sapwood: White to yellowish b
rown U Heartwood: reddish brown to dark brown U Fiber: Straight, but sometimes i
t's wavy U Grain: Medium Mechanical Properties : Static bending strength: 1010 K
g/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 116 000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 523 Kg/cm2 D
urability: Fungi: Moderately durable Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood Impregnable
: Little or no impregnable Machining: Sawing U: No U drying problems: Slow. Risk
of collapse and cemented U Brushing and operation: No problems Bonding U: U nai
ls and screws Easy: Easy U Finish: Easy Applications: Furniture, interior fine.
Size, shaped and curved furniture. Carpentry and wall voids, inside: Doors, floo
ring, stairs, trims, moldings. Decorative plates Alternatives: European Walnut,
Ash, Chestnut, Oak
AMERICAN WHITE OAK
Title: Appearance Scientific: Quercus alba L. Spanish: American White Oak Origin
: Eastern United States and southeastern Canada Description of wood: U Sapwood:
Cream U Heartwood: Pale Brown Fiber U: U Straight Grain: Medium Mechanical prope
rties: static bending strength: 1050 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 123 000 Kg/c
m2. Compressive strength: 513 Kg/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Medium durable durable T
reatability Sapwood: Heartwood moderately resistant: No impregnable Machining: S
awing U: No problems, except the hardness U Drying: Slow. Risk of collapse and c
ementing.€Risk and roll ateje U Brushing and operation: the hardness of his own
U Bonding: Problems with tails and tails acid or alkaline nails and screws: Easy
U Finish: Easy Applications: Rustic furniture indoor and outdoor. Carpentry and
wall openings, interior and exterior: doors, windows, fences, flooring, parquet
, stairs, trims, moldings. Decorative plates. Blockboard. Casks Alternatives: Eu
ropean Oak, Maple, Pine Oregon
19
EUROPEAN OAK
Title: Appearance Scientific: Quercus robur L., Q. petreae (Matts) Liebl Spanish
: European Oak Origin: Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa. In Spain is in the n
orth of Galicia to Catalonia timber Description: U Sapwood: Heartwood U Light Ye
llow: Yellowish brown to brown fiber U: U Straight Grain: Medium U defects chara
cteristic: small knots Mechanical Properties: Static bending strength: 1070 Kg/c
m2. Modulus of Elasticity: 115,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 580 Kg/cm2. Ten
sile Parallel: 1070 Kg/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Durable Treatability Sapwood: Hear
twood Impregnable: No impregnable Machining: Sawing U: No problems, except the h
ardness U Drying: Slow. Risk of collapse and cracks U Brushing: The usual for it
s hardness U Bonding: Problems with tails and tails acid or alkaline nails and s
crews: Easy, except for hardness U Finish: Risk of reaction with acidic Applicat
ions: Rustic furniture indoor and outdoor . Carpentry and wall openings, interio
r and exterior: doors, windows, fences, flooring, parquet, stairs, trims, moldin
gs. Traditional woodwork. Decorative plates. Blockboard. Casks Alternatives: Ore
gon Pine, Chestnut, Fresno
AMERICAN RED OAK
Title: Appearance Scientific: Quercus rubra L. Spanish: American Red Oak Hometow
n: North America (U.S. and Canada) Description of timber: U Sapwood: Light gray
to pale red Heartwood U: pink to pale red or brown fiber U: U Straight Grain: Co
arse Mechanical properties: Static bending strength: 960 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elas
ticity: 113 000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 450 Kg/cm2. Tensile Parallel: 1600
Kg/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Durable durable little Treatability Sapwood: Heartwoo
d Impregnable: Medium to low permeable Machining: Sawing U: No problems, except
the hardness U Drying: Slow to very slow. Risk of collapse and cementing. U atej
e Risk Brushing and operation: The usual for its hardness U Bonding: Problems wi
th tails and tails acid or alkaline nails and screws: Easy U Finish: Easy Applic
ations: Rustic furniture and fine interior. Carpentry and wall openings, interio
r: doors, fences, flooring, parquet, stairs, trims, moldings. Decorative plates.
Blockboard Alternatives: White Oak, European Oak, Oregon Pine
20
TULIPIER
Title: Science: tuliparifera Liriodendron L. Spanish: Tulipier; American tulipif
era, Yellow poplar wood Description: U Sapwood: Whitish U Fiber: Straight Appear
ance
Hometown: North America in the eastern United States and Canada U Heartwood: lig
ht olive green to greenish brown U Grain: Fine
Mechanical properties: static bending strength: 700 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticit
y: 109 000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 382 Kg/cm2 Durability: Fungi: Heartwood
: Sensitive Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood Impregnable: Moderately permeable U
Drying: Quick and easy, with hardly any defects or Bonding: Easy U Finish: Easy
Machining: Sawing U: Easy, smooth brushed U: U causes many defects nails and scr
ews: Easy
Uses: Fine furniture indoors. Interior linings Joinery: friezes, moldings, baseb
oards. Veneer and plywood. Packaging. Toy Alternatives: Spruce, Pine insignis, P
ine
TROPICAL
CEDAR AMERICAN
Title: scientific: Cedrela odorata L. Spanish: American Cedar, Cedar tropical Ho
metown: Central America, South America, the Caribbean and West Indies Descriptio
n of wood: Sapwood U: U White Heartwood pink: pink to light red brown, which dar
kens the light U Fiber: Straight , often slightly interlocked grain U: Medium Me
chanical properties: static bending strength: 753 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity:
90,000 Kg/cm2. 2 Compressive strength: 415 Kg / cm Durability: Moderately durab
le Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood moderately resistant: Media not impregnable M
achining: Sawing U: Easy, trouble-U Drying: Relatively slow. Slight risk of coll
apse. Slight risk of deformations and cracks. High risk of resin exudation U Bru
shing: Easy. Risk grained pieces with interlocked grain U Bonding: No problem€un
less there are excessive exudation of resin, in which case it is previously clea
ned with organic solvents or nails and screws: Easy U Finish: No problem, those
mentioned in the exudations Applications: furniture and interior joinery and ext
erior. Furniture size. Interior joinery, doors, stairs, casings, moldings, baseb
oards, trims. Exterior joinery, doors and windows. Decorative veneer and plywood
. Cigar boxes. Alternatives: Cherry, Fir, Birch, Maple, Chestnut, Beech
21
Cerejeira
Title: scientific: Amburana acreana A. C. Sm, A. Cearensis A. C. Spanish Sm: Cer
ejeira Hometown: South and west of the Amazon basin (Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ar
gentina, Brazil) Description of wood: Sapwood U: U White Heartwood pink: pink to
light red brown, which darkens the light Fiber U: Straight, often slightly inte
rlocked grain U: U Middle defects characteristic: small knots Mechanical propert
ies: static bending strength: 810 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 90,000 Kg/cm2.
Compressive strength: 450 Kg/cm2 Durability: Moderately durable to durable Treat
ability Sapwood: Heartwood moderately resistant: moderately resistant Machining:
Sawing U: Easy, trouble-U Drying: Relatively slow. Slight risk of collapse. Sli
ght risk of deformations and cracks. High risk of resin exudation U Brushing: Ea
sy. Risk grained pieces with interlocked grain U Bonding: No problem, unless the
re are excessive exudation of resin, in which case it is previously cleaned with
organic solvents or nails and screws: Easy U Finish: No problem, those mentione
d in the exudations Applications : Furniture and joinery interior and exterior.
Furniture size. Interior joinery, doors, stairs, casings, moldings, baseboards,
trims. Exterior joinery, doors and windows. Decorative veneer and plywood. Cigar
boxes Alternatives: Oregon Pine, European Oak, Ash
Cumaru
Title: scientific: Spanish spp Dipterix: Cumaru Hometown: Central America (Hondu
ras, Costa Rica, Panama) and northern Amazonia (Guyana, Brazil, Colombia, Venezu
ela, Peru and Bolivia) Description of wood: Sapwood U: Yellowish white U Heartwo
od: Brown yellow to reddish brown fiber U: Straight, often quite interwoven U Gr
ain: Medium Mechanical properties: static bending strength: 1780 Kg/cm2. Modulus
of Elasticity: 220,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 680 Kg/cm2 Durability: Ver
y durable Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood moderately resistant: Poco impregnable
Machining: Sawing U: Difficult due to its hardness and its silica content, requ
iring high power saws stylized U Drying: Very slow . Slight risk of foundation.
High risk of cracks and deformations under U Brushing: Difficult due to its hard
ness, showing its general grained interlocked grain U Bonding: problems are desc
ribed by their content of tannins U nails and screws: Difficulty own due to its
hardness. Need U prehole drilling Finish: The grained sand requires careful Appl
ications: interior joinery, doors, stairs, casings, moldings, baseboards, trims
and especially parquet. Exterior joinery, doors and windows. Woodwork, interior
and exterior. Decorative plates. Cooperage Alternatives: Oregon Pine, Oak, Chest
nut
22
Doussia
Title: scientific: Afzelia spp Spanish: Doussie Hometown: West and Central Afric
a Description of wood: Sapwood U: U Yellow White Heartwood: reddish brown fiber
U: Straight, sometimes slightly interlocked grain U: Medium Mechanical propertie
s: resistance Static bending: 1730 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 137 000 Kg/cm2
. Compressive strength: 740 Kg/cm2. Tensile Parallel: 1200 Kg/cm2 Durability: Ve
ry durable Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood moderately resistant: No impregnable
Machining: Sawing U: No more problems than it hardness U Drying: Relatively slow
. With little risk of distortion and cracks U Planing: Easy. Risk grained pieces
with interlocked grain U Bonding: No problems nailing and screwing U: Because o
f its hardness, it make U prehole drilling Finish: Rubber deposits may locally i
nhibit the adhesion of the varnish applications: indoor and outdoor furniture. I
nterior joinery, doors, stairs, casings, moldings, baseboards, trims, parquet. E
xterior joinery, doors and windows. Woodwork, interior and exterior. Decorative
plates. Cooperage Alternatives: Oregon Pine, Oak, Chestnut
Elondo
Title: scientific: Erythopleum utile Sprague, E. Brenan Suaveolensis Spanish: El
ondo;€Tali Hometown: West, Central and East Africa Wood Description: U Sapwood:
White yellowish pink to white Heartwood U: Brown yellow to reddish brown fiber U
: Straight, very often intertwined or interlaced U Grain: Basto Mechanical Prope
rties: Resistance Static bending: 1700 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 140,000 Kg
/cm2. Compressive strength: 750 Kg/cm2. Tensile Parallel: 1200 Kg/cm2 Durability
: Very durable Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood moderately resistant: Poco impreg
nable Machining: Sawing U: No more problems than it hardness U Drying: Very slow
. Elevated risk of deformations and cracks less than U Planing: difficult due to
its hardness and the high risk of repelling and splitting. Should perform very
slowly mechanization U Bonding: The tannins inhibit a good bond nails and screws
U: Because of his harsh, one must prehole drilling U Finish: Rubber deposits ma
y locally inhibit the adhesion of the varnish Applications: Outdoor Furniture. I
nterior joinery, doors, stairs, casings, moldings, baseboards, trims, parquet. E
xterior joinery, doors and windows. Woodwork, interior and exterior Alternatives
: European Fresno, Oregon Pine, European Oak
23
IPE
Title: Appearance scientific name: Tabebuia spp Spanish: Ipe, Lapacho Hometown:
Central America and South America Description of wood: Sapwood U: U Heartwood ye
llowish white: dark brown with a greenish tint characteristic U Fiber: Straight,
often intertwined U interlaced or very Grain: Fine medium mechanical properties
: static bending strength: 1750 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 200,000 Kg/cm2. C
ompressive strength: 890 Kg/cm2 Durability: Very durable Treatability Sapwood: H
eartwood moderately resistant: Poco impregnable Machining: Sawing U: No more pro
blems than it hardness. U fast drying dull: Slow. Small risk of strains and crac
ks U Planing: difficult due to its hardness and the high risk of grain raise. Sh
ould perform very slowly mechanization U Bonding: The tannins inhibit a good bon
d nails and screws U: Because of his harsh, one must prehole drilling U Finish:
rubber deposits can inhibit the adhesion of the varnish applications: furniture
and interior joinery and exterior. Interior joinery, doors, stairs, casings, mol
dings, baseboards, trims, parquet. Exterior joinery, doors and windows. Interior
woodwork and exterior. Decorative plates Alternatives: European Oak, Pine insig
nis, Corsican pine, birch
IROKO
Title: scientific: Clorophora excelsa Benth. & Hooff., C. regia A. Chev Spanish:
Iroko, African teak Hometown: tropical African timber Description: U Sapwood: H
eartwood yellowish-white U: Brown turns yellowish to reddish brown with light Fi
ber U: Straight, often slightly interlocked grain U: Medium to coarse Properties
Mechanical: Static bending strength: 955 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 105,000
Kg/cm2. 2 Compressive strength: 540 Kg / cm. Tensile Parallel: 800 Kg/cm2 Durab
ility: Very durable Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood Impregnable: No impregnable
Machining: Sawing U: No problems except a certain abrasiveness of calcareous dep
osits containing U Drying: Medium to low. Small risk of deformations and cracks
U Brushing: Relatively good, except for his abrasiveness and the risk of repelli
ng when U has interlocked grain Bonding: Problems with casein glues U nails and
screws: No problems U Finish: It has tannins that can inhibit oxidative drying c
oatings such as polyurethanes or other Applications: Outdoor Furniture, parks an
d gardens, urban. Interior joinery, doors, stairs, casings, moldings, baseboards
, trims, wooden floor. Exterior joinery, doors and windows. Interior woodwork an
d exterior. Decorative plates Alternatives: Black, Oak, Pine Oregon
24
JATOBA
Title: scientific: Hymenaea spp Spanish: Jatoba, Courbaril Hometown: South Ameri
ca (from southern Mexico to northern South America: Brazil, Bolivia, Peru). Also
in the Caribbean and West Indies Description of wood: Sapwood U: U White Heartw
ood pink: pink to reddish brown Brown Fiber U: Straight, sometimes slightly inte
rtwined U Grain: Fine medium defects characteristic U: Growth stress and inlaid
stone Mechanical properties: static bending strength: 1338 Kg/cm2. Modulus of El
asticity: 180,000 Kg/cm2.€Compressive strength: 750 Kg/cm2 Durability: Very dura
ble to moderately durable Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood moderately resistant:
Poco impregnable Machining: Sawing U: No more problems than it hardness and abra
siveness of some U Drying: Medium to low. Slight risk of strains and cracks U Pl
aning: difficult due to its hardness, abrasiveness and the risk of repelling the
m in pieces with interlocked grain. Should perform very slowly mechanization U B
onding: The tannins inhibit a good bond nails and screws U: Because of his harsh
, one must prehole drilling U Finish: no special problems Applications: furnitur
e and interior joinery and exterior. Furniture shaped and curved. Interior joine
ry, doors, stairs, casings, moldings, baseboards, trims, parquet. Exterior joine
ry, doors and windows. Interior woodwork and exterior. Cooperage Alternatives: C
herry, Walnut, Maple
KOTIBÉ
Title: scientific: papaverifera Nesogordonia R. Spanish Caperún: Kotibé; Danta H
ometown: West and Central African timber Description: U Sapwood: Heartwood U Pin
k: pale brown to purplish brown that turns to red light with fiber U: Straight,
often slightly interlocked grain U: fine to medium mechanical properties: static
bending strength: 1350 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 115,000 Kg/cm2. Compressi
ve strength: 700 Kg/cm2 Durability: Moderately durable Treatability Sapwood: Hea
rtwood moderately resistant: Low permeable not Machining: Sawing U: No more trou
ble than its somewhat abrasive hardness U Drying: Medium to low. Cementing Risks
and small risk of deformations and cracks U Brushing: Difficult for its hardnes
s and abrasiveness. The pieces with interlocked grain is at risk of repelling U
Bonding: No problems nailing and screwing U: Because of his harsh, one must preh
ole drilling U Finish: No problems Applications: furniture and interior joinery
and exterior. Turned furniture. Interior joinery, doors, stairs, casings, moldin
gs, baseboards, trims, parquet. Exterior joinery, doors and windows. Decorative
plates Alternatives: Corsican Pine, Pino insignis
25
KOTO
Title: scientific: Pterygota bequaertii De Wild Spanish: Koto; Pterigota Hometow
n: West and Central Africa Description of wood: sapwood and heartwood U: creamy
white to yellowish white fiber U: Straight, often slightly interlocked grain U:
Middle Rugged mechanical properties: static bending strength: 1000 Kg/cm2. Modul
us of Elasticity: 100,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 525 Kg/cm2. Tensile Para
llel: 900 Kg/cm2 Durability: Sensible Treatability Impregnable Machining: Sawing
U: No U drying problems: Average speed. Elevated risk of emergence of strains a
nd cracks U Brushing: No problems except grained classical pieces with interlock
ed grain U Bonding: No problems U nails and screws: No problems U Finish: No pro
blems Applications: indoor furniture. Interior joinery, doors, paneling, molding
s, baseboards, trims. Plywood Alternatives: Pine
SAMBA
Title: scientific: scleroxylon Triplochiton K. Schum Spanish: Samba; Ayous; obec
he Hometown: West and Central African timber Description: U sapwood and heartwoo
d: White creamy pale yellow to white fiber U: Straight. Sometimes slightly inter
locked grain U: Medium to coarse mechanical properties: static bending strength:
620 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 59 500 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 285 Kg/
cm2. Tensile Parallel: 480 Kg/cm2 Durability: Sensible Treatability impregnable
Little Machining: Sawing U: No U drying problems: Quick and easy. Very small ris
ks of deformations and cracks U Brushing: No problems U Bonding: No problems U n
ails and screws: No problems U Finish: No problems Applications: indoor furnitur
e. Interior joinery, doors, paneling, moldings, baseboards, trims. Picture frame
s. Plywood. Packaging Alternatives: Maple, Pine
26
SAPELLI
Title: scientific: Entadrophagma cylindricum; Sprague Spanish: Sapelli; Abebay H
ometown: West, Central and East Africa Wood Description: U Sapwood: White to gra
y rosacea rosacea U Heartwood: Pink freshly cut purplish-brown to reddish brown
with exposure U light Fiber: Straight, very often with the grain slightly interl
ocked grain U: Fine Medium Mechanical properties: static bending strength: 1150
Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 120,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 590 Kg/cm2.
€Tensile Parallel: 860 Kg/cm2 Durability: Moderately durable Treatability Sapwoo
d: Heartwood moderately resistant: Little impregnable Machining: Sawing U: No U
drying problems: Average speed to slow. Risk ateje small deformations and cracks
U Brushing: No problems except that produces parts amiss with interlocked grain
. U curves well Bonding: No problems U nails and screws: No problems U Finish: N
o problems Applications: furniture and interior joinery and exterior. Curved cab
inet. Furniture turning. Interior joinery, doors, paneling, moldings, baseboards
, trims, parquet. Exterior joinery, doors and windows. Alternatives decorative v
eneer: oak, black pine, insignis pine
SIPO
Title: scientific: utile Sprague Entadrophagma Spanish: Sipo; Assié Hometown: We
st, Central and East Africa Description of wood: Sapwood U: U rosacea White Hear
twood: reddish brown slightly purplish U Fiber: Straight, often slightly interlo
cked U Grain: Fine medium mechanical properties: static bending strength: 1150 K
g/cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 110,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 550 Kg/cm2.
Tensile Parallel: 1,050 Kg/cm2 Durability: Moderately durable to durable Treatab
ility Sapwood: Heartwood moderately resistant: No impregnable Machining: Sawing
U: No U drying problems: Average speed to fast. Small risk of deformations and c
racks U Brushing: No problems except the parts causing amiss with interlocked gr
ain U Bonding: No problems U nails and screws: No problems U Finish: No problems
Applications: furniture and interior joinery and exterior. Furniture turning. I
nterior joinery, doors, paneling, moldings, baseboards, trims. Exterior joinery,
doors and windows. Alternatives decorative veneer: oak, black pine, insignis pi
ne
27
Sucupira
Title: scientific: Spanish Amsh Diplotropis purpurea: Sucupira Hometown: Zona tr
opical South American timber Description: U Sapwood: White U-gray to yellowish w
hite Heartwood: Dark brown to reddish brown fiber U: Straight, grain often inter
locked U : Medium Mechanical properties: static bending strength: 1400 Kg/cm2. M
odulus of Elasticity: 180,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 850 Kg/cm2 Durabilit
y: Durable Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood moderately resistant: No impregnable
Machining: Sawing U: No more problems than it hardness and abrasiveness of some
U Drying: Medium to low. Slight risk of strains and cracks U Planing: difficult
due to its hardness, abrasiveness and the risk of repelling them in pieces with
interlocked grain. Should perform very slowly mechanization U Bonding: The tanni
ns inhibit a good bond nails and screws U: Because of his harsh, one must prehol
e drilling U Finish: No presents special problems Applications: furniture and in
terior joinery and exterior. Furniture shaped and curved. Interior joinery, door
s, stairs, casings, moldings, baseboards, trims, parquet. Exterior joinery, door
s and windows. Interior woodwork and exterior. Alternatives decorative veneer: o
ak, black pine, insignis pine
Tatajuba
Title: scientific: scleroxylon Triplochiton K. Schum Spanish: Samba; Ayous; obec
he Hometown: South America (Brazil, Surinam, Guyana and French Guiana) Descripti
on of timber: U Sapwood: Heartwood creamy white U: Yellow to dark brown tona lig
ht fiber U: Straight often intertwined U Grit: Medium to coarse defects characte
ristic U: Growth stress mechanical properties: static bending strength: 1350 Kg/
cm2. Modulus of Elasticity: 180,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 780 Kg/cm2 Dur
ability: Very durable Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood moderately resistant: Poco
impregnable Machining: Sawing U: No more problems than it hardness and possible
irritation that produces dust. Risk deformations internal tensions that radial
cuts suggest U Drying: Medium to low. Slight risk of strains and cracks U Planin
g: difficult due to its hardness and the risk of repelling them in pieces with i
nterlocked grain. Should perform very slowly mechanization U Bonding: Without di
fficult nails and screws U: Because of his harsh, one must prehole drilling U Fi
nish: No presents special problems Applications: furniture and interior joinery
and exterior. Turned furniture. Interior joinery, doors, stairs, casings, moldin
gs, baseboards, trims, parquet. Exterior joinery, doors and windows. Interior wo
odwork and exterior Alternatives: Oregon Pine, Chestnut, Oak
28
TECA
Title: scientific: Tectona grandis L. F. Spanish: Teak Origin: Southeast Asia, I
ndia, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Also in tropical West Africa and Central Ameri
ca tropical timber Description: U Sapwood: White Heartwood yellowish to grayish
U: Yellowish brown to dark brown with dark gray streaks frequent Fiber U: U Stra
ight Grain: Medium to coarse U Defects: Wood oily limestone and silica deposits
Mechanical Properties: Static bending strength: 1020 Kg/cm2. Modulus of Elastici
ty: 110,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 630 Kg/cm2 Durability: Very durable Tr
eatability Sapwood: Heartwood impregnable Soon: No impregnable Machining: Sawing
U: No more trouble than its high silica content that quickly wears tools and wo
rkers are allergic U Drying : slow to very slow speed. Small risk of strains and
cracks U Brushing: No more trouble than its abrasiveness. Suitable for curved U
Bonding: Difficulties raised by their high content of oleoresins, especially wh
en using alkaline tails nails and screws U: U prehole drilling required Finish:
The difficulties already mentioned in the sizing Applications: furniture and int
erior joinery and everything outside. Furniture bending and turning. Interior jo
inery and especially exterior doors, windows, flooring and coatings. Shipbuildin
g. Decorative plates Alternatives: Oregon Pine, Oak, Cherry
WENGUE
Title: scientific: Millettia laurentii De Wild., M. stuhlmannii Taub. Spanish: W
enge Hometown: East, West and Central Africa Description of wood: Sapwood U: U Y
ellowish white Heartwood: Dark brown to chocolate brown fiber U: U Straight Grai
n: Medium to coarse mechanical properties: static bending strength: 1,800 kg / c
m2. Modulus of Elasticity: 180,000 Kg/cm2. Compressive strength: 800 Kg/cm2 Dura
bility: Durable Treatability Sapwood: Heartwood moderately resistant: No impregn
able Machining: Sawing U: No more problems than it hardness and abrasiveness of
some U Drying: Slow. Slight risk of strains and cracks high U Brushing: Difficul
t for hardness, abrasive or Bonding: The tannins inhibit a good bond nails and s
crews U: Because of its hardness, it make U prehole drilling Finish: No presents
special problems Applications: furniture and joinery interior and exterior. Fur
niture bending and turning. Interior joinery, doors, stairs, casings, moldings,
baseboards, trims, parquet. Exterior joinery, doors and windows. Alternatives de
corative veneer: Walnut, Alder, Maple, Oak, Cherry
29
5
wood products
WOOD PRODUCT
Lumber WOOD PANELS WOOD PANELS WOOD PANELS blockboard DERIVED FROM PLYWOOD PANEL
BOARD PANEL LAMINATED PARTICLE BOARD HDF MDF (Medium Density) CHIP BOARD OSB (o
riented shavings) Glulam SANDWICH PANELS PANELS USED IN BUILDING for the manufac
ture of joists slab, beams and landings, forms, etc.. LSL LVL BEAM BEAM WINDOWS
DOORS AND WOOD FLOORING WOOD STAIRS WOOD TRIM * Photos © American Hardwood Expor
t Council
Solid wood pieces obtained
Leaves less than 7 mm thick obtained
Boards consist of wooden slats
Boards consist of wood veneers
Boards consist of wood veneers parallel to each other)
Boards consist of particles of mad
Boards composed of wood fibers depending on whether the process of union and
Boards consist of lignocellulose fibers between 600 and 800 kg/m3).
Board consisting of wood chips bonded together by an adhesive
Structural parts formed by gluing
Precast formed by or walls. PSL LSL
Board made from wood chips
Board consists of strips of wood laminated wood beams enc chip laminated beams
Constructive element that allows ac building.
Constructive element which limits the border
They consist mainly of a support tab via an adhesive or fixed
They thus constituting elements of wood carpentry.
Building Component lose them up po *.
30
DEFINITION
from sawing faces generally parallel to each other, ie square. as by peeling or
flat. to the same or different lengths, glued together. glued where the fibers f
orming the 90th consecutive sheets. glued to their faces where the direction of
the fibers of the remaining layers was bonded by an adhesive applying pressure a
nd heat. or other woody material whose density varies from 0.8 to 1 g/cm3. They
may carry an adhesive or not, wet or dry.€ic bonded with synthetic resins or oth
er suitable adhesive and hot pressing. (Density laughing at least 70% following
the longitudinal direction alternatively the board, ivo a certain temperature an
d pressure. Do sheets of wood with the grain direction substantially parallel. N
o soul of an insulating material (foam) and two wood based panels as
ASPECT
glued. OLADE.
process within a building or communication between various units of the same ter
a between interior and exterior of buildings *. which may or attached by their e
dges or tongue and groove all around as subject to nail *. n the protrusion of u
niform profile and used to decorate or enhance yr architectural works a series o
f steps that serve to get on the floors of a building or a higher level or
31
environmental education plan
For businesses and workers in the wood sector and financed by the ESF Furniture
Biodiversity Action Foundation and financed by the European Social Fund under th
e Operational Programme Entrepreneurship and Continuing Education (2000-2006) Ob
jective 1 and 3 with a co-financing rate of 70% and 45% respectively.
SPANISH FEDERATION OF EMPLOYERS AND INDUSTRIAL FURNITURE
AROTZ GIPUZKOA'ko Taldea PATRON OF CARPENTERS ASSOCIATION OF GUIPUZCOA C / Korta
, 8 under Tlfno: 943 320 504 Fax: 943 326 940 2000 1 DONOSTIA Apartado 327-20080
DONOSTIA E-mail: arotzgi@infogremios.net
EUROPEAN UNION
European Social Fund
"The European Social Fund helps to develop employment by promoting employability
, entrepreneurship, adaptability, equal opportunities and investment in human re
sources"