Celeste Duque

2004-2005
Pregnancy & Parenting
Pregnancy transcends the moment of conception as the Maternity transcends the mo
ment of birth.
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More than events with different temporal durations, Pregnancy and Motherhood are
processes. From the psychological point of view are dynamic processes of constr
uction and development.
5 CLE - Psychology V
2
Pregnancy & Parenting
[Cont.]
The fact that a woman is pregnant does not automatically ensure that it can adap
t to the fundamental necessity of realization of maternal tasks.
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5 CLE - Psychology V
3
Pregnancy & Parenting
[Cont.]
Pregnancy & Parenting are distinct realities, both organic and psychological ter
ms. And, also, may not be coincidental.
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5 CLE - Psychology V
4
Pregnancy & Parenting
[Cont.]
The Maternity implies that most of you want to have a child, if you wish, above
all, be a mother.
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5 CLE - Psychology V
5
Pregnancy & Parenting
[Cont.]
When it checks for a proposed adaptive maternity, pregnancy becomes a time that
allows the woman's psychological preparation for motherhood.
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5 CLE - Psychology V
6
Pregnancy & Parenting
[Cont.]
Then allows:
Test papers and maternal tasks, in terms of cognitive (beliefs, information); St
art the restructuring process of emotional relationships to include the new memb
er (in the family);
5 CLE - Psychology V 7
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Pregnancy & Parenting
[Cont.]
Incorporate the new presence (son) as their own identity, separate from itself;
Learning to accept him and love him as a unique person with needs, desires and l
ife itself.
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5 CLE - Psychology V
8
Pregnancy & Parenting
[Cont.]
And this, although, at first, and given the huge physical immaturity of this new
being, requiring a relationship of great dependency on adults, for reasons of s
urvival.
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Index
1. Motherhood as a stage of psychological development
The concept of crisis in psychological development pregnancy as a crisis in the
life cycle of women
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5 CLE - Psychology V
10
Pregnancy
Importance of multidisciplinary teams:
The psychologist should capture the emotional nuances and its manifestations at
intra-and interpersonal, and help the obstetrician and nurses to deepen their un
derstanding of the dynamic operation of the 5th CLE Psychology V-11 pregnant as
a whole 27/04/2008
Pregnancy
[Cont.]
The technological revolution of Obstetrics allows the realization of a pre and p
erinatal increasingly sophisticated, reducing to a minimum the risks of maternal
and fetus.
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Pregnancy
[Cont.]
The technological revolution of Obstetrics ends, however, a serious error:
resulted in a profound dissociation between somatic and emotional aspects in cli
nical care, whose conventional routine, both during pregnancy and childbirth and
postpartum, rarely meets CLE 5 - Psychology V needs 27/04/2008
13
Pregnancy
[Cont.]
During pregnancy iniciamse:
the formation of mother-child bond and the restructuring of the communication ne
twork of the family:
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Starting point of a new dynamic equilibrium in the unit 5 CLE - Psychology V fam
ily.
14
Pregnancy
[Cont.]
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It is without doubt a moment that deserves the confluence of prevention efforts
on the part of obstetricians, nurses and psychologists resulting in a more compr
ehensive and satisfactory care for the physical and emotional health of the woma
n and her child.
5 CLE - Psychology V
15
Maternity
Motherhood is a fundamental existential moment in the life cycle of women. Can p
rovide women the opportunity to reach new levels of integration and growth (deve
lopment) of personality.
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5 CLE - Psychology V
17
Psychological Perspectives
Contributions of Psychoanalysis
This theoretical orientation is still today considered the most important becaus
e it provides a very thorough clinical explanation of how it is personality deve
lopment, although it is subject of bitter criticism, given the great importance
5th CLE Psychology given by V 4/27/2008 -Sigmund Freud to
18
Psychological Perspectives [cont.]
Contributions from Developmental Psychology The trend of Developmental Psycholog
y in which authors are included as Caplan (1967), Erikson (1959), Bibring (1961)
is to conceive of psychological development as a continuum that extends beyond
adolescence, marked in periods of crisis, which represent true turning points in
emotional growth and determine, 5-in some way, the state CLE Psychology V 19
27/04/2008
Psychological Perspectives [cont.]
Contributions of developmental psychology Which is to say that psychologically t
he individual does not cease to grow, so there is always the possibility of rest
ructuring, changes and reinstatements of personality.
27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 20
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5 CLE - Psychology V
21
Life cycle of women
May be regarded as three great moments or critical phases in the life cycle of w
omen, which constitute true stages of personality development and have some comm
on points: Adolescent Pregnancy May 22 Climacteric 27/04/2008 CLE - Psychology V
Life cycle of women
[Cont.]
These three periods have in common the fact that they are: periods of tension bi
ologically determined, are characterized by complex metabolic changes, they are
a temporary state of unstable equilibrium.
27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 23
Life cycle of women
[Cont.]
A temporary state of unstable equilibrium:
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arising from the prospect of major changes involved in aspects of: social role,
the need for further adjustments, readjustments interpersonal and intra and 5 of
identity. 24 CLE change - Psychology V
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5 CLE - Psychology V
25
Concept of Crisis
Concept of crisis in psychological development: G. Caplan (1963), believes that
the crisis can be defined as a period of temporary disruption of the functioning
of an open system, precipitated by circumstances beyond the transitional capaci
dadesPsicologiasistema para26 V 5 CLE 04/27/2008
Concept of Crisis
[Cont.]
Concept of crisis in psychological development: Rapoport (1965), believes that t
he crisis can be defined very simply as a temporary disturbance of a steady stat
e.
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5 CLE - Psychology V
27
Concept of Crisis
[Cont.]
The word crisis was initially used by Caplan and Lindemann to designate uum indi
vidual reactions to traumatic events such as sudden death of a loved one, birth
of a premature fulham, unexpected unemployment, etc.. (Unforeseen crises). Psych
ology V 28 5 CLE 27/04/2008
Concept of Crisis
[Cont.]
The same term was used by Eric Erikson to describe the various stages of normal
psychological development, such as puberty, marriage, pregnancy, menopause (pred
ictable crises).
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5 CLE - Psychology V
29
Concept of Crisis
[Cont.]
Thus, the term crisis can be used for both used when referring to periods of tra
nsition as the unexpected inherent in the development.
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5 CLE - Psychology V
30
Concept of Crisis
[Cont.]
A crisis can be driven by internal changes:
normal developmental crises, diseases or trauma;
or External:
loss or threatened loss of a source of security and satisfaction, build up of te
nsions that threaten to upset the balance of the functional adaptive mechanisms
of the ego.
5 CLE - Psychology V 31
27/04/2008
Concept of Crisis
[Cont.]
Crisis always involves a temporary weakening of the basic structure of the ego,
so that the individual can not use their usual methods of solving problems and,
as such, require the mobilization of adaptive mechanisms of the ego in order to
find new answers 5th CLE - Psychology V 32
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Concept of Crisis
[Cont.]
The strategy used by individuals to overcome their crisis 'existential' can be h
ealthy or unhealthy:
forcing the individual to experience an "improvement" (new level of integration
and maturity of personality) or "worse" (higher degree of disintegration, disorg
anization, and V 5 CLE - Psychology 27/04/2008
33
Concept of Crisis
[Cont.]
Moments or periods of crisis is precisely why, at the same time, moments of oppo
rtunity and danger, are true crossroads in terms of mental health.
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5 CLE - Psychology V
34
Concept of Crisis
[Cont.]
The subject in crisis tends to more easily accept the help that is offered. Bein
g a temporary period of unstable equilibrium, in search of new solutions, this m
eans that the person becomes more sensitive and vulnerable 27/04/2008, 5 CLE - P
sychology V but also more
35
Concept of Crisis
[Cont.]
In general it is easier to help someone in crisis than someone who is in periods
of stable equilibrium, when the defense mechanism and adaptation are more highl
y structured, leading to a greater hesitancy to deal with change. Have a person
in crisis, has no choice, there is no other alternative than to accept the May 3
6 and help change efectuarCLEasPsicologia V 04/27/2008
Concept of Crisis
[Cont.]
Caplan and his team (1964) concluded,€from their clinical experience in "crisis
intervention" that:
You can help anyone overcome a crisis well, regardless of
5 CLE - Psychology V
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37
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5 CLE - Psychology V
38
Pregnancy as a Crisis Situation
Pregnancy has many characteristics of a crisis situation, which is part of a nor
mal process of development.
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Involves: Need for restructuring and readjustment to the level of several dimens
ions: As it happens at puberty, there is a change of identity and a new definiti
on of roles (the woman comes to see itself and be seen in a totally Psychology V
form 5 CLE 39
Pregnancy as a Crisis Situation
[Cont.]
Case of primipara
If parity
Pregnant is the role of wife (or partner) to the role of mother. Here too there
is a certain change of role: Being a mother of a child is not the same as being
a mother of two or more children ...
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What is happening is that the arrival of another child requires the change of co
mposition of family network intercommunication.
5 CLE - Psychology V
40
Parenthood as Crisis Situation
[Cont.]
Obviously the process of changing identity and role also exists at the level of
the husband. Also parenthood should be considered as a critical level of emotion
al development of man.
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5 CLE - Psychology V
42
Redefining Roles
The woman may have played beyond the role of wife, until then, the role of "moth
er" or "daughter" of her husband. When do you expect your own child has to adapt
to this new role - being a mother of that child.
27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 43
Redefining Roles
[Cont.]
This new definition of roles is, often, to revive the old relationship conflicts
.
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5 CLE - Psychology V
44
Redefining Roles
[Cont.]
The wife or husband may:
Want to be better parents than their parents being unable to compete with them f
ace the baby as a younger brother and as such compete for the affection of the f
ather or mother, competing for the affection of the baby, etc ...
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5 CLE - Psychology V
46
Socioeconomic factors
The complexity of the changes caused by the arrival of a baby are not limited to
psychological and biochemical variables. There are still considering changes in
the level of socio-economic factors.
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Socioeconomic factors
[Cont.]
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We live in a materialistic society in which the woman contributes her salary to
the household income, usually working out, and cultivates diverse interest: prof
essional study, career, social, cultural, CLE 48 5 - Psychology V
Socioeconomic factors
[Cont.]
The fact that an expected child entails consequences in the short, medium and lo
ng term. Privations are real emotional or economic: They increase the tension, i
ntensified regression and ambivalence.
27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 49
Socioeconomic factors
[Cont.]
Concern for the future: Increases the needs of pregnant and increase the frustra
tion this causes, as a result, feelings of anger and resentment that prevent it
from finding gratification in gravidez.5 of CLE - Psychology V 50 4/27/2008
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5 CLE - Psychology V
51
New Levels of Integration
Another feature: It represents an opportunity to reach new levels:
Integration, Maturity, and Expansion
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personality - both women and men. Or adopt a solution that predominate the patho
logical level of the mother-baby. 5 CLE - Psychology V 52
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5 CLE - Psychology V
53
Mother-Baby
Mother-baby healthy: It implies, in general, understand and meet adequately the
needs of the baby, the baby is seen as being separate and not confused with the
symbiotic mother.
27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 54
Mother-Baby
[Cont.]
Materno-filial pathological or diseased: The mother is unable to perceive and th
erefore to meet adequately the needs of the baby, the baby symbiotically confuse
d with the mother (mother and baby are one and the same person).
27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 55
Mother-Baby
[Cont.]
Mother-baby pathological or unhealthy is characterized also by the expectation t
hat: the baby meets certain neurotic needs of the mother as, for example:
avoid loneliness, to satisfy her need for affection; Make her feel useful.
27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 56
Mother-Baby
[Cont.]
Or, the baby represents, symbolically, a diseased part of the mother, this is of
ten the underlying dynamics of:
endless trips to doctors with a request to find out "what's wrong with the baby,
" when it is perfectly healthy.
5 CLE - Psychology V
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57
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5 CLE - Psychology V
58
Marriage & Pregnancy
Pregnancy can:
lead to greater levels of integration and deepening the relationship of the coup
le;
But on the other
First, you can:
break a fragile structure and neurotically balanced.
27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 59
Marriage & Pregnancy
[Cont.]
The woman who:
Want to delete the husband of her life could not go beyond the stage of infantil
e dependence in relation to his own mother; If you feel inferior because of bein
g a woman;
pregnancy may constitute a threat:
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marriage, or
5 CLE - Psychology V
60
Marriage & Pregnancy
[Cont.]
For the man who:
Feel intense jealousy of the unborn child, and felt in relation to younger sibli
ngs; Envy personal or professional success (in terms of family or social) of wom
en, etc ...
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5 CLE - Psychology V
62
Pregnancy and Regression
Dominated
Hypersomnia; Voracity; Protection.
The oral characteristics
that indicate a basic identification of pregnant towards the fetus.
27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 63
Pregnancy and Regression
[Cont.]
This identification countdown reached its climax, according to Otto Rank (1929),
in the very process of delivery,
when the mother relives the trauma of his birth.
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5 CLE - Psychology V
64
Pregnancy and Regression
[Cont.]
Here the regression is not necessarily a pathological process. Instead, it can b
e part of the movement itself of the development process.
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5 CLE - Psychology V
65
Pregnancy and Regression
[Cont.]
Anna Freud (1965) sees the development as a temporary set of regressions
The disease is characterized by permanent regressions.
and progressions, using the model of the spiral
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5 CLE - Psychology V
66
Pregnancy and Regression
[Cont.]
This model is also implicit in the theory of crisis:
To achieve a new level of personality organization - progression; You must go th
rough a period of relative disorganization - regression.
27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 67
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5 CLE - Psychology V
68
Crisis pregnancy as
[Cont.]
Locate the pregnancy period as a crisis situation, obviously not to say that
The critical period ends with the delivery; Much of the maturational changes occ
ur postpartum.
27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 69
Crisis pregnancy as
The puerperium should be considered:
The continuation of the critical situation. Implies new changes:
[Cont.]
Consolidation of the physiological relationship mãebebé
And big changes:
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Routines 5 CLE -
Psychology V
70
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5 CLE - Psychology V
71
System Family
To emphasize that the birth of a child is a family experience.
To provide an effective prenatal care is necessary not only support the "pregnan
t woman" but "family pregnant."
27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 72
System Family
[Cont.]
One can consider that the family system as a whole, is composed of several subsy
stems that interact continuously among themselves.
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5 CLE - Psychology V
73
System Family
[Cont.]
Howells (1972) considers the family as "a body that has a complete unit itself.
As an individual, the family is also:
an organized system, with a peculiar structure, communication channels and 5 ele
ments CLE - Psychology V characteristic.
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74
System Family
[Cont.]
Any event that occurs with part of this system affects the whole system. Therefo
re, pregnancy is an experience that belongs to the family as a whole.
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5 CLE - Psychology V
75
System Family
[Cont.]
Even in a family composed of father, mother and son
subsystems never represent a true dyad, since from the moment it learns of the p
regnancy and until the first weeks after delivery when the mother-infant interac
tion is extremely close, the husband-father participates actively forming truly
a family triad.
5 CLE - Psychology V
27/04/2008
76
System Family
For example:
[Cont.]
The man will react to the needs for greater protection and care that a woman wil
l have to assume a protective role in living with her fears and anxieties relate
d to childbirth and the postpartum period a portion to her the task of caring fo
r the baby, she Experience with expectations and fantasies about the baby and th
e same time that it produces within 5 CLE 77 04/27/2008 themselves their relatio
nship PsicologiaaV child. with
System Family
[Cont.]
This first triad family continues to remain stable, in that there is only one ch
ild.€With the coming of each new child the whole composition of the network int
ercommunication family becomes, as they add new subsystems that act dynamically
between 5 CLE - Psychology V 78 itself. 27/04/2008
System Family
[Cont.]
It is unfortunate that most research on the psychological aspects of pregnancy a
nd childbirth are basically focus:
on ways of experiencing pregnancy.
27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 79
changes in women's and devote little attention to fatherhood, as critical and in
ter-influence of the couple
System Family
[Cont.]
The reactions (attitudes and behavior) of man in relation to pregnant women grea
tly influences their
acceptance or rejection of pregnancy such as how will experience a whole range o
f other changes (eg, CLE Psychology of the V alterações5 - 27/04/2008 scheme
80
System Family
[Cont.]
The attitudes of women in relation to her husband, will also influence the man i
n particular:
Encouraging him to participate to the fullest during and after pregnancy. Contri
butes greatly to lessen or intensify the 5th of abandonment, feelings ciúmes81
CLE - Psychology V 27/04/2008
System Family
[Cont.]
Never be over-emphasized the interactions of the entire family unit in that each
member of this unit undergoes significant changes under the impact of pregnancy
.
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5 CLE - Psychology V
82