Turbidite systems

Part 2: Subseismic-scale reservoir characteristics

ROGER M SI.ATT, Colorado Schoo/ of Mines, GoIden, Colorado, U,S
PAUl WEIMER. Universityal Colorado. Boulder, Colorado. US

R rtlofthistwo-pJrtpJp",(TU;, zonC:;;bo()diniti"lnowr,lt~-.,;follo,,"cd bcrtyx-sofchanncls,.>rosiun,ll,md

by rapidded in('; variabll'depLetion
~ ~r~~i:l~y~~~:~~~~~~~~~;~~:;~
agsradational (Clark and !'ieh-rin!;,
wrtically;anddiffl'l\."'IlCCSinelcv,l1ions 1996). The fiJl in eaeh diff{"J"S. ~1.lIly
..:l n.:h,miXL..:!<,}nd/mud,andmud-rich) ofnuidconlxtsand/ordcpletionhis !'TOSion..llehanneJfiJlsan>com~of
~ and thcirS<!ismic stratigraphic and torieswithin thesamestratigraphic rclativdyooarse-gmined, thick-b<.-d
<!l wirdine log ch"',lCtcristic~. In this int{'JVal(suchaswi thinlevccdeposits dL-d,discrmtinllnusstrataattheb,lst',
" papcr,wesummanzereserwnrprop onbothsidesofamud-filledchanncl) and relativelyrmer-grainl'd, thiJmer
S: ertit'S,lheirmeasuJl'meJ'lland idenh- bedded,andmorecontinllousstrataat

J ~~~:r;~~~:;!~!~~~~~~:~ Archit ec tu u l e lem e nts an d Ih dr

::::;: ;~~sO~a~:ea ;~;~~~~~~cn~~~~~~
lo he;r trapping mechanism
~ (Pettingill,l998LsowefocusheJl'OIlly
1; onstratigraphicandrelatedpropcr
~ ties
reservo ir pro perties. Themajorarchi
tt'Ctural elem,'nts mat fonn the bulk of
tutbidite reselVoirs aredmnnel-fills,
sheets(lobes),andoverbankl
lev~s(Mllttiand Normark,l99l;
Chapinet al., 1994). Although mt'SC
elements can be recognized !Xl seis
the top (rabie 1). Thesc diffe .....nrl'S
rdleclchangl'Sindepositionalproc
esses, sedime n l accommodation
withinthechannelduringprogressive
badiJling.andchannelgr.>dient. Sudl
channelfiJlsaregenerallyintemaJly
braidedaOOelongatedownthedepo
sitional dip. Aggradational channel

J Se i s mi c -andsllb ~i s mi c-5(:a l econ

Imls on turbidile reservoir p<,rfonn
micprofilesandwire!inelogs,inter
nal variabikly exists within eaeh
elemenl that can affect reselVoirper
fillsareassociated wim leveedeposil~;
thefillisgenerallyfinergrain('dand
maybe sa nd-or mud-dominated
ance.O\'eraILthesi7.eandgeometry formanct'. Tabl<, 1 lisis the qualitative Sllchcharmelfillsaresinuousinl'lan
ofatutbiditereservoiranditsintemal attributes of continuity, connectivity, view. aOO sand may occur in discon
sand distribution are properties that and reselVoirquality as Ihey mighl tinuousxxisratherthanascontinu
control ultima tereservoir recoveries occurwithineachoflheseelements; oussheetsorribbons
Forexample,good tutbidil<, reservoirs theseattriblltesarediscussed be!ow.
in Ihe Gulfof Mexioo are th05(> with 5heets (lobes). Chapin el aL (1994)
~ lalerallycontinuous,thick,permeable Channel fill. len::arelwoend-mem identifted twotypesofsheets(lobes)
sands.Suchlarge-scalefeaturescanbc
determined from ~ismk att ributes,
conventionalwel1 !ogs,and well test
andproductiondata
More sllbll~, Sllbseismic-scale
propemesexertstrongeontrolonindi
vidualweUproductionratesandulti
mate re<:overies. These properties
inc111delateralbedeontinuity,\'ertical
bedoonnectivity,andreselVoirqual
ity(porosityand permeability). Asan
example, Figure 1 !lustrates impor
tantsubseismic-scalestratiftcationfor
iheS-sandreservoirintervalinAuger
Field, Gulfof Mexico. The S-sand
appearsas a single high-amplitude
seismic r(!fleclion, but the wel1-log
cross-sectionshowstheS-sandlobe
composerl of two intervals of laterally
eontinuoussheetsands(SlandS2)
thal ar(! separa ted by a continllous
mudstonewithathicknessoflS-20ft
This mudstone is a vertical perme
ability ba rriertha t preventsnuidoom
municationbetweentheSl andS2
intervals.
Thereareseveralindicatorsofthe
p~ofsubseismic-scaleproper
tieslha t canresu llinahighlyoomplex Figure l. (a) Slructu u l dip-orienlerl 3-D seismic ine showing Ihe S and
and /or oompartmentalized reservoir. olher rese rvoir interval s, Auger Field, Gulf of Me~ i(o_ (b) Tme vertica l
Theseindicatorsinclude:water-bear thickness cross-sedionofth e 5-sa ndalongstmclllral strike_Thesectionis
ingwnesmatarestructurallyand/or hung on Ihe mudston e Ihal separales Ihe 51 and 5 2 members_ (Afler
slratigraphicaUyhigherthanoilorgas MeCee el al., 1994 ).
 thoseth.llan:amalgamatedandthose Table1. Qualitativecontinuity, connectivity, and reservo irq ualityof
thalaA'I,,}'cn:d(fabJel).llydcfmitioll.
ama lgam<lted sh',.'dsorlob<.'Scxhibit selected turbidite facies
good lateral con tinuit y and vcrtkal
~ ronnl"Ctil'i t.YOWingOalargepro.po.,.
. ) honofsMK1.on-sandcontacts,Laycn--..;I
shects ""h,bit goodlatcralrontull"ty
._..... .,.
!~~~le
"""
t..atef~l
COfltinulty
Vertical
conneetivily ..,
KvlKh
Fluidnow
~~$ Witllin PO<O$ityl
pe<meabllity

H,,,,,
butpoor\'crtica lconnectivilyowin; H"

tofew:;.lnd.on-s..md contactsaoo rom

............ ,
mon interlaycrL-d m"dslones. Both fiO
amalgama tL>dandlaycrL-dshL",tSCln Proximal
belatcrallycxlcnsivc, andlheformeT High
maygr"dcintothclattcrdown lile
depositionaldip "'~ $tratil\ed
Amalgamaled "" ....'
Overbankllevees.Sedimentsil1prox
imalle"ees arethoughttoPa"chigher
net: gross. poorer laler~l continuity.
slightlyroarsergrainsire,andbeucr
vertical connectivity than distal over
bank/leveesedimentsffable 1). This
_.
u,.,~
shooljlobe)

""""
"'"
.."
Variable
High
H"
H"
Stratified

Stratified

isa result ofdowncurrent change in r.-..,.SJarr, I9S8}

depositional proces.ws from higher
eneT8Y, cut-and-fill to more passive Permu bility v . Grain Size

deposition(SlaUctal.,I998).Although 10000

bedsaretypicallyveryt hin{cmto
_ mm), porosities and p(!rmeabilities
maybehigh(l OOsto lOOOsofmd).
Overbank/levee beds on opposile
sidesofachannelmaynotbeinpres
sureornuid communicationifthe
channelis mud-fillOO.Slumpedbeds ~ : I lIiI::
andseismicaUydefinablesandysplays S
(which can be a reservoir facies) can .~

.""

r- beassocia tOOwilhoverbank/levee
deposits (Robertsand Compani,l996) ~ 1000 "

AOOlrdingto Hiltennan(199B).prox E
imaland distallhin-beddOO turbidites
differinvelocity-<lcnsity properties. ~
suggestinglhatlheymaybedistin
guishableonseismicdata

Po ros il y and p erm eabilily.l'er

meabilityisquite ,ensitivetosubtle
variationsingrainsizeandsorting.A
particularlygoodexampleofthegrain
sizeversusp(!rmeabililyrelationship
has heendocumentedby Reed yand
Pepper (1996) forCreen Canyon
161/205 (Genesis) Unt in lhe north
emCulfofMexiro{Figure2).Porosity
islesssensitive tothesevariations.
Crainsizeandsortingoftcn(butnot
always)arepositivelyrelatOOtosand
bedthickness(Slattetal.,I993). Thus,
in a generalsense,withinanyone
geneticlurb iditesys tem,thicke r,
coarser-grainOO, hetlersortOO sands
wiU exhibil hetter permeability than
thinner, finer-grainOO. more poorly
sorted sands ffable 2). Table 1 shows
thisgeneral relationship forcompo
nentsofarchitecturalelement s
r'
Kv/Kh trends in Table 1 are a prod
uctofvariationsinbothreservoirqual
ityandverticalconnectivity;i.e., low
oonnectivityleads tolow Kv/Khand
100
,
y.
0.Q1 0
M~ ian
f igure 2_ I'e rmea bility versus med ian gra in s iu for C reen Ca nyon 1611205
u.ndsldle rReedya ndPe pper, l 9%l.
An;hitedu ral e lements andreservoi r
managemenl. Acomparison o f noser
voirmanagementapproacheslodif
ferentturbiditean;hitecturalelements
is providOO by Leonard and Bowman
(1998)forthreeNorth Sea field s.
Inthegiantl'aleoceneforti es
field, amalgamated, channelized
sa nds overlain by lower nel'gross
channel margin-intcrchannel facies
loo to early waterf100d sweep of the
lo we r intervals; this diflcrential
waternood provided the later chal
lenge of capturing oil /rom the
unsweptlowernet:gross facies
In the I'aloocene Andrew Field.
n'servo;r p(!rformance wasstrongly
0. 100 1.000
Grain Sfu (mm )
influencedby shalebarri e rS lhat
impactOOgas migrationtowardpro
ducinghorizonlalwells;theseharriers
providOO the laterchallenge 01 opti
mally placing well s to maximize
sweepandd efy ea rlyga s/wale r
brea kthrough
In thejurassicMagnusField,lhe
rescrvoirsandstonesarehighnet:grnss
but with regionallyexlensiveshales
{Ihickness of 3-15 fl) separatingsand
stonepackages;thisoompartmental
i7.ationprov;doothelaterchallcngeof
redefiningtheoriginalmodelofthe
noservoirasahomogeneous"tankNto
one wh ich isvertica ll ystra tified in
order looplimiz.einfillwell locations
 lnthiscase,allcurrcntproducinswclls
hJ\'cl:>n sidelracked fmm orisin,ll
dcvdopmentwellstoaOCuntforthis
stratification.
(' Su lesof reservoi ra rc h itcclure.
Gardneret al. (t998) point .....i ou t that
qllanlificationand Ch.lr,'ctcri~~llionof
turbiditereser\'oirJrchit....:tlll"l'c,lnbc
acromplished ata varictyofscal..-s,
JndthattheapplicalionofscaletoJ
particular~selVoirproblem\"aries
witht!'l('magnitudcoftheproblem;if
theprobleminvol\"csasmallan:a.tllCn
t!'l('scaleusedtodescribcthcarchi
tectureissll\all.Howe\"er,Sbuetal
(1993)pointedoutth.ltmostturbidite
oilorgasfiddsaresmallcrtlmnlhc
sizeoft!'l('parentdeposilionalsystcm,
andthatproper1iesoutsidethefield
may influenceperformancewithin the
feld
Therefoll',mooelingareservoiral
smaUtolargescalesmaybeadvanla
geousforanypartirularproblem.An
cxam plcofquanlit,ltnc ..-stim,lt<.-sol
seismic-tosllb.;(oismic-scalcpropertit.-s
of13razilianturbiditcll.'SClVoirsispm
vidl'linTable3
Reservoirmodelingandsimu lalion.
Hescrvoirsimlllation hasbccome
importanttopredictingtlwp<'rfonn
anceofturoiditeR"S<'lVoirsandtopl,1I1
for rcservoirde\'e!opment.lncreas
ingly,romp.lniesal"('relyingonll.'SCr
voirsimlllalionsintlwirdevelopment
plansforbillion-dollMinveslments
Companies are using fluid-flow ~im
ulationinstagt.-swithincrcasinscom
plexityasdevelop 'nentplanning
progll.'5Ses. Geostatistical and deler
ministic modcls are used,and cach
modd wiU affecl the lcvelof reoluhon
ofstratigraphicdctai1.Such modds
can hclp provide timcly reservoir
developmentanswersforfast-track
projects(Smith,I998).Reliablesimu
latiOl1resultsarecriticalforwaterflood
projects and require a good geologic
nHldd thalcaprull.-sthcht.>\~rogcncity
ofthcn.'SCn:oir.
Quantifying th... hcterogencity 01
turbiditcreservoirsloTsimul3tionis
difficult and accounts for the use of
~~:~lt;~t~~a;'d~~i~~~;~l~~nC~,i~' ;:~
obtainl.'d from3-D Sl.'ismic horizon
slicL'S,aswellasfrominterfercncednd
pR'SSUI"(' tests. Quantiiication of bt.>d
thickness,conru:.'CIivih; and 1l.'Se"oir
qualityca.n beaccomplished from "'ell
information, bul accur"te prediclion
of thesefcaluresawal fromt!'l('", ...ll
is not wholly reliabl using romen
tionalwirelinelogs.Subtlefearureson
dipmeter logs or borehole irnaging
tools may provide information on lat
er"la ttributes
Outcrops,wheresuffidentlycon
tinuous, can provide the necessary
qllantitativelateralattributesofrur
biditestrata and can bridge thegap
bdwel'n wiretine log and seismic
scales. Unfortunately, masl published
cxamplesofoutcropcontinuitymc"s

--
urernentsarefromoutcropsinwhich
Table 2. Permeability of sandstones in some Gulf of Mxico turbidile fields onlyafewhundredfeetofbedlength
collld be measured, although soml'
individualbedsaOOpackag<'Sofbeds
'"00 havebeen correlated for longerdis
'"00 315(\'o@llest)
lances.Architectureofafewturbidite
outcrops hasbeendocwnenledinsuf
(3(8@TlCanyon205Nl ficientdetailforrese,,'oirsimulati{)ll
r- '",",000 Once a ll'liable reservoirmodel has

-"
I:>nbuiltandsimulationscompletl'd,
..,.." 41).2800 additionaldl'Vdopmenl wel1scan thcn
_00 be immediatdy entl'red intQ a ncw
RA-,d~ IOr

_ _ Anl l T_ _ tJrT)IIOA ...

... _b\' ~ ___
:,.,
~""'_"'

~~_~
"'"
_ _ _ oI
_ _,
databaSC,and Ihe modelsand simu
lationscanbeupdated. For example,
~~:"l .. r. ... _tJr T)II08 . .:"..iIonofy."""'_~"li>gor~ early in !he development of!he Ewing
f"""SlatlIIUI.,1m)
Bank 873 (Lobster) fidd, a geocelJular
rt'Servoirmodel wasbui1t (Burketal.,
1998). Aseach successivedevelopment
Table 3, Dimensions of lurbidile elemenls and complexes weUwasdriUed,geologicinforrnation
Property(ft) was input into thl' T'OSClVoir model,

-
T)'llI Wldlh ()(I000) Lenglh()( I 000) which was subsequently modified,
aOO a new,rondilionalsimulation was
GmeIIsand-richcha-.nel runo Thl'lime fromnewwelJ infor
11I(ividuaI ~1$ ,.", O.6~ ' S-J<)
malion tonew rt'Servoir sirnulation
ocrurrcd in 24-48 hours. This rapid

SO-300 3183>30
"""""
""'""'""'"
lIrlliditelobes
update allowed for mainlaining high
wdlperformanrerates
30420
.c...,o.,~ <900 Future tre nds, Manyold lurbidite
5anckidl turbid~e
fieldsatl;'producingoilandgaswells
beyond expeclalions, and new dis
"'" -l_
"""""~
15-180
<'50 ."
uplo225m~
roveriesarebeingfast-trackedtoward
shorterstartuplimes. lhetrerodinthe

....
'""''''"''
-l_ ...,
planninganct development of turbidite
reservoirsistodrillasfewwellsas

--
possibte,developthesewellswithhigh
.c...,o.~ <1350 ratesandhighullirnatereroveries,and
r tohavelittleornoinlervention
'""''''"'' plannedonreproductionbegins.Such
=.. 120-1,200
<,,",
0.6-12
<60
2.415

'"'
ttl;'ndsall',in part,due tonew tech o

..
nologies,suchas3-Dand4-Dseismic,
fmor:itfrJbtwn&1h!.I99B} horizontalwells,andquantitali\'e3-D
, r.......... &i;L _ / 999
char,lcteriz.ltionandrnodding,11'1t'S<'
t.xhnologies now JUnw g~'SCk~llists
loadcquatdyadd....'Ss ....'5Crvoircngi
tlC('ring'lueslionsslIchas"hnwbigis
Iheoonlainer?"or"HowwiUthiSre5L'r
voir slyl('x'rform?" or "Ho"'widdy
mllslwespaC\'ollrexp"nsiv('d"\'l't
opm"llI",dlsin thisgmlogicsdhllgT'
or"Shouldwedrilla"",tic,ltsl.lIltor
horizontal well?" or "Whlt wenl
wrongl" As more discoVeTicsJTc
made anddev"'oped, ooT lInder
standi ngwitlimpmvc,andasawn
;;equen.ce, so win ultimat" !'\.'Covcri~'S
and wetl produclion ral es. Turoiditc
rt'SeTVoirsand thcpcoplcwhowork
thcmhavcabrighlfllture.
Suggestionsfor further",.d ing.Thin
beddedslopefao(chaoncl-Icvee)
d~its fromNew Zcaland:Anoutcrop
aoalog for reservoirs io theCulfof
Mexkoby BmwneandS!att (CulfCoasl
Associalioo ofCeologic Societies
Transactions,I997),"Pctroleomgeology
ofriftilndpassi\'('marginturbiditesys
tems: Brazilian and worldwidc eXam
pies" by Bmho (1998 AAPG
]nlernational Coofercnce). "Tanqua
Karoo,ar.cient analog forfine-grained
submarine fans" by Bouma etal (in
Subma,int Fa"sand Tu,biditt Sysltms,
CulfCoaslSectiooofSEPM ISthAnn",,1
bui!diogb""; b forf"i.-;Cf"\'nird'.lract~ri
uti",, - le 5sonslearned frum lh,>
Perm;,," Brushy Canyun Formati"n,
West Texas" by Gardne,ct al. (io
Dev~lol""S a,,,1 M""agin: Tu,bidil.
R..srm"""Ca5t'H,>/o,i,osQlldl",ri""as,
1998 EAGE / AAI'C Third Rescrv"ir
Symposium). "Rockp mpcrtylr"mc
work forcompreh""ding d''''pwat"r
5eismic TC5poo. e" by Hiltcrman (m
/Jffnmle'[xploraliO/l,I'I1><Wtiil'Ssof tlw
Geophyskal Sodety nf Hnuston ]998
SpringSympos,um). "Ficld devdop
mcntdcpositiooal modcl,aod p,oduc
lioopcrformanceofthclllrbiditic''j''
Sand~ at prospcct BlIllwinkle, Gra'n
Canyon 65 Field, outcr s1wl/, Gulfuf
Mexiro" by Holmanand Roberlson(in
Submurirl' Fans and TUTbidil~ Sy>/.m"
GulfCoastSectionofSEPM 15thAnnua!
Resean:hCoruert'f1Ct' I'fOCI:'edings, 1994).
"Reservoirmanagemenl iosetected
basiofloorsubmarinefanreservoirs
from the UKCS~ by Le onard and
Bowmao (in DroclopingQnd Ma"Q,~i"g
Tu,bidilr R~rwirs: Cast Histories ami
r~l!cts, 1998), HGrologic modclsand
reservO;, geomelries of Auger Field,
De<:opwalerCulfofMexic:o"byMcGcc
etal. (in Submarine Fans and Tu,bidile
Syslellls,CulfCoastSectionofSEPMISth
Annual Research Cooference
Rcsc,lrchCooft,n'llCt'I'I"OC<.',-'dings,19'J.1 )
"utcropbchind-oulcropch.u,>ctcri7"
tiooolthinbeddedturbiditesfur
improved lInderstandingofanalog
reservoirs: New Zealand and Gulfol
Mexiro"bySlattelal.(1998SI'EAnnllal
Tl'Chnical Conf~,,;~nct'). "O.. tcropar.,logs
of turbidite pelrol~um R'SCrvoirs 1m
~sseS5ing volumet,ic, dcvelopm~ot
drilling. and simulation scenarios~ b~
Slall et al. (1997 AAPC Anou.,1
Conf~rence), "Pet,onius project
Rescrvoircharaclerization, modeling,
aodnuid-flowsimulalion~bySmith(in
Vrvdaping Qnd Managing TI"bid,1t
RtserWirs:lSeHisloritsandExl'tT;"nm<,
1998). "Relatingturbiditcelcmentsto
expe<:tedflowcharacterforfluid-flow
numerical simlllation purposes" by
WiUiams and Slatt (1998 AAPG Ann .. al
Conkl"t'l1Ce).f
Aebrmo/Mgmmts: Fig"rt J is l'ublisJ.., .lVIlh
/htpmr'~<JflhtG"Ifeo.slSn1",~,Sodt-ty
<JfEronomicl'alrolllologisrs."dMintmlcgisr;,
Figllrt2QndToWt2QrtpuNisNdWllhlhepn
mission<JflhtSocirr<JfPt1rok"mEngi~"",
ondTablrlispwblishedulhlhe pn'misskm of
InfAmerka" AssociQlion ofrrlroleum
Qulogis/s.
C~,ding.uthor,R.S/oII.
T"5J/l@rnintS.m"

~n;hConfe~Pnxeedings.I994)
"Evolutionoflhegeological mude!.
Lobster Fleld(EwingBank873)"by Burlo
el al. (1998 AAPC Hedberg Resean:h
Conference). "Reservoirarchiteclureof
turbidilesheetsandslonesinlalcrally
exlensiveoutcrops, RossFormation,
Westem lrelaod" by Chapin et al. (in
Submarint FQnsand Tu,bidilr Syslems,
CulfCoastSectioTlofSEPM 15th Annual
ResearchConferencePnxeedins-;, 1994)
Submarint Cha"ntls, Proussts and
Archilt clurr by Cla,k and ]'kkering
(Vallis Press, Londoo, 1996), "Facies
an:hitectureandreservoir characteri7.a
tion of a submarine fan channel oom
plex,ja.ckWrk Forrnation, Ar1<ansas" by
Cook el al. (in Submarint Fans and
TurbidiltSysttms, GulfCoastSectionof
SEPMI5thAnnuaIResean;hCOTe~
l'roceedings, 1994). "ReservoirmooeJ
ingofdeepwaterc1asticsequeoces
mesoscalearchitecturalelements,aspecl
rati06,arulproducibil;ty" by Cossey (in
Subma,int Fans andTurbidilt Sysl.ms,
CulfCoaslSectionofSEPM ISthAnnuaJ
Rese.m:hConfe~Proceedins-;,I994).
"lntemalarchitectureofachannel-levee
complex. Cerro Toro Formation,south
em Chile~byDeVriesaod Lindholm (in
Submarint Fans and TIl,bidilt Sysltms,
GulfCoastSectionofSEPM 15thAnnual
ResearchConference Proceedings, 1994)
~ Anatorny of a flysch" by Enos Uauma
ofSdimen/aryPrlrolagy, 1969),HCoJoJogic
Proceedings, 1994). TurbidileSllndslonl'5
by Mull (Agip/lnslitulo di Geologa,
Urov. di Parma, 1992). "An integraled
appn:>achtolhestudyofturbiditesys
tems"byMuttiaodNormark(inSsmic
FQ( fsandSfdimtnlMY PrO"'SS!SOf low-cost
Submarint Fa"s arrdTurbidilt Syslems,
Springt'r-Verlag.]991)."Turtiiditeplays'
immaturily meaos big polenlial
remains" by I'elliogill, Oiland Gas
High
lournal,I998)."Analysisoffinelylami
nateddeepmarineiUIbidites:integration
PERFORMANCE
ofroreandlogdatayieldsanove]inler
pretalonmodel~byReedyandPepper
Pl"9 cess l.n g
(I996SPEAnnuaITechnicaIConfe~)
160-node IBM SP
"Mioceneexampleofa meandering
submarinecha.nnel-Ieveesystemfrom
)-Dseismic reflection data, Gulfof - 80 terabytes storage
MexicoBasin"byRobertsandCompani
(in Slraligrapllic Ana/ysis Utilizing - 24x7 long-t erm
Advanced Gtophys!ral, Wirdintand
or peak outsourcing
Bortholr Tuhnology for Pet,oleum
hplorQlionand Produc/ion, 1996
CCSSEPM 17th Annual Reservoir - Experience securely
Conference)."Scalesofgeologic,,",tero processing propriet ary
~jliesofadeepwalel'$alldgiantoil seismic data f orU5&
field, loogBeach Un i!. Wilmington international clients
Field,Califomia"bySlMtelal.(inMtlri.1I'
C/aslicRcserwirs:Emmpltsa",JAnalqut'S,
Springer-Verlag. 1993). "Interpreting
formationMicro5cannerlogimagesof :~ CODU
c t : CTC
Gulf of Mexico Pliocme turoiditesby 607254-8693
romparison with Pennsylvanian to,
biditeoutcrops,Arkansas"bySlaUetal.
(in SubmarinrFarrsandTurbidileSyslems,
C"lfC,-",sISectiooofSEPM ISthAnn"al