COURSE IN BASIC ELECTRICITY - AULA01

Basics first law deOHM Generator Voltage Exercises 1st Law OHM Electrical Circui
t Resistors Electrical Quantities Color Code Exercise Proposed
Submultiple / multiple
Basics
Notice the two figures seguir.Nelas we can identify some familiar elements, even
for pers who do not have knowledge of electricity. The Fig01a shows a battery,
a lamp and an interruption. The lamp is off. The Fig01b shows the same battery a
nd same lamp, now acesa.Por that LAM is off? Why the lamp is lit? The answers yo
u get when some concepts of electricity are placed below.
Fig01: Examples of electrical circuit - open circuit Fig01a - Fig01b circuit con
nected
Basics
All substances are made of atoms and molecules. For example the substance will c
all whose chemical formula is H2O, is composed of two atoms of hydrogen (H) and
one oxygen atom (O) which has the characteristics totally different from the wat
er. Atoms in turn are made up of tiny particles: protons, electrons and protons
nêutrons.Os are located in the central part of the atom called the nucleus, whil
e the electrons in orbits around well-defined, similarly to the planets revolvin
g around the sun.
In the next two figures have the design of simpler model that represents u atom:
The core on which are the protons and neutrons, and around this by turning the
electrons. There are various orbits with different numbers of electrons in each
giran. The last layer, called the valence layer always has the greatest interest
, since the difference between the main materials used in electronics is determi
ned by its behavior characteristic of this layer.
COURSE IN BASIC ELECTRICITY - AULA02 Power - Energy - Joule Effect Concept of Po
wer and Energy Joule effect Joule Watt
Dipole Receiver and Generator
Concept of Power and Energy
Work and energy in physics are synonymous. Whenever a job is done a certain amou
nt of it is processed and will be a force acting on a body (whether or not you s
ee!). And do not forget
"ENERGY can not be destroyed nor BUILT 's energy is being transformada.O human g
enius is always keen to build devices that can conve some kind of energy into an
other kind of energy that is useful. For example: One who takes bath warm in win
ter is only possible because someone long ago discovered how to convert some kin
d of ene power, then another discovered how to convert electrical energy into he
at. As power and energy (work) are physical quantities, units need to specify th
em properly. Work units
Joule (J) is the unit officer, but there are others such as calorie (cal) and KW
.h. Of course there is a rel between them. 1Cal 1KWh = 4.18 J and J = 3,6.106 Po
wer Units Watt (W) is the unit officer, but there are others such as HP, with 1H
P = 746W
Power is defined as the work done per unit time (energy exchanged per unit d), o
r mathematically: P = τ / where τ (Is oé: 1W = 1J / s
 au) is he amoun of energy ha is being exchanged is equal o he work re
(S ar )
Confused? So le 's have an example: Imagine moving a 5kg bag of sugar a al 1m i
n 1s.Sem doub ha : a) You have spen a cer ain amoun of energy, so held a JOB
b) This work was done because you have power. Compu e all values of power and en
e involved.
According o physics is a body of mass M, moves agains he force of gravi y po
en ial energy body will undergo a change (increase) o be given by:
ΔE = MgΔH where ΔE is he change in energy = work done (J) and ΔH is he varia i
on of am), g is a cons an called he accelera ion of gravi y, and heir value d
epends on he i em he cen er of he land, wor h abou 9.8 m/s2 on he surface.
Wha was even he job you? How M = 5kg and hen ΔH = ΔE = 5.9,8.1 1m = 49J = τ =
work done as he ime o do his work was 1s, hen he power developed by you w
ere: P = 49J = 49J/1s / s = 49W! (Early) (A lamp has an average power of 60W)
Wha would be he power developed, whe her hey have he same work, was 0.5 s?
Series
COURSE IN BASIC ELECTRICITY - AULA03 Associa ion Series - Parallel Associa ion -
Associa ion Join Equivalen Series Resis ance
Parallel
Associa ion Series Resis ors
Resis ors are connec ed in series when he curren passing hrough is he same o
ne ha passes by o hers.€The Fig01 shows an example of serial connec ion and h
e equivalen resis or (RE). Call o a single resis or equivalen resis or ha c
ould replace he combina ion and ye he curren supplied by he genera or will
be he same.
Fig01: Associa ion of series resis ors - Circui o al and equivalen circui
In an associa ion he equivalen number is: RE = R1 + R2 + R3 In Fig01 no e ha
he ins rumen indica es 2mA bo h original and he equivalen circui (RE = 6K)
. Ano her charac eris ic of a serial connec ion is ha he sum of he ensions
in he resis ors is equal o he o al vol age in he case of Fig01, 12V. The Fi
g02 shows he vol age across each resis or. This is a generic charac eris ic of
he en ire mesh (closed pa h) enuncia ed by
Kirchhoff's 2nd Law as follows: "The sum of he s resses orien ed clockwise is
he sum of he s resses orien ed coun er clockwise." No e: a) In case of equal re
sis ors in series, he equivalen will be given by: RE = nR, where n is he numb
er of resis ors of value R in series b) The equivalen of a combina ion series i
s always grea er han he larges of he resis ors he associa ion.
Fig02: Associa ion series - Verifica ion of Kirchhoff's 2nd Law In Fig02: U4 = U
1 + U2 + U3 which is he equa ion of he mesh circui . (S ar )
Exercise 1: Wha is he indica ion of he ins rumen s in he following circui ?
A: Firs we calcula ed he equivalen resis ance RE = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 = 200 +
500 +1000 +1300 = 3000Ω = 3K Then we calcula e he equivalen curren in he res
is or, which is equal o he curren in he original circui : 12V/3K = I = 4mA.
As he curren is equal o he equivalen curren in he resis ors of he associ
a ion, hen we can calcula e he vol age in each: U1 = 200Ω.4mA K.4mA = 0.2 = 0.
8 V = 800mV 500Ω.4mA = U2 = 0.5 K. = 4mA
U3 = 2V = 4V 1K.4mA K.4mA U4 = 1.3 = 5.2 V no e: U1 + U2 + U3 + U4 = 12V Click
o download he file ha con ains he above circui using EWB5: Ex1Aula3CC Exerc
icio2: Wha he power dissipa ed in each resis or in a year? Wha is he elec ri
c power genera or? A: As we have seen he power dissipa ed in a resis or is: P =
R.I2 or P = U2 / R = P or UI hen: P1 = 0.8 3.2 mW V.4mA = P2 = = 2V.4mA 8mW P3
and P4 4V.4mA = 16MW = 5.2 V.4mA = 20.8 mW power ha he genera or is supplyin
g o he circui mus equal he sum of powers dissipa ed in each resis or or P =
UI = 48mW 12V.4mA = ( s ar )
Parallel combina ion of Resis ors
Resis ors are connec ed in parallel when he vol age applied is he same one app
lied in o hers. The Fig03 shows an example of parallel connec ion and he equiva
len resis or (RE). In he case of an associa ion equivalen parallel resis or i
s calcula ed by: 1/RE = 1/R1 +1 / R2 +1 / R3 or in erms of conduc ance (G = 1 /
R) GE = G1 + G2 + G3 No e: he ) For wo resis ors in parallel wi h he above e
xpression reduces o: RE = (R1.R2) / (R1 + R2) b) In case of equal resis ors in
parallel: RE = R / n, where n is he number of resis ors R value in parallel. c)
The equivalen of a parallel associa ion will always be smaller han he smalle
s of he resis ors of he associa ion
Fig03: Associa ion Parallel - equivalen circui and resis or Click o download
he file ha con ains he above circui using EWB5: Ex2Aula3CC
In Fig03 no e ha he ins rumen indica es 4mA bo h he original and he equiva
len circui (RE = 3K). Ano her charac eris ic of a link parallel is he sum of
he curren s in he resis ors is equal o he o al curren en ering he associa
ion, which is basically he 1s Law of Kirchhoff ha has he following s a eme
n : "The sum of curren s arriving a a node (4mA ) is he sum of curren s leavin
g i (1.2 mA +0.8 mA +2 mA). (Beginning) Exercise 3: In Fig03 calcula e he powe
r dissipa ed in each resis or of he associa ion and he elec ric power genera o
r. A: Again, o calcula e he power of a dipole jus make he produc UI, hen:
P1 = 12V.1, 2mA = 14.4 mW Pgerador 12V.4mA = = 48mW Again no e ha he sum of p
ower dissipa ed mus equal he power elec ric genera or ( his is called conserva
ion of energy). The following prac ical applica ions of parallel circui s: P2 =
12V.0, 8mA = P3 = 9.6 mW 12V.2mA = 24MW
A major applica ion of parallel circui s is a residen ial wiring, which consis s
of lamps, socke s wired in parallel. The Fig04 shows wo lamps connec ed in par
allel and ac ua ed swi ches.
Fig04: Lamps wired in parallel - one lamp on in Fig04 No e ha being connec ed
o only one fuse in he lamp curren will be equal o 481mA. Wha happens if he
o her lamp is also connec ed? If bo h lamps are equal o double he curren con
sump ion! As a sugges ion o moun he proposed exercise circui using he simul
a or Fig04 Crocodile Clip
Fig05: Lamps wired in parallel - wo lamp connec ed How can you check he curren
value doubles. The more bulbs (or o her device, such as TV, shower, e c.) are
rela ed o higher curren consump ion and higher! As a sugges ion o moun he p
roposed exercise circui using he simula or Fig05 Crocodile Clip Tes Jump
BASIC ELECTRICITY C.C - Tes s
For each es indica e an al erna ive one. In a me allic conduc or he charge ca
rriers are:
a) Ion
b) Free elec rons
c) Pro on
d) Neu ron
2. The in ensi y of elec ric curren in a conduc or is 0.5 A, which corresponds
o: a) 0.5 elec rons per second b) 0,5.10-19Coulombs per second c) 0,5.1018 elec
rons per second d) 0.5 Coulombs per second. 3. Mark false (F) or rue (V) for e
ach s a emen conduc ors are subs ances ha allows elec rical charges moving h
rough i s in erior If a driver has a resis ance of 10Ω, a vol age of 5V applied
will resul in a curren of 2A. The conduc ance of a 10Ω resis or is 0.1 mho A r
esis or has he bands: 1s : Black 2nd: Brown 3rd: black logo CCCCFFFF R = 10Ω
4. The ension in a conduc or is 2.4 V and he curren is 0.8 A. We can say ha
he conduc or resis ance is: a) 2.4 Ω b) 3 Ω c) 1.25 Ω d) 0.33 Ω
5. A wire has a leng h of 10m and sec ion area of 0.1 mm2. If he leng h of he
wire o pass 20m, we can say ha he resis ance of he wire: a) Decrease in hal
f b) double in value c) No changes in resis ivi y are available o answer correc
ly. d) no
6) In he circui , wi h he key as indica ed, he ins rumen indica es ha he
curren is 10mA. If he key change from he curren posi ion: a) claim 5mA Passa
Passa o be wor h 2.5 mA b) akes effec 10mA c) I is now wor h 0 d)