Electromagnetic Scattering by a Wedge with

Anisotropic Impedance Faces

Giuseppe Pelosi, Giuliano Manara, and Paolo Nepa
Department of Electronic Engineering
University of Florence
Via C. Lombroso 6/17
I50134 Florence
Italy
E-mail: pelosi@ingfil .ing.unifi.it

2Department of Information Engineering

University of Pisa
Via Diotisalvi 2
I56126 Pisa
Italy
E-mail: manara@iet.unipi.it

Keywords: Electromagnetic scattering by anisotropic media; with the exception of some specific configurations, the electro-
wedges; diffraction magnetic-scattering problem has not yet been solved analytically,
since the IBCs at the two faces of the wedge couple the longitudi-
1. Abstract nal components of the electric and magnetic fields. Solutions to
this problem have been presented in the literature; they are based
Electromagnetic scattering from the edge of an anisotropic either on numerical approaches [5, 71, or on analytical techniques
impedance wedge, illuminated at oblique incidence, is addressed in
this paper. In particular, the paper intends to provide a brief review
of existing solutions for this important topic in diffraction theory.
Both numerical and analytical techniques, suitable to properly
account for the scattering properties of the wedges anisotropic
impedance faces, are considered.

2. Introduction

T he analysis of electromagnetic scattering by objects with char-

acteristic dimensions that are large with respect to the wave-
length is usually carried out by describing propagation in terms of
rays, and then resorting to a superposition of basic canonical prob-
lems (wedges, smooth curved surfaces, corners, tips, etc.).

In the high-frequency approximation., the scattering from ani-

sotropic surfaces is a problem of remarkable interest for a wide
class of applications, such as, for instance, the design of radiating
systems, polarizing structures, reference largets for radar calibra-
tion (Figure 1) [l], etc. In practice, the simplest and most-used way
of realizing anisotropic surfaces is to periodically corrugate metal
planes. The corrugations are then filled with a dielectric material.
A metal-backed dielectric slab can also be covered with periodic
distributions of metallic strips. To simplify the scattering analysis,
suitable anisotropic impedance boundary conditions (IBCs) are
usually imposed at the outer surface of the body; the actual values
of these impedances can be estimated. by applying different
numerical procedures (see, for instance, [2]).A typical example is
given by the theory of artificially hard and soft surfaces [3]. An
application of such surfaces is reported in Figure 2 [4].

In this context, an important canonical problem is constituted Figure 1. A prototype of a depolarizing trihedral corner reflec-
by plane wave scattering from wedge-type configurations with tor [l] (courtesy of Prof. E. V. Jull and Dr. D. G Michelson,
arbitrary anisotropic IBCs on their faces. At oblique incidence, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada).

IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 6, December 1998 IEEE
1045-9243/98/$10.0001998 29
 where (Zo)p,and ( Z o ) z ,are the surface impedances of the face
4 = 0 , defined along the principal anisotropy axes and 2,
respectively. In particular,

Figure 2. Three blockage-free cylinders, realized in compos-

ite material, to obtain an anisotropic surface (hard surface).
The cylinders cause very low blockage when illuminated by a
plane wave in the desired direction. Such struts find applica-
tion as support struts in reflector antennas [4] (courtesy of
Prof. P. S. Kildal, Chalmers University of Technology,
[
with 93 (Zo)p,,z 2 0 . Moreover, ( is the angle between the z axis,
3 1

Goteborg, Sweden).
[8, 231, but, as previously observed, in this latter case they are lim-
ited to specific configurations. In practice, analytical solutions
have been derived by resorting to two basic methods: the Wiener-
Hopf method [24] and the Maliuzhinets technique [as].
parallel to the edge of the wedge, and the principal anisotropy axis,
z . For 5 = 0 , the principal axes of anisotropy ( p, z ) are per-
pendicular and parallel to the edge of the wedge, and
aI2= a21= 0 , al # a22. For the isotropic-impedance case,
(zo)2,= (z,)~,
, and al 1 = a22, a12 = 021 = 0 .

The main purpose of this paper is to present an overview of

numerical and analytical solutions available in the literature for the
above-mentioned problem. The paper has been organized as fol-
lows. The problem is formulated in Section 3. Then, a set of ana-
lytical solutions presented in the literature, exact or approximate, is
described in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 outlines proposed
numerical approaches to the problem.

3. Formulation of the problem

The three-dimensional geometry for the scattering problem is

depicted in Figure 3. The wedge has its edge along the axis of a
cylindrical reference frame; a harmonic plane wave impinges on
the edge from a direction determined by the two angles p and 4,
with an arbitrary polarization. An exp(jwt) time dependence is
assumed and suppressed. p is a measure of the incidence-direc-
tion skewness with respect to the edge of the wedge; ,i3 = 7rf2
corresponds to normal incidence. In particular, the incident field
can be expressed as

where < and k are the free-space intrinsic impedance and

wavenumber, respectively. The observation point is at P, and the
exterior wedge angle is n z . n is a real parameter (1 2 n c: 2 for an
acute wedge; n = 2 for the half-plane case). Two different aniso-
tropic IBCs hold on the two faces. The IBCs for the 4 = 0 face can
be expressed by the following relationship:

In Equation (2),

Figure 3. The geometry for the diffraction at a wedge with ani-

(3a) sotropic impedance faces.

30 /Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 6,December 1998

 The electric properties of the wedge are supposed to be inde-
pendent of z. Consequently, all field components contain a com-
mon z-dependence factor exp(-jkz cosp') lhat will be understood
in the following. Moreover, all field components transverse to the z
axis can be represented in terms of [E,,@,]. The total field
where y = y + + y- is the Sommerfeld integration path (Figure 4),
[E,,QI,] is a solution of the Helmholtz equation and the spectral functions [f,s] satisfy the inequalities
(V: + k,2)[E,,4HZ]
= 0 , with kt = ksinp' . It satisfies the boundary
conditions 3(a)-+ f a , in agreement with the edge condition. [ f , ~ must
] be
regular in the strip I%(a)I5 nz/2, except for first-order-pole sin-
(@,)=O, gularities at a = 4'- n z / 2 , which account for the incident field.
a11
Consequently, the problem is reduced to the determination of
a
-](iN,) the spectral functions in Equation (6). This is an essential point for
the definition of suitable UTD (Uniform Theory of Diffi-action)
coefficients in a high-frequency approximation [28] or, for
instance, for deriving Incremental Length Diffraction Coefficients
(ILDCs) (for the isotropic case, see references [29] and [30]), use-
ful to improve the accuracy of existing Physical Optics (PO) for-
again at the face q5 = 0 . Similar relationships hold for the other mulations for anisotropic surfaces [31, 331.
face, q5 = n z , characterized by the corresponding surface imped-
ances along the principal anisotropy axes (Zo)p,,z,. Exact and approximate solutions for the spectral functions
[f,s]are considered separately in the following two subsections.

We note that for 5 = 0" , Equations ( 5 ) recover Equations (7)

4.1 Exact solutions
of reference [15]. Moreover, if (Z,) = (Zo), (the isotropic case),
Equations (4)-(5) of reference [26] are reproduced. Exact analytical solutions for the spectral functions [ f , ~
are]
available only in the case 5 = 0 (+ = 3,;= ?), i.e., when the
principal axes of anisotropy coincide with the directions parallel
4. Analytical solutions
and perpendicular to the edge.
As mentioned above, two basic techniques have been used
A survey of a particular class of solutions available in the lit-
for analyzing electromagnetic scattering from impedance wedges,
erature, for the scattering from anisotropic wedges at skew inci-
namely, the Wiener-Hopf method [24] and the Maliuzhinets
dence, with surface impedances of the type defined above, is
method [25]. The more flexible of these is certainly the latter, since
shown in Table 1. The first column of the table reports the values
it can be more easily applied to non-rectangular geometrical con-
of the exterior wedge angles for which exact integral representa-
figurations (arbitrary interior wedge angles), as well as to higher-
tions for the fields can be determined [151. The other columns refer
order impedance boundary conditions [27].

As far as the Maliuzhinets method is concerned, the total Table 1. A summary of a particular class of solutions available
field is expressed by the following integral representation: in the literature for scattering from anisotropicwedges at skew
incidence. The first column gives the values of the exterior
wedge angles for which exact integral representationsfor the
fields can be determined [15]. The other columns show the
values of the surface impedances along the face 4 = 0 and on
the face 4 = n z for which the canonical problem has been
solved. The corresponding solutions have been obtained by
applying the Sommerfeld-Maliuzhinetstechnique [XI.
Exact integral solutions Canonical problem sovled for
available for wedge these surface impedances along
angle = n n the principal anisotropy
directions on the face
4 = 0 and on the face 4 = n z
n (ZdP'
___E___ (ZdZ. ( Z / -
JP, (Z,Ji,
___
arbitrary arbitrary 0 arbitrary 0
arb;trary arbitrary 0 arbitrary
1,2 1
I
0 1 arbitrary I 0 1 arbitrary
I I I

Figure 4. The Sommerfeld integration ]path ( y = y + + y - ) and

I
1 0 1 arbitrary 1 arbitrary 1 a
I I I

related steepest-descent paths through the saddle point at +z

(SDP,,) and -z(SDP-,). I I I I I I

IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 6,December 1998 31
 that explicit uniform asymptotic diffraction coefficients have been
derived from the solutions reported in Table 1. These coefficients
have the standard format of the UTD [20]. They also contain terms
accounting for the presence of surface waves, when the latter are
excited on the structures.

@'=30" A sample of numerical results obtained by adopting a uni-

form asymptotic evaluation of the previous integral solutions [ 151
0.6
t P'=7Oo
\
is shown in Figure 5. In this figure, curves for the amplitude of the
longitudinal components of the fields scattered by the planar junc-
tion ( n = 1) of two anisotropic impedance surfaces are plotted, for
0.3 different values of the incidence "skewness'' angle p' . The junc-
tion is illuminated by a TM,-polarized plane wave, impinging from
0 I I I I I I I 1 I I '1Wl I p',4' = 30". The field is calculated at a distance k,p = 10, where
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 kL= ksinp' . As is apparent, for p' -+90", the co-polar compo-
#I (degrees) nent (Figure 5b) smoothly reduces to the results obtained by the
well-known Maliuzhinets solution [25], valid at normal incidence
Figure 5a. The cross-polar longitudinal component of the field (triangles). Curves obtained for values of the surface impedances,
scattered by the planar junction ( n = 1) of two anisotropic reduced by a factor 10 (dashed lines), are also reported in both fig-
impedance surfaces ( (Zo,,)P= 0, (Zo),/< = 0.1 - J0.5, ures. They apparently show that the amplitude of the cross-polar
component tends to vanish, and that of the co-polar component
( Z n ) p / <= 0.1+ j0.5) illuminated at oblique incidence by a tens to a constant unit value. This is as expected, since the surface
TM,-polarized plane wave. reduces to a perfectly conducting plane when (Z0,.), + 0.

Finally, we note that other cases have been identified in the

1.1 I I I I I I I I I I I
literature for which the boundary-value problem "scalarizes,"
1 although the corresponding expressions for the fields have not yet
been determined (cf., for example, reference [lo]).
0.9

0.8
4.2 Approximate solutions
0.7
Starting from the above exact solutions for [f,~], approxi-
0.6
mate solutions can be derived by resorting to suitable perturbation
0.5 techniques.

0.4 In this context, an approximate analytical solution for the

0 30 60
$ (degrees)
Figure 5a. The co-polar longitudinal component of the field
scattered by the planar junction ( n = 1) of two anisotropic
impedance surfaces ( (Zo,n)P= 0, ( Z o ) , = 0.1 - 10.5,
= 0.1+ 10.5) illuminated at oblique incidence by a
TM,-polarized plane wave.
to the values of the surface impedances along the principal anisot-
ropy directions on the face 4= 0 and on the face 4= n n , for
which the canonical problem has been solved. The corresponding
solutions have been obtained by applying the Sommerfeld-Maliuz-
hinets technique [25]. The class of anisotropic IBCs considered is
characterized by a surface-impedance matrix, exhibiting either a
vanishing or a diverging value in one of the principal anisotropy
directions. Such conditions are suitable to simulate the behavior of
the artificially hard and soft surfaces. We note that, even if not
explicitly reported in the same Table 1, these solutions remain
valid, for duality, when (Zo,,l) and (Zo,/>)-,
have (Zo,,?);,' and
P'
-I
(Zo,,/)o,substituted for them, respectively. It is important to note
description of plane-wave diffraction from an anisotropic imped-
ance wedge, with an arbitrary exterior angle at oblique incidence
90 120 150 180
(p' arbitrary), has been recently derived for (= 0" [16]. The
solution is determined in terms of Sommerfeld integrals, by
resorting to a series expansion with respect to the cosine of the
incidence skewness angle p' . Uniform diffraction coefficients in
/< the format of the UTD are also provided. The solution has been
compared with available analytical and numerical solutions, dem-
onstrating good accuracy up to p' = 50". The limit of the approach
is that when the second-order contribution in the perturbation rep-
resentation is needed (involving the evaluation of co-polar compo-
nents for small values of p' ), numerical calculations require the
computation of a double Thuzhilin-type integral [34].
An example of field calculation by means of the above per-
turbation technique [16] is reported in Figure 6. The right-angled
wedge involved is characterized by two anisotropic faces. Curves
obtained by the perturbation solution, including only zero- and
first-order contributions (dashed lines), are compared, both for the
co-polar (Figure 6a) and cross-polar (Figure 6b) component, with
corresponding data calculated by the parabolic-equation method
[61.
A further approximate solution, based on the Maliuzhinets
method, has been given in [18], for the scattering from an aniso-
tropic half-plane with identical surface-impedance tensors.

32 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 6,December 1998
 12 5. Numerical solutions

A numerical approach, to analyze electromagnetic scattering

of a plane wave impinging at skew incidence on the edge of a
wedge with two different anisotropic impedance faces, has been
0.8
presented in [6, 71. There, the diffracted field is obtained by
applying the finite-difference method to solve two coupled para-
bolic equations. The solution obtained is valid in the high-fre-
quency region ( k t p>> 1). We note that, at present, the parabolic-
0.4 equation method, even if numerically very efficient, does not allow
us to account for the presence of surface waves. Moreover, it is
important to note that the parabolic-equation solution has been
derived in the case y = 0 .

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 A hybrid numerical method, which combines the Moment
Method and Physical Optics, has been presented in [ 5 ] for the
4 (degrees) three-dimensional analysis (p # 90) of plane-wave scattering by
Figure 6a. The amplitude of the co-polar component of the general anisotropic wedges. We note that, even if not explicitly
total field in the presence of a right-angled anisotropic imped- considered in [5], in this approach, the presence of surface waves
ance wedge. Geometrical and electrical parameters: n = 3/2 ; can, in principle, be taken into account in calculations by increas-
ing the number of unknowns.
(Zo,n)/,/<=2 and (Zo,n)z/<=l; @ = 4 5 , p=5Oo, 70, 90;

ktp = 10 ; E;, = I , E;, = 0. Perturbation solution (zero- and 6. Conclusions

first-order): dashed lines [16]; parabolic-equation method:
solid lines 161; exact Maliuzhinets solution: (solid line,
p = 90); perturbation solution augmented by the second-
order term (dashed-dotted line, p = 50).
A brief survey of numerical and analytical solutions for
plane-wave electromagnetic scattering from anisotropic impedance
wedges has been provided in this paper. In particular, although a
wide class of interesting configurations can be analyzed by the
methods proposed, rigorous analytical solutions cover just a lim-
ited number of cases. Moreover, all solutions are relevant to the
case of plane-wave illumination. The derivation of exact analytical
field representations for the most general problems does not seem
to be a straightforward matter. However, the existing analytical
solutions may provide an important tool for checking the accuracy
of more-general numerical techniques or approximate approaches.

7. References

1. D. G. Michelson, E. V. Jull, Depolarizing Trihedral Comer

Reflectors for Radar Navigation and Remote Sensing, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-43, 5 , May 1995,
pp. 513-518.

2. R. Cecchini, R. Coccioli, G. Pelosi, PERIODIC3: A Software

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 Package for the Analysis of Artificially Anisotropic Surfaces,
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 37, 2, April 1995, pp.
4 (degrees) 83-86.
Figure 6b. The amplitude of the cross-polar component of the
total field in the presence of a right-angled anisotropic imped- 3. P. S. Kildal, Soft and Hard Surfaces in Electromagnetics,
ance wedge. Geometrical and electrical parameters: n = 3/2 ; IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-38, 10,
(Zo,n)p/<= 2 and (Zo,*), /< 1; @
= = 45, p = 50, 70, 90;
October 1990, pp. 1537-1544.

ktp = 10 ; E;, = 1, E;, = 0. Perturbation solution (zero- and
first-order): dashed lines [16]; parabolic-equation method:
solid lines [6]; exact Maliuzhinets solution: (solid line,
p = 90); perturbation solution augmented by the second-
order term (dashed-dotted line, p = 50).
When 5 # 0 , an approximate analytic solution is available
only for the normal-incidence case (p = 90) [8, 17, 191. This is
derived by applying a perturbation method in the case of weak ani-
sotropy. A different perturbation procedure was previously pro-
posed by Senior for an interior right-angled wedge [21].
4. P. S. Kildal, A. Kishk, A. Tengs, Reduction of Forward Scat-
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5. J. H. Bilow, Scattering by an Infinite Wedge with Tensor
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Optics Solution for the Currents, IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Propagation, AP-39,6, June 1991, pp. 767-773.
6. G. Pelosi, S. Selleri, R. D. Graglia, Numerical Analysis of the
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magnetic Wave at Anisotropic Half-Plane in Free Space and in
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17, 1972, pp. 887-896.
9. A. H. Serbest, A. Buyukaksoy, G. Uzgoren, Diffraction by a
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Planes, in P. L. E. Uslenghi (ed.), Electromagnetic Scattering,
New York, Academic Press, 1978, pp. 185-219.
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Wave Diffraction at an Edge in an Artificially Hard Surface:
Oblique Incidence Case, Electronics Letters, 31, 19, 1995, pp.
1649-1650.
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a Right-Angled Anisotropic Impedance Wedge, Electronics Let-
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ference Equation Occurring in Diffraction Theory, Radio Science,
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fraction at an Edge in a Planar Anisotropic Impedance Surface:
Oblique Incidence Case, Microwave and Optical Technology
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tropic Impedance Wedges Illuminated at Oblique Incidence. The
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magnetics, 18, 2, 1998, pp. 117-133 (G. Pelosi and J. L. Volakis
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20. G. Manara, P. Nepa, G. Pelosi, EM Scattering from Artifi-
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of Electromagnetic Waves by Anisotropic Structures, Moscow,
Nauka, 1975 [in Russian].
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London, Pergamon Press, 1958.
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Surface Waves from a Wedge with Given Face Impedances, Sov.
Phys. Dokl., 3, 1958, pp. 752-755.
26. T. B. A. Senior, Solution of a Class of Imperfect Wedge
Problems for Skew Incidence, Radio Science, 21, 2, March-April
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tions in Electromagnetics, London, The Institution of Electrical
Engineers (IEE Electromagnetic Waves Series), 1995.
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Theory of Diffraction for an Edge in a Perfectly Conducting Sur-
face, Proceedings of the IEEE, 62, 1974, pp. 1448-1461.
29. G. Pelosi, S. Maci, R. Tiberio, A. Michaeli, Incremental
Length Diffraction Coefficients for an Impedance Wedge, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-40, 10, October
1992, pp. 1201-1210.
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and Optical Technology Letters, 14, 6, 1997, pp. 3 16-318.
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 Introducing Feature Article Authors Leon Peters Given AMTA
Giuseppe Pelosi was born in Pisa, Italy. He received the
Laurea (Doctor) degree in physics (summa cum laude) from the
Distinguished Achievement
University of Florence in 1976. Since 1979, he has been with the
Department of Electrical Engineering of the University of Flor-
Award
ence, where he is currently an Associate Frofessor. He has been
visiting scientist at McGill University, (Montreal, PQ, Canada) in
1993,1994, and 1995.

Dr. Pelosi has mainly been involved in research in the field of

numerical and asymptotic techniques for applied electromagnetics.
His research interests include extensions and applications of the
Geometrical Theory of Diffraction, as well as methods for radar
cross section analysis of complex targets. His current research
activity is mainly devoted to the development of numerical proce-
dures in the context of the Finite-Element Method, with particular
emphasis on radiation and scattering problems. He is co-author of
three books: Finite Elements for Wave Electromagnetics (IEEE
Press, 1994); Finite Element Sofware for Microwave Engineering
(Wiley, 1996); and Quick Finite Elements for Electromagnetic
Waves (Artech House, 1998). Dr. Pelosi is a member of the
Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society.
Prof. Leon Peters, Jr., of The Ohio State University, received
Giuliano Manara was born in Florence, Italy, on Octo- the 1998 AMTA Distinguished Achievement Award. The award
ber 30, 1954. He received the Laurea (Doctor) degree in electronics was presented at the Annual Meeting and Symposium of the
engineering (summa cum laude) from the University of Florence in Antenna Measurement Techniques Association (AMTA), held in
1979. Montreal, Canada, October 26-30, 1998. In giving the award,
AMTA cited Prof. Peters for
He was first with the Department of Electronic Engineering,
University of Florence, as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow. Then, Training numerous graduate students in the area of electromag-
in 1987, he joined the Department of Information Engineering, netic measurements and analysis;
University of Pisa, where he works presently as an Associate Pro-
fessor. Since 1980, he has been collaborating with the Department Leadership and individual contributions in the area of ground-
of Electrical Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus. His penetration-radar systems;
current research interests include radar s,ystems, numerical and
asymptotic techniques in electromagnetic scattering, and radiation The design and development of corrugated-horn antennas;
problems.
Adapting compact-range technology as a remote-sensing tool in
Paolo Nepa was born in Teramo, Italy, on August 7, 1965. the measurement of sea ice;
He received the Laurea (Doctor) degree in electronics engineering
(summa cum laude) from the University of Pisa, Italy, in 1990. Organizing the EM range consortium at The Ohio State Univer-
sity, which continues to support fundamental research in electro-
He joined the Department of Information Engineering, Uni- magnetic measurements.
versity of Pisa, where he works presently as an Assistant Professor.
His current research interests include the development and appli-
cation of uniform asymptotic techniques in electromagnetic scat- [The above information was provided by Inder (Jiti) Gupta of The
tering. iL Ohio State University.]

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IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 6 , December 1998 35