Transport and Distribution

Silvio Pereira Dias Montes silvio.montes celera.inf.br @ 21 - 7820.1041

1
History of Transportation
Transportation in the general sense is the action or effect of taking people or
goods from one place to another. The transport system is vital to the internal a
nd external trade, the fixing of the costs of goods and services, the compositio
n of prices, the adjustment of markets, land use and urbanization.
The most important landmarks in the economic operation of the various modes of t
ransportation are: • Invention Machine Steam (1807) • Top of Rail Transport (183
0) • Beginning of pipeline transport (1865) • Early commercial use of the car (
1917); • Start of Commercial Aviation (1926).
2
• Invention of the Wheel • Invention of the Airplane • Construction of the Pyram
ids (Joseph in Egypt?) • Wars
- - - - 2nd. Grande Malvinas War Desert Storm Desert Storm 1 2
3
Transport in Brazil
Until the 1950s, Brazil's economy was based on export of primary products and th
us the transport system was limited to river and rail transport. With the accele
ration of the industrial process in the second half of the twentieth century, po
licy has concentrated resources in the road, to the detriment of the railroads,
especially in the area of heavy industry and mining. As a result, the road secto
r, the most expensive after the air, moved at the end of the century more than s
ixty percent of the loads.
4
Transport in Brazil
Origins The aim of creating a transport network linking the whole country was bo
rn with developmental democracies, especially Getulio Vargas and Juscelino Kubit
schek. At that time, the symbol of modernity and progress in terms of transporta
tion was the automobile. This caused special attention to the aforementioned rul
ers in road construction. Since then, Brazil has its roads based on road transpo
rt.
5
Transport in Brazil
Road transport • The first Brazilian highways date from the nineteenth century,
but the expansion of the highway occurred in the Vargas government, with the cre
ation of the National Department of Roads (DNER) in 1937. In 1973 went into effe
ct the National Transportation Plan, which changed and defined the federal highw
ay system. The economic difficulties of the country from the late 1970 caused a
progressive deterioration of the road network. The construction of new roads was
virtually paralyzed or just kept in a particular sector and very slow pace and
maintenance ceased to meet the basic requirements. Transportation in Curitiba. T
ubular bus stops. (SEE FIGURE) This is the main means of transportation in Brazi
l both in terms of cargo transportation as people, although not the best for all
purposes due to its cost and environmental pollution.
• •
•
6
In Rio de Janeiro ...
7
Transport in Brazil
Rail
• First national initiatives for the construction of railways date back to 1828,
when the Imperial Government authorized by Charter Law to construct and operate
roads in general. The purpose was to link the various regions of the country •
It is important to note that until the arrival of railroads in Brazil, the land
transport of goods was processed on the backs of donkeys on wagon trails. • It s
hould be emphasized that in Sao Paulo, the railroads were natural result of agri
cultural exports. • The highways have undergone a process of privatization of go
vernment because of the difficulty in keeping the Brazilian railroads and operat
e them properly. • Among the railroads mentioned, it is noted the deployment of
Paranaguá - Curitiba, which has become a hallmark of excellence in railway engin
eering in Brazil, considered at that time by many European experts as unworkable
. The construction lasted less than five years, despite the difficulties faced i
n its 110 km long. (SEE FIGURE)
8
Density of Railway Infrastructure: Brazil vs. U.S. (Source: CNT / Coppead, 2002)
9
10
Transport in Brazil
Water transport • The waterways, always remembered an alternative view of the co
nditions inside the national river network, little developed. The IWT was never
well used to carry loads. In 1994, the mesh waterway participated with only 1% o
f cargo transportation. Among the factors of greatest impact on shipping in the
twentieth century include: the replacement of coal by oil as fuel. Lack of open
channels and interconnection with other modes. The coastline is 9198 km and has
a large river network and have not adequately explored the shipping.€The modal w
aterway is crucial to promote and integrate the country internally and externall
y. After all, there are eight bowls with 48,000 kilometers of navigable rivers,
meeting at least 16 waterways and 20 river ports. Port of Paranaguá, second larg
est in the country. Large soybean exports. (SEE FIGURE) Maritime transport is of
great importance in the export of food, minerals and timber for its high volume
of transport.
• • • •
•
•
11
Transport in Brazil
• The air transport aviation began in Brazil with a flight of Edmond Plauchut, 2
2 October 1911. The airman, who had mechanical Santos Dumont in Paris, took off
from the Praca Maua, flew over Central Avenue and crashed into the sea from a he
ight of 80 meters, to reach the Governor's Island. It was then very great enthus
iasm for aviation. The extension of the country and the scarcity of other means
of transport have made commercial aviation had an extraordinary expansion in Bra
zil. In 1960, the country had the largest sales network in the world in traffic
volume after the United States. Began the Brazilian commercial aviation in 1927.
The crisis and the federal government to stimulate mergers have reduced that nu
mber to just four large commercial enterprises. Air transport is important becau
se Brazil is a large country, there are flights that can last more than four hou
rs when they travel to distant cities.
•
• •
•
12
Animal World
The Program of insects • Siemens Corporate Technology has designed a program tha
t mimics the behavior of ants and wasps. The program has been tested and proved
that the punctuality of the transport of goods and services almost doubled. • Wh
en an insect is not endowed with intelligence, a colony of insects as a whole ha
s a fantastic ability to perform extremely complex tasks, such as when it is nec
essary to find the shortest path to a food source.
13
Panorama of Transport in Brazil
• • • Importance of Transport for socioeconomic development in Brazil Transporta
tion System Development of Transport in Brazil • • • • • Maritime Transport Road
Transport Railway Transport Air Transport pipeline
14
Globalization of markets has imposed to all players, that look fit the internati
onal standards of efficiency and productivity, because otherwise, they will be b
arred from the development process.
15
The Brazilian Scenario
Transport in Brazil always seen as a work of engineering. The federal gove
rnment failed to fulfill its role of provider and
maintainer of the basic infrastructure for transport and movement of goods and p
eople, domestically, and internationally.
The "divestment" is generating a growing increase
logistics costs in the country in 2006, is now about 12.8% of Gross Domestic P
roduct (GDP). (Source COPEAD / UFRJ).
developed countries in those values revolve around
7-8% of their GDP's.
16
The fall in public investment
government investment in infrastructure (Union and
federal state): 1995-1998 1999-2002 2.31% 1.88% GDP GDP
Considering only the investments of the Union
Infrastructure: End of the 80 2% of GDP the 90 0.97% of GDP from 2000 to 200
4 0.73% of GDP
(Source: CNI)
17
Investment in Transport Sector
For the Union:
• 80s 0.7% of GDP • the 90 0.2% of GDP • Period 2000-04 0.18% of GDP (Sour
ce: CNI)
Results:
high distribution costs and loss of competitiveness. inhibition to the neces
sary revision of the transportation matrix commitment of maintaining the exist
ing highway system - 60% of domestic cargo is transported by road
18
Results: (cont.):
Inefficiency in the transport of cargo and other types of journeys
should be made through the modal rail or waterway.
The burden on national highways contribute to their general poor state of conser
vation - 80% of federal roads under state management are in poor condition, poor
or very poor.
19
Disability in Management and Structure
Transport
The current model of state intervention is inappropriate. Is there a need fo
r a new organization-equipped
to undertake studies, planning and monitoring: transport logistics, intermod
ality, the improved management of public resources, and guidelines for carry
ing out private investment.
Is there an overlap of functions between different
public sector bodies;
20
Disability in Management and Structure
Transport
The performance of the National Integration Policy
Transportation is not effected;
There is little integration between the two regulatory agencies; A low effic
iency of the Department of National
Infrastructure for Transport - DNIT and general public port;
21st
Disability in Management and Structure
Transport
There is a separation of government hydroways
port authorities;
There is a lack of solutions to the sector agencies in the process of
liquidation / privatization.
Particularly in the federal sector of transport, the limits of performance of pu
blic bodies are confused and overlapping.
22
Disability in Management and Structure
Transport
The result of lack of investments and disability management structure transport
generates the disturbing situation: the country's competitive disadvantage in re
lation to its competitors in the international market.
23
URGENT AND IMMEDIATE ACTION
To overcome the deficit in the sectors of transport
ports, sanitation and energy are required investments of about $ 40 billion a ye
ar over the next five years.
is evident the need of increased investment
private.
All situations conducive to an investment boom are present technology, investo
rs, mobilize resources. Less than one: the security of the investor.
24
RECOMMENDATIONS
Increasing competition in the transportation of cargo reduce the limitations t
hat exist today to chartering
foreign vessels on the part of Brazilian companies of coasting.
• In Brazil, the provision of services to maritime cabotage in goods is low.
. • The space offered by the vessels is insufficient to meet demand.
25
RECOMMENDATIONS
Improve legislation on railroad right of way / mutual traffic and solve the prob
lem of raids in the area ranges
The settings on the right of way and traffic mutual need to be improved, especia
lly in rail access to Port of Santos. Another critical point is the invasion of
the tracks in the area of access by rail, particularly in the ports of Rio de Ja
neiro and Santos. The withdrawal and the release of traffic would improve the co
mmercial speed of trains.
26
RECOMMENDATIONS
Multimodality elect as far North to be pursued in terms of policies and public i
nvestment.
Logistics domestic or international - can not be practiced without the multimoda
l environment exists, either from a legal standpoint, either in its own infrastr
ucture. The Multimodality - is the concrete answer to solve the problem of the h
igh cost of logistics.
27
RECOMMENDATIONS
"Dry Ports" Implementation of "dry ports equipped to meet
its role as a link between the industrial / commercial and ports and airports.
The "dry ports" must be installed, necessarily, in a place served by two or more
modes of transport, producing a stream of transport economics, rational, preser
ving the environmental conditions and quality of life of communities in the regi
on.
28
The transportation sector is link between production and consumption, but also b
etween people and their needs for transportation in pursuit of their desires for
social care.
In Brazil, representing more than 6.4% of GDP, a level reached due to the perfor
mance of over 40 000 carriers, 2.5 million employees and over 300 000 self-emplo
yed carriers.
Even with its undoubted importance to the economy, the transportation sector fac
es serious problems that burden the price of Brazilian products in domestic and
foreign markets, impacting the economic and social development of the country an
d aggravate the risk of having a transport unable to meet the growing demand for
quality.
29
Some of these symptoms: • Fleet road with an average age of about 17.5 years; •
Locomotives mean age 25 years; • Roads with poor conditions, poor or inadequate
in 59.1% of cases; • Low availability of infrastructure railway infrastructure;
• Very low availability of multimodal terminals; • Waterways are still little us
ed for disposal of agricultural harvest.
The availability of transport infrastructure in the country is incompatible with
his greatness and wealth, becoming a serious problem for the economic and socia
l in Brazil.
30
According to GEIPOT (2000), are only 164,213 km of paved roads, 28,056 km railwa
y lines, which in terms of density equal to 55% of supply in China, 40% in Canad
a, 32% in Mexico and 12% in the U.S. and in relation to the mesh Brazilian water
ways are about 47,000 km of navigable rivers.
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Density of Transportation (km/1000 km2)
39.6
45.3
Highway
Canada 10.5 17.8 8.4 0.3 15 Mexico Country China 14.5 17.3 5.6 3.4 Brazil
Rail Waterways
6.1
Comparison between the Transport Infrastructure of Brazil, Canada, Mexico and Ch
ina (Source: CNT / Coppead, 2002)
31
38.8% of the length of the highways are surveyed and roadway in poor condition,
poor or very poor, 40% of the extension are not marked properly, 22% do not have
sidewalks and 18% had plaques covered by forest.
57.6
1.2
0.3 5.1 Good Good Fair Poor Poor
35.8
State General of Highways (CNT, 2002)
The poor quality of existing road infrastructure, not only contributes to the in
creased cost Brazil, but also generate significant social impacts, such as those
arising from the high number of road accidents in Brazil.
32
According to the Statistical Yearbook of GEIPOT are more than three accidents pe
r km of highway in the country. According to estimates of the Program to Reduce
Accidents on Roads, MT, traffic accidents rank second among the biggest public h
ealth problems of the country, second only to malnutrition. About 62% of hospita
l beds for the trauma are occupied by victims of traffic accidents. It is estima
ted, according to CNT / COPPEAD (2002), about 34,000 people die on Brazilian roa
ds by year, number 10-70 times higher than in developed countries.
Brazil Italy USA United Kingdom Japan Germany France Canada 0 50 100 150 200 250
Index of road fatalities by 1000 km of roads (BTS and GEIPOT 2001)
According to the STOP program of the Ministry of Transport, only in 2002 were mo
re than 108 800 accidents on federal roads, causing more than 59,615 wounded. On
ly to meet the victims of these accidents, for example, are intended by SUS abou
t 13% of its annual budget.
33
Fundamentals of Transportation
Transportation is one of the most visible elements of logistics operations. Bowe
rsox & Closs (2001). For most transport companies is usually the most important
element in logistics costs. Environment characterized by: • Far dynamism • Maxim
um Availability • Fluctuation in demand • competitiveness • Globalization
34
Definition
Logistics must be projected and specify: The ways in which production and dema
nd must be made compatible; How your geographical differences should be implem
ented.
Goal
Making goods or services reach the right moment and place accurate and desired c
ondition.
35
Spatial Planning What is the main problem to be treated?
Delivery Time
Location will
Time to replenish inventories in warehouses flows that will go in each warehouse
36
Temporal Planning
"It addressed a major concern in the delivery time of orders." • Evaluate altern
ative methods of transport; • Determine the best plan to manage inventory; • Spe
cify the appropriate means of transmission and processing of orders.
37
Good planning principles for the distribution Differentiate "The level of servic
e need not be the same for all
Strategies • Using the curve ABC • The distribution channel of the product shoul
d follow certain criteria - Location - Turnover of goods - Alternative Channels
products. "
38
Principles for good planning strategies Composite composite has lower costs than
a strategy "A Strategy
simple or pure. "Factors that influence weight Volume Batch size volume
sales Emergency Service Level
39
Economy of scale and cost reduction
Principles for good planning Consolidation
"Creating large shipments from several smaller players."
Example of a load
The Profit
"The smaller the size of
40
Good planning principles for compensation of costs "The concept is to balance th
e costs. However, understanding that their
major cost items and services have conflicting or opposite behavior. "
Transportation Inventory Production X X X Distribution Service Level Cost logist
ical Loses X Wins Loses X Wins
41
Concept for system planning
"Study of the variables that make up the logistics system in order to reduce the
level of service."
Shorter planning Longer planning Planejament the (T) Higher cost Lower cost
Cost (U.S. $)
42
The Transportation as a Means of Reducing Inventory Reduction Techniques to Stoc
ks
• Direct delivery - Delivery direct from the factory to the customer
+ Lack of CD (and thus inventory) - increase in delivery time and legislation (L
evy
ICMS by the city, different inter state)
• Cross-docking - movements;. vehicle transf. for delivery
+ Lack of stock on the CD - co-ordination and increase the delivery time
43
• Just in Time - receiving MP in accordance with the production
+ Reduction of inventory in the factory of MP - good coordination with all vendo
rs
• Milk Run - collections of MP's needed to produce
+ Reduction of inventory at the plant PM (kits) - good coordination with all pro
viders - increased freight cost
44
• Drop & Hook - leave a semi-trailer in operation
+ More rapidly in the withdrawal of the product - space for the semi-trailer or
body - increased active (semi-trailer or body)
45
• Presentation Night - operation from 20:00 to 6:00 pm
+ More rapidly in the withdrawal of the product - for receiving structure at nig
ht
• Window Hours - Delivery by appointment
+ Knowledge of the time of delivery time of knowledge production - good coordina
tion with the production
46
BRAZIL - MATRIX OF TRANSPORT (FREIGHT)
1993
Pipeline RAILWAY 22.61% 4.21% 0.29% Airway Waterway (*) 11.15%
2000
RAILWAY 20.86% 4.46% pipeline
Airway Waterway 0.33% (*) 13.86%
ROAD 61.74% SOURCE: AET - 1998 / GEIPOT. (*) Includes inland, coastal and long d
istance.
ROAD 60.49% SOURCE: AET - 2001 / GEIPOT. (*) Includes inland, coastal and long d
istance.
The unbalance of the Brazilian transport matrix is one of the factors that lead
the industry with a low efficiency. Due to development policies supported by rai
lroads but less efficient for large displacements, today the road freight transp
ort accounts for about 60.5% of freight in the country, faced with only 20.9% of
railroad transportation and about 13.9% of waterways.
47
This situation differs greatly from the participation of road, rail and waterway
transport in the matrix of other countries of continental dimensions like Brazi
l. This demonstrates the use of excessive concentration of railroads in the coun
try, although it presents a number of positive characteristics such as flexibili
ty, availability and speed, makes the country bear large transportation costs. I
ts outstanding low productivity, its small energy efficiency, their lower levels
 of safety and high levels of emissions, eventually strain the Brazil Cost. Acco
rding to the CNT (2002), while in Brazil the Modal Roadway participates with 60.
5% of the total cargo, the U.S. participation is 26%, Australia 24% and 8% in Ch
ina.
48
Array of cargo transportation: Brazil vs. USA
If they are excluded from primary products (minerals and agricultural products),
the share of road rises to: 92% in shipments 89% in distribution and 84% in sup
ply
49th
International Transport Policy
Macro Vision International Logistics
Negotiation
Country Origin
Control and Surveillance
Country Destination
Transportation / Movement Area Clearance Clearance Zone Retroportuário Retroport
uário Exporter Importer
Boarding
Landing
50
Packing
Storage
Product
Logistic Concepts
Trading Transport Movement
Documentation
51
International Logistics
Customers AND suppliers
Clearance Zone
Retroportuário
B
Exporter
Transfer
Clearance Zone
F
Importer
Boarding
Landing
C
Transfer
G
Retroportuário
D
H
52
International Logistics
Planning Professional Qualification Packaging and Handling Conveyor system invol
ved in the Third International Terminals Brokers National Carrier
53
Modal Transportation
Technological Characteristics of Transportation
• Volume • transportable structure of origin-destination flows • Transport • Mom
ent specific value of the product (fixed capital per unit) • Special problems (d
elay in delivery and so on ...)
54
• Specific weight, volume and shape • Physical aspects: bulk, liquid or gaseous
fuel, manufactures. • Temperature Resistance - perishable cargo or not • Resista
nce to shipping and handling (fragility) • Loads • Wild live or dead load. Threa
t to the environment.
55
Modal Transportation - - - - - - Rail Maritime Transport Water Transport Air Tra
nsport Trucking Transport by Pipelines
56
Characteristics that differentiate Modal Transport
- - - - - - Density of the network and spatial distribution of terminals; Carryi
ng capacity per unit; fleet of vehicles available, type and quantity, trading sp
eed, storage facilities and equipment for loading and unloading; Interface with
other modes of transport - terminals with ease of transhipment cargo - Energy ef
ficiency - Cost per mileage.
57
RAIL
58
Rail Main Railways Map Map
The Brazilian railway system was built by state companies. The meshes were opera
ted by RFFSA,€FEPASA and CVRD (Companhia Vale do Rio Doce).
New Configuration of Railway Companies
• Latin America • Logistics Company Northeastern Railway - CFN • Estrada de Ferr
o Carajás - EFC • Estrada de Ferro Vitória Minas - EFVM • Railroad Trumpets - EF
T • Estrada de Ferro Jari - EFJ • Estrada de Ferro do Amapá - EFA • Ferrovia Cen
tro-Atlantica SA - FCA • Ferrovia Bandeirantes SA - Ferroban • Ferrovia Norte SA
Brazil - FERRONORTE • North - South Railway Novoeste • SA • Railroad Parana SA
- Ferropar • Ferrovia Tereza Cristina SA - FTC • MRS - Logistics SA • Network Ra
il Federal SA - RFFSA 59
Source: Ministry of Transport
Transport Process
• Transport Unit "TRAIN" • Have one or more locomotives in a train wagon • A has
20 tones tare • A locomotive has 120 tones tare • A wagon carries up to 96 tone
s • Three locomotives carry up to 100 wagons • System wheel-rail reduces frictio
n materials making it highly energy efficient • The biggest cost of operating a
railroad is the fixed cost
60
Logistical Advantages
• • • • • • • Transporting large amounts of cargo per trip traverses long distan
ces Flexible respect of goods cost less in relation to the road for large volume
s of goods Speed is good for long distances are not affected by weather or traff
ic may use the competitive wagon or your own container for transport
61
Disadvantages Logistics
• Has a high cost and low security (Brazil) for products with high added value a
nd small children • Has output frequencies lower than the real road • Your trans
it time is longer • Anti-cost and inefficient for short distances • The costs of
handling • There are high is for service to the home • It is inefficient for so
me products
62
AIR TRANSPORT
63
Transport Process
• Has a system of traffic control and navigation systems • air traffic are gener
ally offered by the government of each country • Carriers are responsible for pr
oviding its own terminal and facilities management • Most are variable costs (op
erating cost) • There is container suitable for such transport
64
Logistical Advantages
• • • • • Emergency Transport Transport faster reduction of inventory levels and
consequent reduction of inventory cost Priority for perishables Lower Cost Heal
th Insurance
65
Disadvantages Logistics
• • • • • •
Capacity constraint inability to transport the bulk Impossibility of products wi
th low unit cost Restriction of hazardous items high cost of transport is hinder
ed by time and traffic
66
MARITIME TRANSPORT
67th
Transport Process
• • • • Has a system of traffic control and maritime traffic systems are general
ly offered by the Government of each country present some ports are privatized t
erminals include all equipment for loading and unloading of goods
68
69
Logistical Advantages
• Carries large amount of cargo per trip traverses long distances • • Flexible •
Transporting the goods as dangerous goods, bulk cargo, liquid, gas and vehicles
or containers • Feature • lower operating cost of products with lower added val
ue
70
Disadvantages Logistics
• • • • •
Not for small loads or emergency loss of time in a discharge and transfer of tra
nsport High levels of damage to the merchandise during transit Time Low Frequenc
y / Periodic
71
Existing Major Types of Ships
GENERAL CARGO VESSEL
They are the vessels that carry various types of cargo, usually in small batches
- sacks, boxes, boxed or wheeled vehicles, reels of newsprint, rods, barrels, d
rums, etc.. Has rectangular openings in the main deck and covered calls load car
go hatch, where the cargo is shipped to be stowed on the decks and basements. Th
e load is hoisted or lowered from the pier to board or vice versa by the ship's
equipment (sticks and load or crane) or by the existing port.
72
VESSEL HOLDERS - Containers
Ships are similar to general cargo ships but also do not normally have one or tw
o simple poles sticks without charge. The cargo hatch cover practically the enti
re area of the deck and are provided with guides to fit the containers in the ho
lds. Some of these ships have special cranes.
73
74
They are the vessels to transport crude oil and refined products (alcohol, gasol
ine, diesel, kerosene, etc.)..€Characterized by its superstructure and the aft m
ain deck along with almost always having a midship bridge that goes from the sup
erstructure to the stern. This bridge is a precaution for the safety of personne
l, since the loaded tankers are replaced by a small freeboard, making your deck
at sea is "washed" with frequency waves.
TANK SHIP
75
VESSEL OPERATION BY ROLLING - RoRo (Roll-on Roll-off) are the vessels that the c
argo in and out of basements and covered in horizontal or nearly horizontal, usu
ally on wheels (cars, buses, trucks) or on vehicles ( usually trucks, trailers,
pallets flyers, etc.).. There are several types of Røros, as portacarros door-ca
rts, multi-purpose, etc.., All being characterized by the large side height and
the ramp at the aft of the vessel.
76
BULK CARRIERS
Are vessels for the transport of large quantities of bulk cargo: corn, wheat, so
ybeans, iron ore, etc.. Are characterized by long main deck where the only highl
ight is the basement.
77
Water Transport
78
Transport Process
• • • • • are restricted to the beds has Waterway system of traffic control and
navigation systems waterway traffic are generally offered by the government of e
ach state privatized Terminals The terminals include all equipment for loading a
nd unloading of goods
79
Logistical Advantages
• Transporting large amounts of cargo per trip traverses long distances • • Flex
ible • Transporting goods as dangerous goods and various types of loads • Featur
e • lower operating cost of products with lower added value
80
Disadvantages Logistics
• • • • •
Not for small loads or emergency loss of time in a discharge and transfer of tra
nsport High levels of damage to the merchandise during transit Time Low Frequenc
y / Periodic
81
ROAD TRANSPORT
82
Transport Process
• • •
•
It has the most economically important roads (1.7 million km, only 10% paved) ro
utes are some of the responsibility of Federal, State, Municipal and other termi
nals are privatized privatized
83
Logistical Advantages
• • • • • • • Flexibility of service am geographic areas scattered handling rela
tively small lots is extensive and adaptable Service Quick Service Delivery to h
ome or "door to door" Transporting all types of cargo containers and High Freque
ncies
84
Disadvantages Logistics
• • High costs for distances over 700km to the volume transported less compared
to rail and sea transport (up to 45 Tons) Higher cost compared to rail and sea t
ransport is hindered by time and greater intensity of traffic risk
• • •
85
Pipeline transport
Pipeline transport refers to the mode of transport in which the vehicle used to
make up their own built infrastructure (pipelines), which were developed due to
technological advance, allowing the shipment of goods over long distances, such
as crude oil, gas, minerals . The ducts are tubes driven underground by pumping
to overcome the obstacles of relief. This transport system is significantly redu
ced congestion on highways and railroads, are examples of pipelines: pipeline, p
ipeline, pipeline, aqueduct.
86
The story goes that the pipes were known as means for transporting liquid from a
ntiquity: the Chinese bamboo with the Egyptians and Aztecs in ceramic material a
nd the Greeks and Romans employed lead pipes.
Among the means of transport, pipelines have become a preferred means of transpo
rt both to meet the supply of refineries to meet the need of major consumption c
enters of derivatives.
87
The duct system is the safest and most economical to transport oil and its deriv
atives, linking producing areas, platforms, refineries, marine terminals, parks,
 storage and consumer centers. The system of pipeline transportation also contri
butes to increase road safety and reduce pollution caused by traffic of heavy tr
ucks: only the pipeline of Belo Horizonte, for example, allowed to withdraw the
road approximately 1000 trucks per day. For all these things, invest in the expa
nsion, modernization and operational reliability of the Brazilian pipeline netwo
rk is essential to meet the needs and increasing demands of the population.
88
Supporting Systems for Transportation
89
Computational Methods for project logistics system
1 - Computer Simulation 2 - Heuristic Model 3 - Algorithms variables that influe
nce The total cost curve; Select the optimum amount of the deposit; Impact
of location marketing.
90
Fleet Management
Need companies have today in managing their fleets, trace routes, choose which r
oute most appropriate, faster and more economical, make available such informati
on to its employees and customers.
91
Collection and Distribution COLLECTION
Deposit 1
CITY
DISTRIBUTION
Deposit 2
CITY B
Source: Alvarenga, Novaes, 2000. Applied Logistics: Supply and Physical Distribu
tion.
92
Scaling problems
Physical capacity of vehicles Maximum working hours for crew members in atte
ndance Imbalance
Deadlines
Meet the delivery time is crucial because it is one of the factors that determin
e the level of service to the customer. Therefore a control of movements between
collection and distribution are so important.
93
COLLECTION
Deposit 1
CITY
Time of unloading, sorting, loading and waiting
Collection time of charge of several clients time of the transfer of goods betwe
en the time deposits DISTRIBUTION local distribution
Time of unloading, sorting, loading and waiting
Deposit 2
CITY B
Source: Alvarenga, Novaes, 2000. Applied Logistics: Supply and Physical Distribu
tion.
94
Cycle Time
The cycle time and distance traveled in an area corresponding to combination of
the following paths: • Time and journey from the depot to the delivery area; • T
imes and routes between points in successive stops within the delivery area; • S
tops on customers for collection or delivery of products; • Time and route of re
turn from the delivery area to the warehouse.
95
Distribution zone
X X
B X4
XB2 XB3 X B1
X
Way of the deposit area
Region served
Deposit
Source: Alvarenga, Novaes, 2000. Applied Logistics: Supply and Physical Distribu
tion.
96
Vehicle Routing
"... find a sequence of visits to customers who make at least the way ... "
Novaes, 2001
Roadmap visits
CD
Pocket of distribution or delivery zone
Customers
97
Three key factors:
Objectives: To provide a high level of service to keep the costs as low as possi
ble decisions: Customers must visit set of vehicles and their drivers programmin
g and scheduling of visits Restrictions: Limits imposed by time constraints work
day passer
98
Routing with Constraint
"It is generating scripts for deliveries of goods vehicles within a region of di
stribution while respecting the restrictions of working hours allowed per day an
d the capacity of the vehicle to be used in the fleet"
Novaes, 2001
99
Technology influences the following factors:
• • • • • • • • • • • Focus on Customer Value Aggregation Relationship with supp
liers Arrive on Optimizing Customer Cycles cheaper inputs Stocks Reduce Expediti
ng Innovation Approach to Logistics Financial Control Differentiate Product
100