NES CIMENTACIO DEEP UNIT 12 12.1. INTRODUCTION (UD: 42.1) 12.2.

TYPES OF PILES (
UD: 42.2-42.3) 12.3. Isolated pilot. COLLAPSE LOAD (UD: 42.5-42.6 / LW: 33.1-33.
2) 12.3.1. Introduction 12.3.2. Point resistance. 12.3.3 Static and semiempirica
l expressions. 12.3.4 shaft resistance. Formulas jacking and load tests 12.4. Pi
lot group. COLLAPSE LOAD (UD: 43.2 / LW: 33.4) 12.5. DISTRIBUTION OF CHARGES IN
GROUP OF PILES
12.6. CHECKING IN AND BREAK IN SERVICE (UD: 43.3) 12.7. NEGATIVE FRICTION AND OT
HER SPECIAL SOLICITATIONS (LW: 33.5) 12.8. PROCEDURE OF CALCULATION AND TECHNOLO
GY STANDARDS (UD: 42.4 / NTE)
12.1. General typology of foundations INTRODUCTION Purpose of a foundation: to t
ransmit the buffered form field structural loads that can not be transmitted dir
ectly to it as a material of low strength and high deformability.
-
Shallow foundations: Foundations semideep Deep foundations
D / B <4 4 <D / B <8-10 8-10 <D / B
Pile: Items foundation of great length kneel directly on the ground or are built
in a cavity previously opened in it. The foundation on piles is needed when the
surface or semi-deep foundation is not possible for technical reasons or econom
ic dimensions. Originally established criteria slimness such as: φ / l> 1 / 12 (
XV and XVI century)
subsequently developed rejection criteria less than 1-4 mm in 25 to 30 blows o
a hammer o
given weight ormulas
were developed then jacking: Pm Pm
× H (1851)


δ Pm + Pp an finally static an empirical expressions, respectively epen ing o
n soil characteristic parameters or results of tests penetratción: Qh = pp = 9 c
u or pp = qc / β

  
Working metho

s
of the piles Contri ution y shaft: it relies on friction

etwee
n the groun an the pile. Behavior
is shear stress versus relative
isplacement
that may have terms frictional or a hesion. Τ F = integral of x Afuste Contri
ution to tip: it relies
on the support usually normal in lower layers more resis
tant either y nature ifferent as greater confinement. P = σn x dApunta integra
l component A (any of them) may be much higher than the other. The haft may wor
k again t, ie in tead of re i ting it re t .
Ba ic criteria for the u e of tilt  When urface layer  are not trong enough t
o obtain acceptable ize  of urface foundation erving the breakage and conditi
on  of ervice ( eat ). Filling of oft oil that ha  never been ubjected to an
external load ( oil normally con olidated). Strict limitation of eat , eat or
eat  on other differential tructure . The pile  are foundation  that give ri 
e to very mall movement  compared to hallow foundation . Heterogeneou  ground.
Pre ence of layer  of variable depth hard upport. Very heavy load : Off hore,
dock  in port area , wall , bridge bearing , inverted vertical load  (traction).
-
In any ca e hould be con idered for po ible improvement of the land for exampl
e by pre-loading or removing layer  of oft oil.
11.2. TYPES OF PILES a) how to tran mit the load to the oil column: trong pred
ominance of the peak component (re i tant layer on oft ground). Floating or fri
ction: tran mi ion along the deformable oil pile to which i  attached by haft
.
According to the NTE can be e tabli hed that: - P> 3 F work  e entially the pil
e tip - P <3 F work  e entially the pile haft
b) The manner of putting in work over the ground
-
Di placement pile  or kneeling: the field i  in talled in the field moving in a
oil volume equivalent. Fir t the ground up, but then only compre ed. They feat
ure: - trong friction oil - pile (the pile i  tightly confined) - oil di turb
ance: improving overall compre ion area - to reduce the co t of jacking the pil
e may be of intere t to be mooth
-
Pile  of mining: the ground i  dug beforehand where you are in talling the pile.
Then run the pile. They are characterized by: - weak friction oil - pile due t
o weak normal ten ion - intere t that the pile i  rough to enhance the contribut
ion of tem.
-
Extraction - di placement: the previou ly excavated oil volume to occupy le  t
han the pile over. Thi  i  done to reduce the co t of jacking a middle ground.
c) the place of manufacture and method of execution Prefab : in thi  ca e are tr
an ported from one manufacturing plant and kneel by percu ion, pre ure or vibr
ation,€by hydraulic jack , crew the ground or in talled in borehole  drilled pr
eviou ly. Executed in itu: There are variou  typologie  - jacking of ca ing rec
overed with a azuche (cap lo t on the tip of the tubing). I  poured in ide the c
a ing to be extracted imultaneou ly with the concrete. Should alway  be two dia
meter  of concrete in ide the hirt to prevent entry of water. The ca ing i  rem
oved by lateral beating u ed to vibrate the concrete. ICC 2 - Idem but with cap
in place of azuche gravel. In thi  ca e the hit i  made with an internal hammer
trike  the cap. CPI 3 - Extraction with poon (if hard ground drill) with tubin
g retrievable. The concrete ca ing i  removed. CPI-4. - Extraction with poon (i
f hard ground drill) with non-recoverable tubing. CPI-5. - Drilled with propelle
r and maintaining the excavation thixotropic ludge (mixture of water and benton
ite clay) that hold the wall  to avoid land lide  (the den ity can be from 1.3 t
o 1.4, I gue ). CPI-6 - Borer: introducing a mortar through the center of the a
uger that move  the ground field. Finally we will
-
extracting the auger while i  poured. The tru e  are introduced into the fre h
concrete. CPI-7 d) according to the Wood material: Underwater Metal hold  up wel
l to harne  rolled. Oxidation rate i  low Concrete: reinforced or pre tre ed.
Mixed: A combination of profile  with concrete.
General procedure for calculation 1. Selection of the olution ba ed on predeter
mined criteria 2. Te ting on break / Downfall ( ingle pile / group of pile ). If
it fail , back to 1. 3. Checking ettling / eat  for the workload. If it fail 
, back to 1. 4. Structural dimen ion  of the pile: armor 5. Sizing of auxiliary
equipment uch a  pile cap  or beam  bracing.
Notation pp: peak pre ure or re i tance to the ultimate point (unit  of voltage
) pf: re i tance pre ure to tem or tem-rupture (unit  of voltage) Qh: Burden
of collap e (t) = Qp + Qf Qh = P + F: contribution  qc tip and haft, Rp: re i t
ance to penetration (voltage unit ) qu: imple compre ive trength (unit  of vo
ltage) cu: undrained hear trength l, D: φ pile length, B: diameter o pile
3.12 isolated pilot. COLLAPSE LOAD 12.3.1. Introduction The global racture (typ
ical o shallow oundations) hardly occurs in piles. Due to its more slender, th
e break in a pile is punching. Rupture o a pile is identi ied in the load-seat.
This curve is in the same way that the stress-strain curves o elastic-plastic
material behavior. You can show ductile behavior and brittle behavior. According
Winterkorn and Fang, the rates o breakage in piles can be outlined as: a) Land
-based so t rock at its lower limit. The pile is o type column and almost the e
ntire load is supported by point. The sha t is negligible and also the capacity
or containment o soil around the pile. I the load is large enough in relation
to the slenderness o the pile, it can get to sag. The break type is completely
ragile. b) Land so t on middle ground middle ground or on hard ground. In this
case you can also try to pile column what i it leads to an overall breakdown o
support layer (Prandtl mechanism) then it would also cause a rupture curve wit
h brittle behavior. c) Land homogeneous loating pile. As a loating pile is int
roduced in the ield, is compressed and the sha t resistance increases. There or
e, the curve o rupture o a loating pile tends to show hardening. d) Pilote tr
action. A loating pile can bear loads in tension and breaking curve that produc
es plastic type is per ect. Actions and reactions to a pilot is a system o char
ges, V, H, M general. In act the single pile can only support vertical loads V
and, to a lesser magnitude and importance, horizontal loads. V vertical load on
a pile is just comparing with the collapse o the pile load Qh through a sa ety
actor to the collapse. The collapse load is expressed as: Qh = Q p + Q where
Qp and Q are respectively the charges o collapse o the tip and sha t and are
expressed as: Q p = pp Ap
l
Ap = πφ2 / 4
l
Πφ Q = ∫ (z) dz = πφ ∫  (z) dz =  i li πφΣ
0 0
O these two comonents, the contribution sha t is a ected by the en orcement s
ystem in more than the ti contribution.

12.3.2. oint resistance. tatic Exression
You can consider the analogy with shallow oundations, so that in rincile will
be based on the general exression o Brinch-Hansen: h = c 'N c dc ic sc + qN
q + 1 iq dq sq BγN iγ γ 2 γ d sγ
The term weiht (γ) is neliible in all cases of piles. In undrained conditions
Nγ = 0 which cancels the entire term. In drained conditions is neliible becau
se: 1 BγN iγ γ γ d sγ <<qN q sq d QiQ 2 because, first, B = φ is small, and seco
nd, qNq is very large (q = γl , and the lenth l is lare). The terms of inclina
tion, the unit will in any case, as the loads act vertically on pilins. Therefo
re, the startin expression is as follows: ph = c 'N c sc dc + qN q dq sq subseq
uently particularize the type of soil and in different cases. Breakin mechanism
s in piles have been studied by different authors with the aim of findin ways t
o Nc and Nq analytical. Some of these mechanisms are: Terzahi: Assume overall r
upture (rupture zone in active and passive rupture zone) in the round under the
pile tip and the round acts as a lateral load q = γl.
Meyerhoff: The mechanism of rupture beins similarly to lobal break, however, c
ontinue to break lines in a spiral pattern that is emerin hasra that intersect
s the shaft of the pile. This mechanism allows to define the ZAI and ZAS which a
re, respectively, below the active zone (ZAI = 2-3 φ) and the to sot (4 φ φ cl
ays and sands 8). The existence o this justi ies the iles ZA  imrove their co
ntribution oint i embedded in the hard layer on a suort Berenzantsev simle:
The basic hyothesis o this author that the real charge q on the level o su
ort is lower γ l due to silo effect caused by the very construction of the pile
or the natural state of the field. This facilitates the rise in the lateral fiel
d. Gibson: It is based on the existence of a bulb when the soil is plastic. This
bulb is stable until it reaches a break in that is rowin even reachin the r
ound surface. Arenas tip resistance is nelected and therefore cohesion: ph = qN
q dq sq The existence of different mechanism also causes the existence of diffe
rent models that can be used to determine the coefficient Nq (in the case of ra
nular soils. Caquot- Kerisel the compiled and obtained an averae curve that wou
ld be: N q = 103.04 as φ 'I you comare this exression with the results obtain
ed or oundations such as: φ 50 30 Nq Nq in ootings on iles 320 4200 18.4 56.
9
This means that or high values o φ 'di erences are an order o magnitude.
The other coe icients o the exression can be calculated in this case as: q =
1 + B as φ '= 1 + tan φ' ≅ 1.3 L
l dq = 1 + 2 as φ '(1 - without φ') 2 arctan = 1 + 2 as φ '(1 - without φ'
) 2 × 1.57 l φ = arctan arctan (∞) = 1.57 φ However, the exression:
H = qN q q γlN sq sq dq = dq is leadin to a linear increase with the depth of
the collapse pressure and this in fact is not observed. For dense sand, the pen
etration resistance (qc) is stabilized at 300 kp/cm2 to 5 m (20φ?) While in loos
e sand stabilization is achieved at 100 lb/in2. To overcome this di i-culty oth
er models have been roosed based least theoretically, such as:  = 5 N q as φ
't / m 2 or z> 20φ In this case, is there ore:  = min (q qN q dq, 5 N q as
φ ') N (  T) Nq Tye 20 Very loose sand 0-4 4-10 10-30 70 30 dro hal dense 30-
50 90> 50 150 Very dense
Finally, because the theory is di icult alication sought a more emirical a
roach that is written as:  = qc 4 N ≅ β β (1 <β <3)
qc (kp / cm 2) 4 N
≅ in which β is not constant: It increases with increasing qc
increases as the iameter of the pile
pp =
qc R p = β β





ipresistance accor ing to stan ar granular soil N E-CPI/77 wor s eventually m
ay e written as: pp = qc 1 + αBqc
______________________________________________
Point resist nce in Gr ves if there is gr vel b se nd gr nul r type not possi
ble to conduct the penetr tion test c n be t ken: cle n gr vel: Gr vel s nd to g
r vel cl y: kp/cm2 pp = 120 pp = 80 kp / pp = 50 cm2 kp/cm2
In ny c se it is dvis ble to flush the tip nd h ve minimum of 6φ both above
and below the level o suort. I only suorts  can be reduced to hal its
value calculation. Clay-oint resistance behavior o clays is more comlex than
that o granular materials due to ore ressures generated during jacking,€resha
ing may occur with consequent soil roerties change and consolidation rocesse
s can occur simultaneously. Usually works in total stresses. In so t clays (qu <
2.5 lb/in2) can be neglected the contribution o the ile ti as it is small com
ared to the contribution to be obtained rom the stem. imilar to as was done i
n arenas will start rom the general exression o BH in this case is undrained
conditions: H = cu N c sc dc + qN q dq sq actors in Nc and Nq are worth: Nq =
1 N c = π + 2 = 5.14 and orm actors can be calculated as: B as φ = 1 L NB 1 =
1.2 c = 1 + q = 1 + Nc L 14.05 q = 1 + and embedding actors: D dq = 1 + 2
as φ '(1 - no φ) 2 = 1 arctan B dc = dc - 1 - dq N c as φ = 1 + 2 D = 1 +
2π arctan ≅ 1.6 Nc B +2 2 π
D π → ∞ ⇒ D → B B 2 arctan
In conclusion it aears that the collase ressure er ti is:  = γ nl × 1 ×
1 × 1 + cu × 1.2 × 5.14 × 1.6 ≅ 9cu As you can see the end of overload is nelec
ted because all correction factors are unity in which case only ives q = γ l pr
actically equivalent to the weiht of its own pile. That is, the clay-point resi
stance is evaluated as: pp = 9cu If you have the simple compressive strenth and
resistance to penetration then this expression becomes: pp = 9cu = 4.5qu ≅ ≅ 0.
6qc qu qc 7.5
A special case screens which act as a foundation and whose point resistance is:
pp = 7.5cu 0.5qc qu = 3.75qu ≅ ≅ 7.5 qc
that have different coefficients was not included the form factor (a screen is s
imilar to a shoe run). Rock point resistance can be established in eneral expre
ssion of the point resistance accordin to the simple compressive strenth: D
pp = αq u
= 0.5
+ β qu 6φ  α = D 0.5 + β ≤ 1 6φ where the 
arameter β epen s on the type

of rock
y: Rock ype Granite porphyry Slate
 Lime
stone compact marly not har compact san stone compressive strength qu (l /in2)
150 80 40 100 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.8 β
Normally to achieve penetration

of the tip of the pile in the rock of support wi
ll require the use of
rills. If precast piling can also

use the tip of Oslo

con
sists of a narrow appen ix of the pile at its lower en in the form of nee le th
at can penetrate the rock.




Finally, if there is rock or har soil ut in a limite
thickness can
e assume
as a punching mechanism in the case of shallow foun ations (Hanna an Brown Mey
rhoff).
soft



har groun
1 Q 2 p = qu πφe being and the thickness o the hard layer, qu their resistance
to simle comression
12.3.3. ha t resistance. It was indicated that the burden o sha t sinking is c
alculated based on ressure by sha t sinking by: Q =  πφ ∫ dz
0 l
The ultimate sha t mechanism is well de ined as it takes lace in the ile-soil
inter ace. imly raise the status thus breaking, which in this case is the Mohr
-Coulomb, in that inter ace:  = σ τ = a + h 'as δ in which a is
he a
hesion,

δ is he angle of fric ion σh 'i  the horizontal effective tre  can be expre 
ed a : σh'
= Kσv
'=
Kγ'zy therefore is:
pf
=
σ
τ = a +
h' as δ
= a + Kγ 'z as δ
By using
his
con

i ion break is observe
ha he shaf
resis ance

increases


li
nearly

wi h ep h. This,

however,

is
no very



realis ic because he




pene rome er

o measure

(sleeve)

he shaf


resis

ance a

ep h
is observe ha


here is
s
a
abiliza ion an even wi
h
he bes
soil (
ense san
) never
excee s
he limi

va
lue

pf =
1kp/cm2 Since


bo

h
he poin resis ance as



he shaf
resis

ance wi h e
p h is
s abilize

hen

he ra io pp / pf is cons an a
a cer ain ep h. In gene
ral,
he shaf resis ance
in
granular
soils is higher
han in
cohesive
soils

bec
ause
he former are
base

on
he fric
ional

componen


(which


epen s on


he conf

inemen ), while
in
he la er he ul
ima e un raine


con i ions
imply ha
only

he

componen is
a hesion.
However, i is

usual

ha he shaf
is mobilize
san
li
le because

he poin


is well suppor e an he pile
si s low (low eformabi

li y of he soil in he en zone). Conversely, in clay, he bearing capaci y a



he ip is
low
an
he high groun
eforma


ion
(floa ing
piles) an
he runk is

mobilize
an
are

herefore


impor an
con ribu
ion of he pile
shaf


. Finally,
i shoul be no e
ha he componen
by shaf is very sensi ive

o he placing.
For example,€much ifference if he pile is kneeling or perfora e .

Shaf resis ance in san is par of he overall

con
i ion of
Mohr-Coulomb

break:

pf = σ τ =
a + h 'as
δ = a
+ Kγ' z as δ an hen
iscusses

he rela ive impor a
nce of

each erm: The erm a herence,
which is rela e o soil


cohesion

can


n
be
eglec

e in granular

soils.

The fric



ion angle δ correspon s o fric ion a he
in erface suelopilo e an is es ima e by: δ = φ 'in the case o iles o extrac
tion and the roughness o the ile with the ground can be good. δ = φ '/ 3, wher
e kneeling metal iles that are very smooth. δ = 2φ '/ 3 or kneeling on concret
e iles.
The thrust coe icient K is strongly in luenced by the manner o imlementation
o the iles: iles o extraction in the ield since it is decomressed to do th
e drilling and just ushing on the ile, Ka <K <K0. I you have to take would be
advisable to adot a value K = Ka would leave the side o sa ety. In dislaceme
nt iles since the site is comressed to drive the ile, K0 <K <K. I you have
to take would be advisable to adot a value K = K0 would leave the side o sa et
y. Tyical values o K Hincado drilled Loose sand dense Arena 1.0 0.25 2.5 0.7
-
In any case, already has said it is more likely to have in ormation enetrometer
riction angles. This means that you should estimate the sha t resistance based
on these results enetrometer. In this case: qc β 20 <β <200 pf = qc (kp / cm 2
) 4 N ≅

he varia le resistance
 increases


with β (see figure). Finally, the static penet

rometer is also a le to provi e irect information

on the
shaft resistance,

ie
irect measurement of pf. In any case is limite , as alrea y mentione , the value
of a kp/cm2.
pf =
qc R p = β β


Figure.

Shaft resistance in san . Shaft resistance in gravel in gravelSince it
is ifficult
 to perform penetration tests,
you can take the following enchmarks
: pf (l /in2) clean gravel (GW, GP) san y gravel (GS) or silty clay Gravas ( GC,
GM) 1 0.77 0.51


Stem resistance in clays Estimation of stem
resistance in clays is ifficult ec
ause of the generation

of pore pressures ue to low
permea ility, the reshaping

that may happen uring the execution of
the piles an the presence 
of consoli at
ion processes

in the area where installe . Practically it is a on resistance w
hich woul result in: Q f = πφ ∫ adz
0 l

ie,
they
assumed

that δ
= 0 which
correspon


s o he rup
ure of
he in erface in
un raine



con i ions.
A
herence

o epen
on

several fac ors an logically can
be

es ima e from he un raine shear s
reng h
cu soil.
A herence 0.5 (lb/in2)

0.4

0.3 0.2

smoo

h Pilo e 0.1
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0.7 0.8 0.9 1 un raine shear s reng h (lb/in2) Pilo e rough

A hesion accor ing o
he un raine shear s reng h This in ica es ha one possi
ble way of assessing a herence may be: pf = a = β cu As shown in the accompanyin
g figure

β is
practically equal to unity for soft clays (Cu <0.3
kp/cm2) while g
oing ecline as resistance increases coming to enforce the or er of 0.2. Kerise



l propose the following expression for the etermination of α: β =
2 1 + 2 1 + 7 cu cu
(Cu in kp / cm 2)


Finally, it is convenient to express the shaft resistance
 ase on resistance to
penetration, in which case:
 pf = a = β w = β su ject always to the limitation o
f 1kp/cm2. qu q ≅ β c Fe ruary 15
p f = β w = β qu / 2 ≅ β qc / 15


Stem

resistance in clays. Finally, we must make a series of  recommen ations rega
r ing the
evaluation of the shaft
resistance may apply to e on the security:
 Wh
ere to fin
very soft clay layers eep, the shaft resistance which are a ove
can
not


excee

three times the soft layer. In the case of granular
 layers foun int
er e e clays, the shaft resistance of granular layers
may e higher than two  t
imes

that
of the clay layers. In
 layers of clay with me ium consistency

must e
epreciate or a ove 2 meters a ove the contact with the groun surface.
-
-


Shaft resistance in rock is generally

not necessary to consi er  the shaft


in roc
k layers as they want for a rock e ge support. If a case must e consi ere : pf
= 1 qu 20



12.3.4. Formulas jacking jacking

formulas
 are use primarily
to control changes


uring the execution groun ,
possi le rupture of
the pile
uring jacking, etect
ion firm layer of support an , in general,€groun control uring execution
H: height of fall of the hammer weight g Pm = Mm

δ: rejection, m / low


 
he work evelope y Pm weight falling from a height H can e written as: H ηPm
ttotal being η = coefficient of energy losses, ie not all t e potentialenergy 
gets transformed into work. It also is designated as system performance it.  T i
s work is consumed: inelastic collision
 losses, work / energy consumed
 in te ja
cking and elastic deformation


of t e pile and ot

er elements.

T e fall


of t e
a
mmer causes some δ pilo sea . The collapse loa of he pile can be e ermine a
s: H Qh = Pm Pm Pm + Pp × δ

Demo: Mp:
Mm: vi: vp: vm:
mass
of he pile,
mass of he
club, ini
ial
veloci y o

f each of he
hub, veloci y of he pile af er being bea en, spee of he club af
er being bea en

The equa
ions o solve
he problem are hose of he
heory of collisions,

ie
he
conserva ion of momen um: M m M m vi = vm + M pvpy he conserva ion of kine ic
energy:
1
1
1
2
Eo - E f
= M m vi2
- vm + M
m M p 2 pv
2 2 2 expressio

n ha may ake ifferen

values in erms

of consi ering elas ic collision (wi h
bounce) or inelas ic (no bounce): Elas ic collision:
Eo - E f = 0 1 1 February 1 February 2 M m vi = M + M mvm pvp 2
2 2 2 vi M m Mm + M vp = p

Shock inelas ic (no bounce): (vi = vp) MVI M = (M m + M p) vp vp = vi M m Mm + M

p
Eo - E f = 1 1 = M m vi2 - (M p + M m) v 2 = p 2 2 Mp 1 = M m
M p + Mm vi2 2









In reali y here is an in erme ia e si ua ion can be expresse as:
Eo - E f = 1 M m vi2 (- ρ 2) = Tchoque 1 M 2 p + Mp Mm
co esponding to the elastic case when ρ = 1 and the case is not elastic (withou
t bouncing) when ρ = 0. The coefficient ρ is called the coefficient of pe cussio
n. Fi st wo k will equal the initial ene gy available: ηPm ttotal = H = 1 M m =
Eo 2 vi2

allowing write t e energy loss as:
Eo - E f = Mp M p + Mm (ηPm H) (- ρ 2) = Tchoque 1
On the othe  hand, you can w ite two mo e of total labo  cont ibutions, which a 
e jacking the pile: Elastic defo mation of the pile itself: a Telastico δQh Thin
Can = δ e 2 = Qh

Finally,

he equa ion of conserva

ion of he o al work is: o al = Tchoque + +
Telás ico ThinCan in which i replaces: ηPm H = (ηPm H) M p 1 - p ρ2 Mm + M
(
) + 1 Q + δ Q δ
h
2


an
h

af er some algebraic

ransforma

ion lea s o: Pp Pm Pm
+
ρ 2 × 1
H Qh
= Pm
+ Pp
δ
+ δe 2 which lea s o
he final
formula if we
neglec he elas ic eforma ion
an percussion is comple ely plas ic (no reboun ) Qh H = Pm × Pm Pm + Pp δ

Loa

es ing

of responsibili

y
in cases where
require

guaran ees excep

ional
is
a
visable



o perform loa

es s

on piles

cons ruc
e . These can be es

ruc ive
an non es ruc ive. In he firs case, he informa ion is more comple e. _______
________________________________

12.4. Pilo
group.

COLLAPSE
LOAD piles usually groupe o form
foun
a ions o
wh
ich was main aine

hrough
he pile

caps.
The pile
caps
is a
s ruc ural
elemen
whose mission



is
o ransmi loa s o he piles



an

he groun .
In fac , his

sup
por o he fiel
will
be weak
or nonexis


en ue o he high s iffness


of
he p
iles. The
separa


ion be

ween he s

il s
is a key variable for
bo h he fiel beh
avior

for he is ribu ion of loa s in he group. This separa ion s is usually i
n he range of 2.5φ to 4φ. In iles driven into sands have seen an imrovement i
n the sag resistance due to comaction o soil in the vicinity o the grou. The
maximum e ect was observed or s = 3.5φ. For much higher values (s>> 3.5φ) il
es behave as isolated and imroving the e ect will be negligible grou. For muc
h lower values (s ≅ 2φ) is little soil between iles and lost e iciency. Corres
ond to maximum e ect:
i Qhgruo = 1.25Σ Qh
As in ractice it is di icult to ensure that e iciency is o ten taken:
Qh = Σ i Qhgruo
In the case o iles o sand extraction on land decomression may lead to a decr
ease in stem resistance, which would evaluate the collase load o the grou as:
i Qhgruo = 0.7Σ Qh
2φ ≤ s ≤ 4φ
In clay soils, regardless o the manner o imlementation, there is reshaing th
e clay which o ten reduce the e iciency o the grou o iles. Tyically it can
be exressed as:

i Qhgruo = ηΣ Q
  
w ere η is called t e coefficient of efficiency.€T is coefficient can be calcula
ted as (coefficient group from Los Angeles)
β m (n - 1) + n (m - 1) + 2 (m - 1) (n - 1) η = 1 - π β mn = arctg (
φ) 2s
where m is the number o iles er row and n is the number o iles er column o
the grou. In the case o clays, or small searations (s <2φ) should not be r
uled out ossible ruture o the grou collectively as i it were a semi-dee o
undation. In this case can be reached at:
i Qhgruo <0.65Σ Qh
which normally require a calculation assuming ruture ressures global collase
o the set (with a ground sur ace oundation o the grou and embedding equal to
the deth o the iles).
In the case o grous o iles in rock small searations can reach u to s = 1.5
φ without reducing the burdens o collase. Analysis o ile grous by blocks eq
uivalent in some secial cases (mentioned the case o grou o iles in clay wit
h small searations) you can break a global mechanism o the grou o iles. Nor
mally, this situation imlies the need or additional testing or the ossible c
ollase. These indings have oints in common with the indings raised in shallo
w oundations. Here are some o these cases: dee so t layers above and below th
e hard layer o small thickness: A grou o iles with ti in the hard layer can
cause damage by uncturing o the hard layer. This creates a hard unch in the
layer can transmit stress to the so t layers with an angle o 30o in the case o
rock or granular and 10th sot in the case o clays.
-
Floating iles layer harder than so ter dee: it can transmit the tension to the
so t layers with di erent levels starting 5φ above the lane o suort o the
iles in the case o sand (increased contribution rom the ti) or 1 / 3 l rom
that level o suort in the case o clays (increased contribution rom the ste
m).
In general, the con inement is very high (q = γ l) with the result that these me
chanisms are unlikely.
12.5. DISTRIBUTION OF CHARGES IN GROUPS OF PILES Once we have obtained the colla
pse load of a pile roup can set the followin condition for testin security: F
S hun ent = dim V Qhrupo
where V is the vertical load transmitted to the roup structure of piles. We can
assume further that each pile, in-service, will receive: Vi = V n
where n is the number of piles in the roup. These two expressions are not valid
if the roup of piles must support small horizontal forces and moments. Both r
oups have vertical components actin on a roup of piles. These components are d
ifferent in each pile of the roup, bein able to invest the total effort on a v
ertical pile (pile pulled). To obtain the distribution of vertical loads caused
by a eneral system of stresses: V, M, M can be done in several ways: Dispense w
ith the land and consider the union of the piles with pile caps is articulated R
eplace the reactions of land for a fixed located at a certain depth l 'depends o
n the deformability of the soil and piles. Solvin the correspondin portal. Con
sider that the piles are within a continuum.
-
Incorporation of times the articulated joint is assumed between the piles and pi
le caps. V is supposed to act, Mx, My and thus, assumin a linear distribution o
f stresses, can be written as:
σ =
ΣA
V
+
i
M and M x yi xi + Ix Iy
whe e: I x 2 = Σ j I Aj and y = Σ j Aj x2
and in the same a eas if at all piles is:
Vi = V M and M x i + xi + 2 Σ Σ xi2 yi n
fo  obtaining the load on each pile. In pa ticula , the pile mo e loaded and les
s loaded.
It is impo tant to the least loaded pile is not in tension. In case you a e in t
ension, the sepa ation can be va ied to p event o  put mo e weight on the pile c
aps.
Inco po ation of ho izontal fo ces esolution of a ecessed po ch and hype stati
c subjected to a ho izontal st ess H leads to the following effo ts ho izontal a
nd ve tical moments: H = H xi yi = Vi =
H
Hx n Hy n M yi + xH
M i = M = M y / xi xi
Xi H l '2 H i l' 2
M and H = Σ i M M M xH = Σ xi
Σy
2 i
Σx
2 i
Both ve tical fo ces and moments should be added to those p eviously calculated.
o that in total the following occu s ve tical load on each pile:
Vi =
HVM yxi xyi M M M xH yi and xi + + + + Σ Σ x i2 x i2 n Σ and Σ and i2 i2
In this case of ho izontal fo ces, the dete mination of l 'can be done by wo ds
such as: l' = 1.Feb ua y 4 l '= 1.2 f being Eo / El 0 0.5 1.0 7.1 25.1 1.0 f Ep
I p E / 3
4
fo  clays to sands
Ep I p The / 3
Whe e Eo is the module f om the g ound up and the field is the magnitude of tip.
____________________________
Finally, ega ding the cha ge dist ibution in g oups of piles a e going to make
comments o  ecommendations: The safety facto  to the collapse of a g oup can be
established jointly, in which case it may be that the mo e heavily loaded piles
b eak app oaching . Typically it can be conside ed a safety facto  somewhat les
s fo  individual testing of the pile mo e loaded. If the ve ification is done on
the pile sinking mo e loaded, you can ensu e that the global is also t ue. Addi
tionally you have to check the load on the pile less loaded and ve ify that is n
ot unde  tension. If you d ive can do the following: What is the o de  of the we
ight of the pile than the pilot does not sta t (only cont ibution shaft and with
the same safety facto  to the collapse). Inc ease the weight of the pile caps I
mp ove ine tia of inc easing sepa ation.
-
The NTE conside s some small g oups of two, th ee o  fou  piles. As the findings
desc ibed in this standa d a e based on a gene al exp ession and the use of an
equivalent time, then use the following: a pile G oup: Mx = My = 0 G oup 2 piles
: Mx = 0, My ≠ 0 G oup 4 piles: Mx ≠ 0, ≠ 0 My Meq Meq = My = Mx + My G oup 3 pi
les: Mx ≤ 1.75 My Meq = 1.75m
12.6. CHECK  AND ERVICE IN RUPTURE collapse Loading: tate of failu e of the st
uctu e. You must ensu e that we each this situation both globally and locally.
Unce tainty: the e is unce tainty in both loads and esistance. In an assessmen
t cha ges on the side of safety. Can be estimated highe . The unce tainty is es
istance to the behavio  of the g ound and the pile. If the model is mo e eliabl
e used can educe the safety facto . afety facto : Its main task is to emove t
he behavio  of the ultimate st uctu e of the state so that the e is a sufficient
ma gin against possible loading conditions not fo eseen in the p oject. Additio
nally, the safety facto  can cove  inaccu acies in the models used. F  = F  Qh Q
o  Vmax = h Qadm
No mally the value of F  = 3 is a efe ence value but can va y depending on seve
al facto s. Fo  example, t aditionally the estimated collapse load by jacking f
o mulas has been associated with a safety facto  of a ound 6. eating: With the
wo kload o  admissible (medium load) seats can be calculated eithe  by empi ical
exp essions, tables, o  methods based on the st ess - st ain behavio  of soil.
teps to calculate a g oup of piles. It attempts to identify the va iables: n, φ
, s, l 1. Choose a grou o iles (n) 2. Calculate Vi (s), that is, the more loa
ded ile grou 3. We take s = 2.5 φ 4. Check that saw ≤ you attemt to determine
φ. I it is considered too large should be back to 1. 5. Check F  = Qh / saw wh
at determines l. Considering the long iles are too many must return to 1. Note:
column iles, the length l is a given. tructure o a ile ca: It's the ermis
sible load o the ile and concrete structure. Te = 0.25σ 0.40σ concrete + teel
Ahormigon Aacero 0.25σhormigon ≤ 750 t / m 2 in preca t pile  0.25σhormigon ≤ 6
00 t / m 2 on tilt  performed in itu Aacero ≅ 0 ______________________________
_____
Seat  in pile  i  very difficult to determine the eat  by imple calculation. T
he mo t appropriate load te ting, which can be very co tly. The pilot eat i  fo
r two term , a deformation of the pile it elf and a deformation of the ground. T
he verification of eat  i  unnece ary column on rock pile  in den e and  and
hard clay . The deformation of the pile can be determined a :  = ∫
0 l
Vl σ dz = E AE
On the other hand, there are empirical expre ion  for the calculation can be fo
und in the literature. Floating in pile  can u e the olution  given by Mindlin
ela tic. Finally, it may be convenient, yet ea y to do, calculate the entrie  of
a group of pile  a  if it were a foundation equivalent. Thi  may be upported a
t an equivalent footing depth (2 / 3) l and urface of the group of pile .
12.7. SPECIAL SOLICITATIONS are olicitation  that may occur eventually and be v
ery detrimental to the behavior of pile . Negative friction i  cau ed by ground
con olidation,€eg natural con olidation (ie by weight) of a loo ely packed filli
ng E ling. Con olidation cau ed by an embankment: road embankment reache  bridg
e i  anchored by pile . Con olidation induced variation of groundwater level cha
nge  induced con olidation of oil tructure (clay thixotropic) cau ed by the ve
ry driving of the pile . Negative friction load  terrreno horizontal lateral thr
u t  Buckling Drive
The land i  hung from the pile a  it doe  not allow the relative di placement in
the contact. If the pile wa  very mooth, the re ult would be that hi  head wou
ld be outgoing. Ideal behavior of the oil-pile interface:
Shear tre 
Di placement
By increa ing the di placement on the hear tre  increa e  to a limit value wh
ich i  the haft re i tance. From thi  point remain  con tant. If ub equently t
he relative di placement begin  to decrea e, then the hear tre  decrea e . Ev
entually, you could inve t your ign and then the tem begin  to load on the pil
e. Thi  effect ha  the ame po itive limit. It reache  a value that remain  even
with
de cenciendo relative di placement. Finally, when the relative di placement incr
ea e  again (for pile load), the hear tre  ro e again and again to change the
ign to be po itive again. Ca e  of pile  with negative friction pile  affected
by column: The negative friction may develop around the haft and the tip i  a
upport with very little ability to move:
Act po itive hear tre e . At fir t increa e  by increa ing the vertical tre 
 z. Then decrea e  to decrea e the relative di placement

τ = a + σ 'h a  δ

Law nega

ive

shear

s resses.
A firs

increases

by increasing


he
ver ical
ensi
on
za espi

e he higher

rela ive isplacemen . Then ecreases o ecrease he r
ela ive isplacemen

The ransi ion from he s a us of posi ive fric ion o nega ive fric ion occurs
as follows:
+ +
-

Floa

ing

piles:


floa ing in


piles
is no possible,

by

force balance,



nega

ive fr
ic ion ha evelops aroun he s em. In fac , when his effec s ar s o appear


a he
op, he pile si s.
This is
always a par y wi h
a posi ive fric
ion
allo
ws
a
cer ain
bearing

capaci

y. Even ually you can reach he

sink. On he o her h
an , he sea s o reach he new equilibrium can be unaccep able.
-
+

In

he upper
zone


(above
he neu
ral poin ) is an increase

ue o higher normal
s
resses wi h
ep h. Aroun
neu ral
behavior

is elas

ic.
In he
lower, increasin

g he
normal s ress

is offse

by he

ecrease
in he rela ive isplacemen o re
ach
he area
of
he
poin
. The
nega
ive

fric ion is harmful
because: The
collaps

e loa is re uce he s ress s a e of he pile increase by increasing he sea

Physically i can
be
assume

ha
he behavior
of he
pile soil in erface behave
s similarly posi

ive ue o
fric ion
in fric ion nega ive.
Therefore,


granular
s
oil is
calcula e
as a fric ional

erm
while clay

is a
erm
bon
ra
e.
The fric
ional



s ress
can
evelop grea er


han he bon .
While i is rue
ha
he uncons

oli

a e san , i can

happen
ha a
layer of san on a

clay Han

ily no consoli


a e cause

very nega ive effec
s
on he pile. The nega
ive fric ion can
be re
uce
in he following


ways: Re uce
he number
of piles

bu have a

larger
iame er.
Increases
he

ra io area / perime er. Broa ening he base of he pile o allow m
ore loa ing ip.
-

Lubrica e he shaf . Avoi consoli a ion.

The
nega ive
fric
ion
affec s he con i ion
of collapse,


he s ruc ural s op an
sea s. Accor ing o he NTE collapse loa is calcula e as: Qh = Q p + Q f - R2
Qh = Q p + Q f - Q R1 p <3Q Q f p> f 3Q












The

nega ive fric ion mus also be a e o check he more
concre
e
sec ion

loa
e in compression:

+ Ri ≤ Vmax you

maximum values of
R1 an
R2 epen on he pil
e.
Column

is

he maximum value




i self

is normally


em resis ance
has
s
been


calcu

la

e . Floa

ing on

s il s


ha resis ance

is

re uce

by half

shaf o no e ha
he pile se le uring he evelopmen of he nega ive fric ion.
CALCULATION

OF THE LOAD
WHEN HUNDIMIENDO
PRODUCE

NEGATIVE
FRICTION

Sea:

Qh
= Q p
+
Q f he collapse
loa of a
pile
(con ribu
ion by con
ribu ion


by s em ip.) E
ven

ually Qf can be ecompose in o several erms accor ing o he layers crosse
.€For example: Q f = Q f 1 Q f × l1 + l2 + 2 × 3 × Q f + Q f l3 l4 4 ×

Piles column: Lan consoli a ion he bole s ra ifie layers 1 an 2 ( he upper).

Qh = Q p - Q × f 1 l1 - l2 Q × f 2 f 3 + Q + Q × f l3 l4 4 ×

Floa ing piles: Lan consoli a ion he bole s ra ifie layers 1 an 2 (

he upper

): 1 1 Qh = - Q
× f 1 l1 - l2 Q ×
f
2 f 3 + Q + Q × f l3 l4 4 ×
2 2 con ribu
ion
is

negligible

ip. Reason
for re
uc ion of
(half): by varying he pile si s Qf
an can no mobilize all he nega ive fric ion.

Floa ing
piles: Lo homogeneous

consoli
a ion in
he shaf
. We
assume
ha he
s
hear s resses are reverse in l / 3 an are wor h half he shaf
resis ance
in
he area,

ie
Qf Qh = l1 l ×
(l -)
- Qf ×
32 3 reasons:
by
varying he pile si s Q
f an
can no
mobilize
all
he s em
nega ive fric ion.

I also seeks an equilibr

ium wi h posi ive an nega ive fric ion. The propose scheme is equivalen o: l
l 1 Qh = Q f l × - - Q = Q f × f 3 3 2 l l = Qf = Qf × l × -
× Qf 2 2 × ll l - - = March 6