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Course MATHS4 Volume Licensing Class Schedule 45H USTHB ELN
Course Map
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Descriptive Statistics Series Statistics rank data, frequencies, random variable
s, histograms (frequency curves, cumulative curves). Characteristic parameters:
mean, standard deviation, variance, higher order moments. Linear fit: least squa
res regression line, correlation coefficient. Calculation of probability: Laplac
e-Gauss curve numerical analysis approximation functions (linear and nonlinear)
Polynomial Interpolation: Spline Optimization Techniques
Statistical
Definitions: The statistic is the set of methods and techniques to process data
associated with a situation or phenomenon. Depending on the objectives, the stat
istic can be subdivided into: 4. Descriptive statistics: Describe a situation (t
o the numbers speak). 5. Statistics correlative: to highlight certain relationsh
ips. 6. Time series, make predictions about phenomena that change over time. 7.
Inferential Statistics: induce general conclusions from measurements made on a s
ample test a hypothesis. Consequence: Statistics is a tool for decision support.
Statistical

Statistics Descriptive data mining measures and indices graphs Inferential

Statistics test hypotheses make predictions from samples
EXAMPLES

The notes of a group of students The mortality rate from cancer of smokers the f
requency of words in a text
Descriptive Statistics

When

I calculate the average class I trace the curve of evolution of unemployment

I descriptive statistics
Inferential Statistics
When

I wonder if the effect of a drug is real and not due to chance trying to predict
voting intentions from a sample of 1000 people

I make inferential statistics

Terminology
POPULATION: All that can be observed and will be subjected to statistical analys
is. Each element of this set is an individual or statistical unit. SAMPLE: This
is a subset of the population considered. The number of individuals in the sampl
e is the sample size. CHARACTER: This is the property or the singular aspect tha
t we propose to observe in the population or sample. A character that is the sub
ject of a study is also the name of statistical variable.
Population
Definition: We call all people of all objects that are studied. Examples: A grou
p of students, a group of sick people but also the words of a text, a set of doc
uments, etc..
Individuals
Definition:
Individuals are the elements of the population studied.
Examples:
Each of the respondents to a survey each day of the year for which data are avai
lable weather every word of every text of a text corpus etc..
Variables
Definition A variable is a property common to individuals of the population to b
e studied. Also called Attribute, character size samples of people, eye color, s
ex, the number of letters of words, length of pauses in speech, the kind of text
(novels, poetry, etc..)
Terms
Definition
The terms of a qualitative variable are different values that it can take.
Example
variable family situation: single, married, widowed, divorced. Variable sex: mal
e, female. Variable name: Ali Ahmed, ... (Implemented in very many!)
Quantitative variables
Quantitative variables are of two types: Discrete = countable values (eg integer
s) Sample number of children per family, number of rooms in a flat number of wor
ds of text, number of letters of a word Continues = infinite values, so close yo
u want (eg real numbers) Sample size, weight, duration of those breaks a speech
fundamental frequency of voice
Statistical Series Definition:
We call the statistical data series simultaneously (in a table) values of charac
ter examined rows in ascending order, and strength of these values. Property is
called character study, it can be discrete values taken are therefore finite val
ues or continuous values which belong to intervals. Example: the notes taken by
20 students in a class: 10,8,11,9,12,10,8,10,7,9,10,11,12,10,8,9,10,9,10, 11.
Example: statistical series
The character study is discrete: the notes taken by each student. The torque rat
ing and number of students corresponding statistical series. The number is the n
umber of students having the same note.
Values of character Employees (number of students having the same note)
July 1
March 8
April 9
November 10 March 7
February 12
Example: statistical series
Example: suppose we want to do a statistical study of the 50 points awarded by a
jury for review. We have to study the list of scores:
Example: statistical series
These notes can be grouped in ascending order: 0,1,1,2,2,3,3,3 ....., and constr
uct the following table: (in this case the distribution is discrete)
Or combine these notes interval (class): (in this case the distribution is conti
nuous) Example of grouping by class:
Ranking data
It includes all data series in a statistical table showing the distribution of i
ndividuals according to the trait studied. The grouping is done by classes: • If
the character is qualitative or discontinuous, a class contains all individuals
having the same modality or the same character value. • If the character is con
tinuous, a class is an interval. . To construct these intervals, we respect the
following rules: 1. The number of classes is between 5 and 20 (preferably betwee
n 6 and 12) 2. Whenever possible, the amplitudes of the classes are equal. 3. Ea
ch class (except the last) contains its lower bound but no upper bound. . In the
calculations, a class will be represented by its center, which is the midpoint
of the interval.
Frequency
Frequency: proportion of the population or individuals of the sample belonging t
o the class: is denoted fi. and so are not bound by:
or fi = N
where N is the total number of individuals in the population. Note: You can repl
ace that if by fix100 k is then a percentage. n = N
Σ
i = 1
i
Cumulative Frequency
The cumulative frequency of a term is the sum of the frequencies of terms that a
re less than or equal.
ficumul = Σ p f
p = 1
i
EXAMPLE
Character X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 9 10
Numbers
182
98
46
28
12
5
2
1
0
1
0
frequencies
0485
0261
0123
0075
0032
0013
0005
0003
0
0003
0
Cumulative Frequency
0485
0746
0869
0944
0976
0989
0994
0997
0997
1
1
Graphing
Numbers
Character
Graphing
frequency s
Character
Graphing
Frequency are combined
Character
Cumulated number of ascending and descending
The growing workforce combined with a value X is the sum of actual values y such
that y <= x
The combined workforce of decreasing value X is the sum of the actual values y s
uch that y> x
Example: Notes of a class
Values xi taff taff taff cumulative descending ascending cumulative 7 1 1 8 3
4 9 4 8 10 7 15 11 3 18 12 2 20
19
16
12
5
2
0