Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2
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Oscillations and Mechanical Waves
.periodic motion
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.oscillations simple harmonic
motion .
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.mechanical waves
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3
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4
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Motion of an Object Attached to a
Spring
Mathematical Representation of Simple
Harmonic Motion
Energy of the Simple Harmonic
Oscillator
Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion
with Uniform Circular Motion
The Pendulum
Damped Oscillations
Forced Oscillations
5
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simple harmonic motion .
6
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m
.1.15
.x=0
.
1.15
restoring force .
.Hookes law
1.15 (a) .
) (x<0 (b) . )(x=0
(c) . ) (x<0
.
1.15
7
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Fs = - kx )(15.1
restoring force
. x=0
(a) 1.15 . 0=x
(c) 1.15 .
Fx=max 1.15 x
:
kx = ma x
k
ax = x
m )(15.2
.simple harmonic motion
.
8
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1.15 A .kA/m
x=0
)( .
x=-A +kA/m .
x=0 .
x=A
.
.6.15
.x=0
. xs
xs=-(mg/k)+x ) (mg/k x
.
Fs-Fg=-k(-(mg/k)+x)-mg=-kx
kx.
9
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.1.15
1.15
x=A .
.(a) A/2, (b) A, (c) 2A, (d) 4A .
. 1.15
.x
a :
dv d 2 x
=a =
dt dt 2
10
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2.15 :
d 2x k
2
= x )(15.3
dt m
k
) 2 2
m
(
k
= 2 )(15.4
m
3.15 :
d 2x
2
= 2 x )(15.5
dt
) (5.15 ) x(t
. ) x(t
.2 sin
11
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cos ) .(5.15
.
A . ) (6.15 ) (5.15
dx d
) = A cos(t + ) = A sin(t + )(15.7
dt dt
d 2x d
2
) = A sin(t + ) = 2 A cos(t + )(15.8
dt dt
A .
x .a2.15 A amplitude
. angular
12
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frequency .rad/s
. 4.15 :
k
= )(15.9
m
(a) 2.15 x t . A
T (b) . x t x=A
.=0
2.15
13
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2.15
4.15 .6.15
A ) (a ) (b
) (c (d) (e) 15.3
. m
) (f
.
.15.6
14
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4.15 . A
.
3.15
5.15 .
B ) (a (b) A A
) (c (d) A .A
15
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5.15 x-t .
. T
) .(a2.15 x v t
x v .t+T
2 :T
16
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[ (t + T) + ] (t + )) = 22
T = 2,
2
=T )(15.10
frequency .
.
1
= f = )(15.11
T 2
2
= = 2 f )(15.12
T
17
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2 m
=T = 2 )(15.3
k
1 1 k
= f = )(15.4
T 2 m
A . k
.
7.15
:8.15
dx
=v ) = A sin(t + )(15.15
dt
d 2x
=a ) = 2 A cos(t + )(15.16
dt 2
18
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5.15 1
.A 6.15 a .2A
k
= v max = A A )(15.17
m
k
= a max = 2 A A )(15.18
m
a6.15 .
b6.15 .c6.15
90o ./2 x .
x .
180o . x
.
19
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6.15
(a) .
(b) . .
) (c .
90o
.180o
20
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4.15
4.15 .6.15
A ) (a (b)
) (c (d) (e) (f)
.
5.15
m . .T m
.2m 2m )(d) T (c) 2T (b) 2T (a
.T/2 (e) T/ 2
21
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6.15 .
.9.15 A .t=0
A t=0
.7.15
22
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(a) 8.15
( (b) .v
t=0 x(0) =A v(0)=0
t=0 x(0) =A .v(0)=vi
23
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x (0) = A cos = A
v(0) = A sin = 0
a8.15 .
2A .A
A .x=0 .
t=0
.9.15 ) x(t
) v(t x(0)=0 :v(0)=vi
x (0) = A cos = 0
v(0) = A sin = vi
24
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.=/2 A=vi/
. = -/2
:
vi
=x cos t
2
t=0 .b8.15
b8.15 .
=- .2
/2 phase constant
9.15 t=0
x=0 .vi
25
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1.15
.x :
x = ( 4 .00 m ) cos t
4
: 15.6
)x(t) = A cos ((t+
) (A A=4.00m = rad/s f=/2=/2= 0.5Hz T=1/f=2sec
) (B v x .t
dx d
=v ) = ( 4 .00 m / s ) sin t + (t
dt 4 dt
v = ( 4 .00 m / s ) sin t +
4
26
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v :
dv d
=a ) = ( 4 .00m / s ) cos t + (t
dt 4 dt
a = ( 4 .00 2 m / s 2 ) cos t +
4
) (C t=1s .
5
x = ( 4 .00 m ) cos + = ( 4 .00 m ) cos = ( 4 .00 m )( 0 .707 ) = 2 .83 m
4 4
5
v = ( 4 .00m / s ) sin = ( 4 .00m / s )( 0 .707 ) = 8 .89 m / s
4
5
a = ( 4 .00 2 m / s 2 ) cos = ( 4 .00 m / s )( 0 .707 ) = 27 .9 m / s
2 2 2
4
) (D ) (B
. v 4.00m/s a .4.002m/s2
27
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) (E t=0
xi = ( 4.00m) cos 0 + = 2.83m
t
2.15
1300kg . .20,000N/m 160kg
.
:
.
28
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. 4
x :
Ftotal = ( kx ) = ( k ) x
x .
15.14
1 k eff 1 80,000 N / m
= f = = 1.18 Hz
2 m 2 1460kg
+ m .
1 k eff 1 80,000 N / m
= f = = 1.25 Hz
2 m 2 1300kg
29
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3.15
200g ) (k=5.00N/m . 5.00cm
(A) 7.15 (B) (C)
) (D .
k 1 5.00 N / m
= = = 5.00rad / sec
m 2 200 10 3 kg
2 2
=T = = 1.26 sec
5.00rad / sec
) (B 17.15
vmax = A
A = (5.00 rad/s)(5.00x10-2m)=0.250 m/s
) (C 18.15
amax = 2A = (5.00 rad/s)2 (5.00x10-2m)=1.25 m/s2
) (D phase constant x=A t=0
30
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x(0) = A cos = A
.x=Acos
.=0 x=Acost
:
x = A cos tt = (0.0500m) cos 5.00 t
v = A sin t = - (0.250m/s) sin 5.00t
a = -2A cos t = - (1.25m/s2) cos 5.00t
xi = 5.00cm vi = -0.1m/s ) (A
. ) (B ) (C ) (D :
)(1 x(0) = A cos = xi
)(2 v(0) = - A sin = vi
) (2 ) (1
A sin vi
=
A cos xi
vi 0.100m
tan = = = 0.400
xi )(5.00rad / s)(0.0500m
= 0.21
31
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) (1 A
xi 0.0500m
=A = = 0.0539m
) cos cos(0.12
vmax = A
A = (5.00rad/s)(5.39x10-2m) = 0.269 m/s
amax = 2A = (5.00rad/s)2 (5.39x10-2m) = 1.35 m/s2
:
x = (0.0539m) cos (5.00 t+0.12
)t+0.12
v = - (0.269m/s) sin (5.00 t+0.12
)t+0.12
a = - (1.35m/s2) cos (5.00 t+0.12
)t+0.12
: .
.
32
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.1.15
. 15.15 :
1 1
=K ) mv 2 = m 2 A 2 sin 2 (t + )(15.19
2 2
kx2 6.15
1 2 1 2
=U ) kx = kA cos 2 (t + )(15.20
2 2
K U . 2=k/m
= E = K +U
1 2
2
[
) kA sin 2 (t + ) + cos 2 (t + ]
33
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sin2+cos2=1 ][
:
1 2
=E kA )(15.21
)15.21
2
.
U K .
x=A
. U=0 x=0 .kA2
1 1 1 k 1
=E 2
mv max = m 2 A 2 = m A 2 = kA 2 )(at x=0
2 2 2 m 2
a10.15 .=0
34
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. kA2 x
.b10.15
35
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11.15
36
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. 11.15
.
. .
.x
1 2 1 2 1 2
= E = K +U mv + kx = kA
2 2 2
k
v= ( A 2 x 2 ) = A 2 x 2
m )(15.22
22.15
x=0 .x=A
37
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. . a12.15
.
.b12.15
.
(a) 12.15
)
( (b) .
.
38
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4.15
0.500kg ) (k=20.0N/m (A) .
(B) 3.00cm (C) 2.00cm
.2.00cm
: 21.15
1 2 1
=E kA = ( 20.0 N / m)(3.00 10 2 m) 2 = 9.00 10 3 J
2 2
x=0 U=0
1
=E 2
mv max = 9.00 10 3 J
2
) 2(9.00 10 3 J
= v max = 0.190m / s
0.500kg
) (B 22.15
39
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:
k
v= ) ( A2 x 2
m
v=
20,0 N / m
0.500kg
[
) (0.0300 m) 2 (0.0200m) 2 ]
v = 0.141m / s
) (C ) (B
K = mv2 = (0.500kg)(0.141m/s)2 = 5.00x10-3J
U = kx2 = (20.0N/m)(0.0200m)2 = 4.00x10-3J
E K U
x=3.00cm .v=-0.100m/s
3.15 .
t=0
40
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1 1
=E mv 2 + kx 2
2 2
1 1
= (0.500kg )( 0.100m / s ) 2 + (20.0 N / m)(0.30m) 2
2 2
2
= 1.15 10 J
1 2
=E kA
2
2E ) 2(1.15 10 2 J
=A = = 0.0339m
k 20.0 N / m
.
1 2
=E mv max
2
2E ) 2(1.15 10 2 J
= v max = = 0.214m / s
m 0.500kg
.t=0
41
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(a) 13.15
.
.
(b) .
.
42
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14.15 .
A .
. .
14.15
15.15 P .Q .
43 .
.
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P A a15.15 OP
x .t=0 P
t=0 . OP
x b15.15 t>0 OP x .=t+
P x Q
x .x=A
P Q .x OPQ x
6.15 Q x
44
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:
P ) y .(b15.15
x y
.90o
P T
= .x P
x=A
) x ( .
OP .x A
.
v=r
A .A c15.15 x
) .-Asin(t+ Q .dx/dt 23.15
Q x .P
45
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P O .v2/A=2A
d15.15 x ) .-2Acos(t+
Q x .23.15
6.15
16.15 .t=0
.
) 0.50m (a 1.00m (b) 0 0.50m (c) 0 1.00m (d) .
16.15 .
16.15
46
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5.15
3.00m .8.00rad/s t=0 x
2.00m (A) . x (B) . x
.
: =8.00rad/s
)x = A cos (t + )) = (3.00m) cos (8.00t +
x=2.00m .t=0
2.00m = (3.00m) cos (0+
)(0+
2.00m
= cos 1
3.00m
= 48.2 o = 0.841rad
)x = (3.00m) cos (8.00t+0.841
47
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:
=-0.84 rad
:
x = (3.00m) cos (8.00t
)(8.00t-0.841
.rad
) (B vx
dx
= vx )= ( 3.00m)(8.00rad / s ) sin(8.00t 0.841
dt
)= ( 24.0m / s ) sin(8.00t 0.841
ax
dv
= ax )= ( 24.0m / s )(8.00rad / s ) cos(8.00t 0.841
dt
)= (192m / s 2 ) cos(8.00t 0.841
vmax=24.0m/s .amax=192m/s2
48
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:
T .mg
mgsin =0
. restoring force
17.15
.
d 2s
Ft = mg sin = m .=0 -
dt 2
mgsin
mgsin
s
.
. s=L L :
49
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:
d 2 g
2
= sin
dt L
- 3.15
sin
.3.15
sin :
d 2 g
2
=
dt L )(15.24
3.15
. ) =max cos(t+ max
:
g
=
L )(15.25
50
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:
2 L
=T = 2
g )(15.26
.
.
.11.15
51
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7.15
) (a (b) ) (c
8.15
) (a(b)
) (c
52
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:
6.15
(1629-1695) Christian Huygens
. 1s
: 26.15
) T 2 g (1.00s ) 2 (9.80m / s 2
=L = = 0.248m
4 2 4 2
.
Huygens .
: 26.15
)4 2 L 4 2 (1.00m
=g 2
= 2
= 4 2 m / s 2 = 39.5m / s 2
T )(1.00
53
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Physical Pendulum
.
. .
.
.physical pendulum
(Pivot) O d .18.15
torque O mgd
sin 18.15 =I I
moment of inertia O 18.15
d 2 O
mgd sin = I
dt 2
54
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O .
. sin
:
d 2 mgd
= =
2
)(15.27
I
2
dt
mgd
=
I
2 I
=T = 2 )(15.28
mgd
.
d .
55
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:
7.15
M L
) .(19.15
: .1/3ML2 d
.L/2 15.28
ML2
1
2L
T = 2 3
= 2
)Mg ( L / 2 3g
19.15
d=L/2 I=1/3
ML2
56
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:
Torsional Pendulum
20.15 .
:
= -
torsion constant .
. :
d 2
= = I 2 20.15
dt
d 2 .
= )(15.29
dt 2
I OP .max
= / I
I
T = 2 )(15.29
57
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.torsional pendulum
elastic limit .
.
.
.damped 21.15
. 21.15
.
.
58
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:
F x = kx bv x = ma x
dx d 2x
kx b =m 2 )(15.31
dt dt x
.
b ) (31.15
22.15
b
t
.
x = Ae 2m
) cos(t + )(15.32
.
k b 2
= (15.3
)(15.33
m 2m
32.15 .31.15
59
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:
22.15 .
.
.damped oscillator 22.15
) (envelope .32.15
. .
) (33.15 :
b
2
=
2
2m
= k / m ) (
.natural frequency
Rmax=bvmax<kA
underdamped
60
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.23.15 b . b bc
bc/2m=o .critically damped
.23.15
Rmax=bvmax>kA
b/2m>o .overdamped
. 23.15
.23.15
) (a
32.15 . ) (b
) (c
. .
.
61
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:
9.15
.24.15
) (a (b) ) (c
(a) 24.15 .
(b) .
.
62
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:
.
.
.
.
.
F(t) = Fo sint w Fo .
o k .m
dx d 2x
F = ma Fo sin t b dt kx = m dt 2 )(15.34
63
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:
. .
.
stea .
steady state
34.15 :
) x = A cos(t +
)(15.35
Fo / m
=A
)(15.36
b
2
( 2 o ) 2 +
2
o = k / m ).(b=0
64
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:
) (35.15 ) (36.15
.
.o
resonance o
resonance frequency.
.
x 35.15 .
( sin .
v )sin(t+
F . F
.F.v F v
.
65
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:
25.15
.
) (b0 .
. ) (b=0
15.36
.o
)
.(25.15
.
.
1940 Tacoma Narrows Bridge
.
66
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:
.
.
67
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:
-
. x :
)x(t) = A cos ((t+
A . .
- T :
2
=T
2 m
=T = 2
k
.
- :
dx
=v ) = A sin(t +
dt
68
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:
d 2x
=a ) = 2 A cos(t +
dt 2
v = A 2 x 2
A .2A x=A
.x=0 .
:
1 2 1
=K ) mv = m 2 A 2 sin 2 (t +
2 2
1 2 1 2
) U = kx = kA cos 2 (t +
2 2
:
1 2
=E kA
2
.
.
- L
69
.
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:
L
T = 2
g
. :
I
T = 2
mgd
I d .
R=-bv
b
t
x = Ae 2m
) cos(t +
k b 2
=
m 2m
F(t) = Fo sint
.
70
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:
) (1
.
) (2 x=-Acost
t=0
) (3 t=0 t t
.
) (4 (a) : (b)
(c) .
) (5 .
) (6 .A
.
) (7
71
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:
) (8 .
) (a (b) (c) .
) (9 .
)(10
b k . )(11
. )(12
. )(13
72
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:
1.15
) (1 4.00m .
(a) ) (b (c)
.
2.15
) (2 :
x t . t=0 ) (a (b) ) (c
(d) . .
73
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:
v
x(t ) = xi cos t + i sin t
v
x(t ) = xi cos t + i sin t
) (b A
v 2 ax = vi a i xi = 2 A 2
2
) (5 12.0s 5 . ) (a (b)
) (c .rad/s
) (6 7kg .2.60s .
74
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:
) (7 .
5.00cm .3600rev/min
) (8 0.500kg k=8.00N/m
.10.0cm ) (a (b)
6.00cm (c) x=0 .x=8.00cm
) (9 1.00kg . 0.100m
. 0.500s
.
. .v )(10
(a) . (b) . )
(.
75
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:
3.15
) (K=6.50N/m )(11
.10.0cm
.30.0cm/s ) (a (b) (c) .
200g .0.250s )(12
2.00J ) (a (b) .
1000Kg . )(13
5.00x106N/m 3.16cm
. .
.3.5cm 250N/m )(14
0.500kg ) (a (b) (c) .
50.0g ) (k=35.0N/m )(15
.4.00c, ) (a (b) .1.00cm
) (c (d) .3.00cm
76
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:
. ) (a (b) )(16
(c) (d) .
.3.00cm )(17
.
4.15
3.00m/s bump )(18
(a) .15.25 (b) 0.300m
.15.26 )(19
.
15.25
77
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:
15.26
5.15
)(20
(a) .12.0s ) (b
1.67m/s2 .
)(21
= (0.320rad) cos t
rad .=4.43rad/s .
78
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:
.0.450Hz )(24
2.20kg 0.350m
.
2.00kg . )(25
3.00minutes
79
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:
6.15
)(26
dE
= bv 2
dt
1 1
) . : E = mv 2 + kx 2
2 2
.15.31
80
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:
7.15
2.00kg )(29
) .F=(3.00N)sin(2t 20.0N/m ) (a ) (b .
) (b=0 35.15 34.15 )(30
.36.15
40.0N .200N/m )(31
10Hz 2.00cm .
0.150kg 6.30N/m )(32
1.70N 0.440m
81
.
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