International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials

Vol.9, No.1, pp.120, March 2015

DOI 10.1007/s40069-014-0087-y
ISSN 1976-0485 / eISSN 2234-1315

Mix Design and Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concretes:

Applicability of Eurocode 2
George Wardeh*, Elhem Ghorbel, and Hector Gomart

(Received May 23, 2014, Accepted July 24, 2014, Published online August 26, 2014)

Abstract: This work is devoted to the study of fresh and hardened properties of concrete containing recycled gravel. Four
formulations were studied, the concrete of reference and three concretes containing recycled gravel with 30, 65 and 100 %
replacement ratios. All materials were formulated on the basis of S4 class of owability and a target C35 class of compressive
strength according to the standard EN 206-1. The paper rst presents the mix design method which was based on the optimization
of cementitious paste and granular skeleton, then discusses experimental results. The results show that the elastic modulus and the
tensile strength decrease while the peak strain in compression increases. Correlation with the water porosity is also established. The
validity of analytical expressions proposed by Eurocode 2 is also discussed. The obtained results, together with results from the
literature, show that these relationships do not predict adequately the mechanical properties as well as the stressstrain curve of
tested materials. New expressions were established to predict the elastic modulus and the peak strain from the compressive strength
of natural concrete. It was found that the proposed relationship Efc is applicable for any type of concrete while the effect of
substitution has to be introduced into the stressstrain (ec1fc) relationship for recycled aggregate concrete. For the full stressstrain
curve, the model of Carreira and Chu seems more adequate.
Keywords: recycled aggregate concrete, mix design method, mechanical properties, Eurocode 2.

1. Introduction
Aggregates consumption does not cease to grow in France.
According to the UNPG (French national union of aggregates
producers) and the UNICEM (French national union of indus-
tries of careers and building materials) aggregate production is
estimated at 431 million tons in 2008, of which 79 % is used in
civil engineering eld and 21 % for building industry. In addi-
tion, 5 % of this amount is produced by recycling demolition
wastes. Although this percentage remains low, recycling helps to
limit the environmental impact by limiting the exploitation of
natural resources. These socio-economic issues are the driving
forces promoting the recycled aggregates in concrete.
The valorization of recycled aggregates in concrete is not
recent and many studies have shown that material made with
recycled aggregates may have mechanical properties similar to
those of a conventional concrete mixed with natural aggregates
(Etxeberria et al. 2007; Evangelista and de Brito 2007; Li 2008;
McNeil and Kang 2013). However, recycled aggregates are
characterized by a high water absorption capacity related to the
presence of old mortar attached to the surface of aggregates
which hinders their wide use (Gomez-Soberon 2002; de Juan
University of Cergy-Pontoise, Neuville-sur-Oise 95031,
France.
*Corresponding Author; E-mail: george.wardeh@u-cergy.fr
Copyright The Author(s) 2014. This article is published
with open access at Springerlink.com
and Gutirrez 2009). The water absorption capacity affects both
fresh and hardened states properties. At fresh state, the mix
design of concrete with recycled aggregates requires an addi-
tional quantity of water to obtain a similar workability as a
concrete formulated with natural aggregates (Hansen and Bo-
egh 1986). Such a modication may obviously affect the
mechanical characteristics of recycled aggregates concrete.
Several studies have investigated the microstructure of recycled
aggregates concrete and showed that the porosity is modied
and increases with the replacement ratio (Gomez-Soberon
2002). It is also acknowledged that the high porosity of recycled
concrete leads a reduction of the mechanical strengths (Gomez-
Soberon 2002; Kou et al. 2011). Furthermore, several studies
have shown however that mechanical properties of concrete
made with recycled aggregates depend on other parameters
such as the quality of concrete from which recycled aggregates
are obtained (Xiao et al. 2005; Casuccio et al. 2008) as well as
the replacement ratio (Belen et al. 2011).
The main goal of this work is to determine the properties
of recycled aggregate concretes (RAC) at fresh and hardened
states depending on replacement ratio. A concrete made with
natural aggregate (NAC), designed for control operations,
and three RAC with a S4 class of workability and com-
pressive strength levels near to 35 MPa were formulated and
tested. The present study also examines the applicability of
relationships of Eurocode 2 (EC2) to concretes made from
recycled aggregates. These relationships estimate the mod-
ulus of elasticity, the peak strain and stressstrain relation-
ship from the simple knowledge of the compressive strength.

1
 2. Materials
2.1 Cement
CEM I CALCIA 52.5 N CE CP2 NF cement in confor-
mity with the standard EN 197-2 was used in all concrete
mixes. The chemical and mineralogical compositions cal-
culated by the method of Bogue are presented in Table 1.
The density of this cement is 3.11, its Blaine surface is 395
(m2/kg) and its compressive strength after 2 days is 31.7
(MPa).
2.2 Aggregates
The ne aggregates are 0/4 mm silico-calcareos rolled
sand. For all mix designs, two size fractions of coarse natural
crushed silico-calcareos aggregates were used. The particles
size of the rst fraction, called G1, is comprised between 5
and 10 mm while it is comprised between 10 and 20 mm for
the second type G2. Recycled aggregates were delivered in
big bags from a retreatment platform of demolition materi-
als. They were sieved in the laboratory into three fractions
GR1 (4/10 mm), GR2 (10/20 mm) and sand (0/5 mm). In
this study only the coarse recycled aggregates were used.
They were dried in an oven at 110 5 C and then stocked
in closed containers until the moment of concrete manu-
facture. The main properties of the natural and recycled
aggregates are presented in Table 2 and the grading curves
are plotted in Fig. 1. It is seen that the size grading of the
coarse natural and recycled gravel was similar with a larger
amount of small particles for GR1.
Water absorption has been characterized rst, according to
the standard NF EN 1097-6 at the atmospheric pressure.
Dried aggregates were immersed in water during 24 h then
dried again in an oven at a temperature of 110 5 C. It can
be noticed in Table 2 that recycled aggregates have a sig-
nicant higher water absorption capacity and a lower density
than natural ones. In spite of the high water absorption
capacity of the used RCA, it remains within the range rec-
ommended by the design standards (McNeil and Kang 2013;
Kang et al. 2014).
The kinetic of water absorption of recycled aggregates
GR1 and GR2 was also followed and the water uptake was
measured by hydrostatic weighting. Aggregates samples
were washed rst on the sieve of 4 mm and dried in an oven
at a temperature of 110 5 C until mass stabilization.
After drying the tested sample was placed between two
stainless sieves (of diameter 15 cm and height 7 cm) for
hydro-static weighing. The system was hung to a balance of
0.01 g accuracy with a non-elastic wire and the mass vari-
ation is continuously recorded. The room temperature is
equal to 22 C. Figure 2 illustrates the measurement system.
The water absorption was calculated according to the
following equation:
Table 1 Chemical and mineralogical compositions of the used cement in %.
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaOtotal MgO SO3
19.8 5.14 2.3 64.9 0.9 3.4
2 | International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.9, No.1, March 2015)
Mwa  Mws
xa  100; 1
Ms
where Mwa is the mass of saturated aggregates in water at
time t, Mws is the mass of dried aggregates in water at t0, and
Ms is the mass of dried aggregates in air. The t0 indicates the
beginning of the test.
Figure 3 shows the evolution of water absorption versus
time. At t = 24 h, water absorption of GR1 and GR2 are
respectively equal to 8.3 and 6.5 %. These results corre-
spond to the values obtained following NF EN 1097-6
standard (cf. Table 2). Results show also that recycled
aggregates are saturated after a long time more than 24 h,
according to several studies (Tam et al. 2008; Djerbi Tegguer
2012). At t = 24 h, water absorption represents only 82 and
85 % of total degree of saturation for GR1 and GR2,
respectively. Finally, aggregates reach a water absorption of
10 and 7.8 % for GR1 and GR2, respectively. At the oppo-
site, for short time relative to mixing time (5 min), the
kinetic of absorption is fast.
2.3 Superplasticizer
The used Superplasticizer is Cimuid 3002 produced by
Axim Italcementi group with a solid content of 30 %. It is a
new generation product based on chains of modied poly-
carboxylate certied in conformity with the standard EN
934-2 and considered as a water reducing admixture.
3. Mix Method and Concrete Proportions
All mixtures were formulated on the basis of the following
specications:
only coarse natural aggregates are replaced by recycled
ones with three volumetric replacement ratios 30, 65 and
100 %;
the granular skeleton is constituted of a ternary mixture
of sand and two gravels G1 (4/10 mm) and G2 (10/
20 mm);
at fresh state, all concretes are of S4 workability class
where the target slump with the Abramss cone is
18 1 cm. According to the standard NF EN 206-1 the
slump for a S4 owability is comprised between 16 and
21 cm;
at hardened state a compressive strength comprised
between 35 and 43 MPa must be guaranteed at the age of
28 days;
concretes are designated for XF2 class of environmental
exposure according to the standard NF EN 206-1, where
water to cement ratio (W/C) is lower than or equal 0.5 and
the minimum cement content is higher than 300 kg/m3.
K2O Na2O C3S C2S C3A C4AF
1.1 0.005 58 13 10 6.99
 Table 2 Physical properties of used aggregates.
Sand G1 G2 GR1 GR2
Dry bulk density 2,550 2,510 2,510 2,240 2,240
(kg/m3)
Water absorption, xa 1.7 0.03 1.6 0.07 1.8 0.05 8.2 0.5 6.5 0.4
(%)
Fineness modulus 2.82

A total of four concretes were then produced, a mix with

natural aggregates called (NAC) and three concretes with
recycled aggregates named RAC30, RAC65 and RAC100.
The numbers indicate the rate of substitution. For NAC the
cement content is taken equal to 360 kg/m3 according to the
standard NF EN 206-1 while for the other mixes this content
was modied as will be explained below.

3.1 Optimization of Water to Cement Ratio

The quantity of water for the cement was determined
based on the owability requirement by means of spread
tests with the mini ow cone for which dimensions are 8 cm
for lower diameter, 7 cm for upper diameter and 4 cm for the
Fig. 1 Aggregate gradation curves.
height (Fig. 4).
For various water/cement ratios the slump dm and the
relative slump Cm are computed using the following
equation:

d1 d2 d2  d2
dm ; Cm m 2 0 ; 2
2 d0

where d0 is the lower diameter of the cone, dm is the average

of two wafer diameters d1 and d2. In Fig. 4 the relative
slump Cm is depicted against the water to cement ratio,
where a straight line ts the experimental results with a
correlation ratio R2 = 0.99. The relative slump Cm = 5
yields the water content necessary for a owable paste (El-
Hilali 2009).

3.2 Optimization of Solid Skeleton

Granular skeleton was optimized by the method of com-
paction using vibration. The study started by measuring the
Fig. 2 Water absorption measurement system.
packing density of each component, i.e. sand, natural gravels
G1, G2 and recycled gravels GR1, GR2. Binary mixtures of

Fig. 3 Water absorption of recycled aggregates. Fig. 4 Water to cement ratio versus relative slump.

International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.9, No.1, March 2015) | 3
gravel were then tested to determine optimal dosages which
give the densest packing. Finally ternary mixtures were
tested to optimize the solid skeleton for all mixes.
Packing tests were conducted according to the test method
No. 61 of LCPC (Ledee et al. 2004). To determine the
packing density of a given granular fraction, a sample is
poured in 16 9 32 cm2 cylindrical mold then vibrated while
applying a pressure of 10 kPa. The packing density is cal-
culated by the equation:
Hf
C ;
Hi
where Hf is the sample height after vibration and Hi the
height before vibration. The results for components are
summarized in Table 3 where each value is the average of
three measurements. From this table it can be noticed that
the packing density of recycled aggregates is lower than that
of natural aggregates due to the presence of old cement
paste.
Optimal proportions of granular mixtures are reported in
Table 4 where an increase in the sand content can be
observed for recycled aggregates to assess the highest
packing. This increase is due mainly to the lower density and
lower packing ability of recycled aggregates.
Values of Table 4 were obtained by conducting packing
tests on each mixture with several proportions. The curve
representing the variation of packing density as a function of
proportions was then plotted. The chosen optimal dosage is
the point which corresponds to the maximum of the curve as
shown in Fig. 5 for the ternary mixture of sand with recycled
aggregates. For concretes RAC30, RAC65 the solid skeleton
was rst optimized where 30 and 65 % coarse natural
aggregates were replaced by recycled aggregates GR1 and
GR2 and the packing tests were conducted. The results
showed that proportions sand to aggregates remain the same
as for the mixture sand with recycled aggregates.
In order to corroborate the obtained experimental results,
the software RENE LCPC was used (Sedran 1999). The
software is able, from packing density and the size distri-
bution curves of aggregates, to predict the packing density of
a mixture. The results, plotted on Fig. 4, show that theo-
retical results are in tune with the experimental results.
3.3 Mix Proportions of all Components
Recycled aggregates have not been pre-saturated and the
amount of absorbed water was added to the mixing water.
Moreover, since the amount of water is important, an addi-
tional quantity of cement was added such that the ratio of
total water to cement remains constant. For NAC, the dosage
of superplasticizer was gradually increased until the target
slump was obtained. This dosage has not been modied for
the other formulations because water initially added to mixes
had allowed to obtain the slump 18 1 cm.
Table 5, containing the mixes, shows that the adopted
approach leads to an increase in paste volume with a slight
decrease in density. In this table, the effective water, Weff, is
dened according to the standard EN 206-1 as the total water
quantity, Wtot, minus the water absorbed by aggregates Weff
Wtot  xa  Mg where Mg is the weight of dry aggregates.
Cylindrical 16 9 32 cm2 specimens were prepared to
determine the compressive strength, elastic modulus and
3 splitting tensile strength. Furthermore plain and prenotched
10 9 10 9 40 cm3 prismatic specimens were cast to deter-
mine the exural strength of studied concretes. After being
removed from the mold, they were cured in a water tank at
room temperature for 28 days.
3.4 Test Methods
Uniaxial compression and tensile splitting tests were per-
formed using a servo-hydraulic INSTRON machine with a
capacity of 3,500 kN by imposing a stress increment rate of
0.5 MPa/s. Each test was repeated at least three times and
results shown below are the averages of obtained values. In
addition one cylinder of each material was instrumented with
two strain gauges in order to determine the elastic modulus,
and test were performed by imposing a strain rate of 1 mm/
min. Bending tests were performed using a 250 kN closed
loop INSTRON machine with a strain rate of 1 mm/min.
Finally, splitting strength was measured using the Brazilian
test and dynamic modulus of elasticity was determined using
E-Meter MK II device.
Water porosity was determined using the vacuum saturation
method. The test includes two stages, the rst consists on
submitting 10 9 10 9 10 cm specimens, dried at 60 5 C,
to vacuum (about 80 mbar) during 3 h. After this period and in
a second stage, specimens are immersed in water during
5 days. The water absorption, called water porosity, is deter-
mined as follows:
Wsat  Wdry
WA  100; 4
Wsat  Wwat
with Wsat is the weight of the saturated sample, Wdry is the
weight of the dry sample, Wwat is the weight of the saturated
sample immersed in water.
4. Test Results
4.1 Properties of the Fresh Concretes
The results of workability tests and air content are given in
Table 6 where it can be seen that all mixtures compile with
the required workability. It can be concluded that the air

Table 3 Packing densities of used aggregates.

Sand Natural aggregates Recycled aggregates
G1 G2 GR1 GR2
Packing density 0.894 0.027 0.885 0.002 0.886 0.001 0.866 0.002 0.875 0.011

4 | International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.9, No.1, March 2015)
 Table 4 Volumetric optimal proportions of mixes.
NAC RAC30 RAC65 RAC100
S
G1 G2 0.67 0.82 1.51
G1
G2 0.50 0.53 0.67
S
GR1 GR2 0.82 1.51 1.50
GR1
GR2 0.52 0.67 0.67

measurements. During the rst 20 min, the loss is not sig-

nicant for RAC65 and RAC100 and this is explained by the
excess of available water in the mix. After 20 min the loss is
more pronounced when the replacement ratio is higher. This
trend was also observed by Poon et al. (2011).
In order to verify if the accentuation is due to the con-
tinuous water absorption by recycled aggregates and not to
the increase in paste volume, the loss in workability of two
cement pastes corresponding to NAC and RAC100 was
followed during 2 h. Figure 7 shows the changes of paste
slumps with time where it can be seen that the two pastes
undergo the same kinetic of loss.
Fig. 5 Packing density of ternary mixture S ? GR1 ? GR2.
4.2 Properties of the Hardened Concrete
content of RAC is higher than concrete made with NA when Specimens
the replacement ratio exceeds 30 %. 4.2.1 Water Porosity
The slump loss during 2 h is plotted in Fig. 6 for all Figure 8 presents the water porosities, measured at atmo-
studied materials where the slump values are averages of two spheric pressure and under vacuum conditions, for all
Table 5 Mix proportions for 1 m3.
NAC RAC30 RAC65 RAC100
3
Cement (kg/m ) 360 360 427 448
Effective water, Weff 180 180 180 180
(kg/m3)
Additional water, wa 10 42 53
(kg/m3)
Sand (kg/m3) 703 780 957 930
Natural aggregates G1 346 227 88
(4/10 mm)
(kg/m3)
Natural aggregates G2 692 429 131
(10/20 mm) (kg/m3)
Recycled aggregates GR1 86 145 218
(4/10 mm) (kg/m3)
Recycled aggregates GR2 164 218 326
(10/20 mm) (kg/m3)
Superplasticizer (kg/m3) 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
Effective water/cement 0.50 0.50 0.42 0.40
(Weff/C)
Total water/cement (W/C) 0.50 0.52 0.52 0.52
Paste volume (%) 29.6 30.6 36.0 37.8
3
Theoretical density (kg/m ) 2,280 2,236 2,188 2,155
Experimental density 2,287 3 % 2,224 2 % 2,190 1 % 2,159 1 %
(kg/m3)

International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.9, No.1, March 2015) | 5
 Table 6 Properties of fresh concrete mixes.
Mix Slump (cm) Air content (%)
NAC 18 0.7 1.6 0.3
RAC30 19.3 1.5 1.8 0.1
RAC65 18.5 1.0 2.0 0.2
RAC100 20 1.4 2.5 0.2

Fig. 8 Water porosities measured at atmospheric pressure

Fig. 6 Slump loss of concrete mixes with time. and under vacuum.

concrete mixes. It can be pointed out that both porosities
increase with replacement ratio. These results are in agree-
ment with the results of the literature where the porosity
increases with substitution rate (Gomez-Soberon 2002; Belin
et al. 2013). It can be also shown that the ratio between the
porosity measured under vacuum and the porosity measured
at atmospheric pressure is constant and equal to 1.16.
The increase of porosity with replacement ratio is mainly
due to the high porosity of recycled aggregates, to the
increase in the paste volume and to the poor interface paste-
aggregates as well as to the increase in air content (cf.
Fig. 9).
4.2.2 Compressive Strength
Figure 10 shows compressive strength results at 7, 14, 21
and 28 days for the four concretes produced in this work. As
illustrated in this gure, comparable strengths were obtained
for all concretes with a decrease of 13 % for the concrete
RAC30. This strength loss is due to recycled aggregates and
to the increase in the total water quantity without correcting
the cement content. For substitution ratio higher than 30 %,
two phenomena are in competition: increasing the cement
content and the replacement ratio of recycled aggregates
which contribute to the increase of strength in the rst case
and the decrease in the second. However, the materials sat-
isfy correctly the imposed specications given in part 3 i.e.
S4 owability and 35 MPa compressive strength concretes.
Compressive strength results were compared to the Feret
strength equation with 54 results found in references (Xiao
et al. 2006; Etxeberria et al. 2007; Evangelista and de Brito
2007; Gomes and Brito 2009; Belen et al. 2011; Martinez-
Lage et al. 2012; Pereira et al. 2012; Manzi et al. 2013). The
Feret strength equation is:
 2
fc0 vc
K ; 5
fcm vc vw va

Fig. 7 Slump loss of cement pastes with time. Fig. 9 Relationship between air content and water porosity.

6 | International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.9, No.1, March 2015)
where K is the Feret coefcient which depends on mix
design and age, fc0 is the compressive strength of concrete
(MPa), fcm is the normal compressive strength of cement, vc
is cement content in concrete (m3/m3), vw is the water con-
tent in concrete (m3/m3) and va is the air content in concrete
(m3/m3).
The K value was evaluated based on the both natural and
recycled aggregates concretes compressive strength (cf.
Figure 11). It is found that a value of 5.27 ts adequately the
experimental results with a correlation factor R2 = 0.7. The
obtained value is close to the theoretical value of K = 5
found in the literature (Julio et al. 2006; Hacene et al. 2009).
Ferets equation can therefore help to explain the obtained
compressive strengths for RAC65 and RAC100. Indeed, at a
constant W/C ratio, when the concentration of cement
increases in the paste volume (i.e. the reduction of effective
water to cement ratio), the compressive strength is main-
tained constant despite the increase in air content (Table 5).
Moreover, the compressive strength of RAC30 decreased
due to the reduction in cement concentration in the cement
paste.
4.2.3 Elastic Modulus
The variation of both static and dynamic modulus of
elasticity, denoted E, at the age of 28 days is plotted in
Fig. 12. It can be seen that the recycled aggregates have a
signicant effect on the elastic modulus where it decreases
with the increase of replacement ratio. These results are in
good agreement with the literature results which indicate a
decrease in the elastic modulus (Xiao et al. 2006; Casuccio
et al. 2008). This reduction is the consequence of the
application of recycled aggregates with a higher porosity and
a lower elastic modulus than those of the natural coarse
aggregates.
4.2.4 Flexural and Splitting Tensile Strengths
The exural strength obtained for all concretes is shown in
Fig. 13 with the tensile splitting strength. It is possible to
conclude that the tensile strength with recycled aggregates is
negatively affected when replacement ratio increases. The
loss of both exural and tensile strengths is about 6 % for
RAC30, 11 % for RAC65 and reaches 20 % for RAC100.
Fig. 10 Compressive strength as a function of age and
replacement (means and standard errors).
International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.9, No.1, March 2015) | 7
Fig. 11 Relationship between relative compressive strength
and cement, water and air contents.
The correlation between tensile strength and the porosity
is illustrated on Fig. 14. The results, as might be expected,
show a decrease in tensile strength when the porosity
increases. Figure 15 shows the normalized static modulus of
elasticity versus the normalized tensile strength. The linear
correlation indicates that the higher porosity of recycled
aggregates affects both characteristics. These results are in
agreement with those established by Evangelista and de
Brito (2007).
4.2.5 Analysis of Peak Strain and StressStrain
Relationship Under Compression
Stressstrain curves were obtained by uniaxial compres-
sive tests for all materials developed in the present work.
The analysis of these curves shows that the peak strain
corresponding to the maximum stress increases when
increasing the replacement ratio. The evolution of this strain,
normalized by the strain of NAC, is shown in Fig. 16 as a
function of the rate of substitution with the results of Belen
et al. (2011) and Martnez-Lage et al. (2012). The results
show a linear increase of the normalized peak strain with the
replacement ratio. However, this increase is more signicant
in the context of our work and it is probably attributed to the
adopted experimental conditions.
The inuence of the recycled aggregates content on the
complete stressstrain curves was also investigated. The
results shown on Fig. 17 indicate that the shape of the post-
Fig. 12 Variation of modulus of elasticity as a function of
replacement ratio.

Fig. 13 Flexural and splitting strength as a function of
replacement.
Fig. 14 Splitting tensile strength versus water porosity.
Fig. 15 Correlation between the elastic modulus and tensile
strength.
peak curve is more spread when the replacement ratio is
important. This observation highlights a more dissipative
behavior when recycled aggregates are used, and may be
explained by a more diffuse damage related to the nature of
recycled aggregates.
5. Prediction of StressStrain Relationship
and the Applicability of EC2
Eurocode 2 proposes the following expression for pre-
dicting elastic modulus E (in MPa) from compressive
strength fc0 (in MPa).
8 | International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.9, No.1, March 2015)
Fig. 16 Inuence of RCA content on the peak strain.
Fig. 17 Normalized stressstrain relationship.
Fig. 18 Elastic modulus of NAC as a function of compressive
strength.
 0:3
fc0
E 22000 : 6
10
The validity of the previous expression was veried using
more than 230 concretes formulated with natural aggregates
(see Table 7 in Appendix section). The results are plotted
in Fig. 18 and the data analysis shows that the expression of
EC2 does not allow a satisfactory prediction of elastic
modulus. Equation (6) ts experimental results with
correlation factor R2 = 0.68 while the proposed Eq. (7)
provides a better description of the experimental results.

Fig. 19 Variation of modulus of elasticity of RAC as a
function of compressive strength.
Fig. 20 Peak-strain as a function of compressive stress.
Fig. 21 Strainstress curves.
 0:42
f0
E 17553 c : 7
10
The elastic modulus of RAC developed in this work
together with the results found in the literature (Gomez-
International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.9, No.1, March 2015) | 9
Soberon 2002; Etxeberria et al. 2007; Evangelista and de
Brito 2007; Casuccio et al. 2008; Domingo-Cabo et al. 2009;
Belen et al. 2011) are shown in Fig. 19. From this gure it
can be seen that Eq. (7) allows a better prediction of elastic
modulus than those proposed in EC2 (Eq. (6)) for RAC. It
can be pointed out also that the majority of experimental
values are within the interval of 10 % bounded by the two
dotted red lines. Finally, it can be concluded that the
relationship between E and fc0 does not seem affected by the
nature of gravels.
EC2 proposes also a relation between the peak strain, ec1,
to the compressive strength fc0 regardless the loading rate and
the specimen size. This relation is given by the following
expression:

0:31
ec1 0:7 fc0  2:80=00: 8
The validity of this expression was veried for 66
concretes of the literature with natural aggregates (see
Table 8 in Appendix section). The results presented in
Fig. 20 show that the previous expression of EC2 does not
predicted well the peak strain. However, it can be shown that
the proposed expression given by Eq. 9 is more suitable for
the prediction of peak stain.

0:175
ec1 1:1 fc0 0=00 9
For the full stressstrain curve, EC2 proposes the simple
following equation:
r kg  g2
0
; 10
fc 1 k  2g
with g ec =ec1 , k 1:05  Ecm ec1 =fc and Ecm the secant
modulus of elasticity. The model requires the knowledge of
the static modulus of elasticity, the compressive strength and
the peak strain ec1. The application of this model to recycled
aggregates concrete shows that it does not reproduce suitably
the post-peak behavior (Fig. 21). Another simple expression
was proposed by Carreira and Chu (1985).
 
ec
r b ec1 1
 b ; with b 11
fc0 f0
b  1 eec1c 1  Eec c1
Equations (7), (9) and (11) may therefore be used for the
modeling of full stressstrain relationship of recycled
aggregates concrete with the modication of peak strain
with the replacement ratio. Figure 21 presents a
comparison between the curves calculated using the
modied model of Carreira and Chu (Eq. (9)) and the
model of EC2 (Eq. (8)). It can be seen that this modied
model is more adequate for the modeling of post-peak
behavior as the model of EC2.
 6. Conclusion are explained by the more progressive and diffuse
damage of concrete due to the presence of recycled
In this paper, a natural aggregates concrete, NAC, and aggregates.
three recycled concrete aggregates RAC30, RAC65 and
New relationships for prediction of concretes elastic
RAC100 were prepared on the basis of an imposed constant
modulus, and a peak strain from compressive strength were
owability at fresh state and a target compressive strength of
proposed. The predicted results for RAC were closer to
about 35 MPa at 28 days. Moreover only coarse aggregates
experimental results than values predicted by equations
were replaced by recycled ones with three volumetric
proposed in EC2. For the complete strainstress curve, a
replacement ratios being respectively 30, 65 and 100 %.
model based on the Carreira and Chus model was proposed.
Based on the experimental results the following conclusions
The modied model is more adequate for the modeling of
can be drawn:
post-peak behavior than the model of EC2.
The use of recycled aggregates up to 30 % does not
affect the demand of water of concrete, but generates a
reduction of 14 % of the compressive strength. By Open Access
increasing the replacement ratio, the cement content
increases to maintain constant W/C ratio causing an This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative
increase in the compressive strength which counterbal- Commons Attribution License which permits any use,
ances the negative effect of recycled aggregates. distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
Recycled aggregate concretes had lower elastic modulus, original author(s) and the source are credited.
splitting and exural tensile strength than normal
aggregate one.
The strainstress curves under uniaxial compression Appendix: Database of Mechanical
show that the post-cracking branch is more spread out Characteristics
compared to NAC. In addition, the peak-strain increases
by increasing the replacement ratio. These phenomena See Tables 7 and 8.

Table 7 Elastic modulus database.

Author Nature of aggregates Test conditions Compressive strength Elastic modulus (MPa)
(MPa)
Ali et al. (1990) Natural Not communicated 16.7 13,820
25.3 19,980
27.7 23,530
32.0 33,980
43.5 44,550
Assie (2004) Natural Stress rate 0.5 MPa/s 22.6 28,400
40.6 36,400
55.1 38,200
69.2 36,100
Belen et al. (2011) Natural Controlled load rate 8.77 44.81 34,374
kN/s
31.92 30,645
80 % natural ? 20 % 43.74 33,192
recycled
31.71 29,598
50 % natural ? 50 % 37.45 30,321
recycled
32.35 27,459
Recycled 40.54 24,817
30.13 25,935

10 | International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.9, No.1, March 2015)
 Table 7 continued
Author Nature of aggregates Test conditions Compressive strength Elastic modulus (MPa)
(MPa)
El-Hilali (2009) Natural Stress rate 0.5 MPa/s 35.12 25,130
42.12 32,660
56.46 34,660
60.84 37,660
61.00 38,660
77.95 48,850
31.26 27,260
38.18 33,660
53.46 35,660
59.31 39,660
60.52 40,330
75.21 51,260
30.32 29,800
36.68 35,330
52.56 36,660
55.72 40,330
57.51 41,660
71.95 53,230
Casuccio et al. (2008) Natural Stress rate 18.10 27,100
37.50 33,100
48.40 39,900
Recycled 18.00 23,400
36.40 28,800
44.40 34,200
Recycled 15.40 22,600
35.70 28,300
43.80 32,700
Cedolin and Cusatis (2008) Natural Not communicated 28.50 24,200
33.70 32,680
49.60 28,690
54.80 28,600

International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.9, No.1, March 2015) | 11
 Table 7 continued
Author Nature of aggregates Test conditions Compressive strength Elastic modulus (MPa)
(MPa)
Wee et al. (1996) Natural Strain rate 0.07 mm/min 42.7 37,600
63.2 41,800
70.2 43,000
65.1 41,500
70.5 40,400
69.7 41,500
71.5 41,400
63.6 42,600
85.9 45,000
90.2 44,400
78.3 44,300
85.9 44,300
81.2 43,900
88.1 44,500
81.6 43,800
82.6 44,200
84.8 47,200
85.6 45,600
96.2 46,600
46.4 35,200
65.8 40,800
73.9 41,600
87.6 44,500
93.1 45,400
95.3 45,200
100.6 45,800
102.1 46,100
102.8 46,700
106.3 48,400
104.2 46,300
92.8 45,800
94.6 47,300
94 46,300
96.6 46,500
91.5 45,900
93.6 47,100
91.7 46,000
119.9 49,100
125.6 50,900

12 | International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.9, No.1, March 2015)
 Table 7 continued
Author Nature of aggregates Test conditions Compressive strength Elastic modulus (MPa)
(MPa)
Gesoglu et al. (2002) Natural 77.2 47,100
71.5 48,000
66.5 46,800
70.7 47,300
61.8 45,400
68.9 47,600
59.1 40,900
62.2 45,400
75.8 43,000
67.7 48,200
53.6 46,200
57.9 44,500
92.9 46,400
94 48,300
97.7 47,000
102 48,800
93.7 50,500
86.2 47,100
87.9 43,000
82.7 45,400
79.1 44,700
85.3 45,000
86.9 46,100
90.7 48,100
89.5 47,600
87.8 45,400
90.3 45,000
95.2 50,800
92.2 50,000
97.6 49,300
87.5 48,500
87.2 41,100
80.4 43,200
86.5 44,200
83.9 44,300
80.9 44,600
84.5 45,300
85.7 45,100

International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.9, No.1, March 2015) | 13
 Table 7 continued
Author Nature of aggregates Test conditions Compressive strength Elastic modulus (MPa)
(MPa)
Wu et al. (2001) Natural Not communicated 98.2 48,200
70.4 39,500
65.8 36,200
60.5 31,500
62.1 31,000
44.8 37,500
43.2 28,300
46.6 30,100
45.0 29,000
Shannag (2000) Natural 68.0 38,500
77.0 47,200
86.0 43,800
86.0 42,300
89.5 38,600
90.5 36,200
Baalbaki et al. (1991) Natural 105.0 42,000
106.0 44,000
111.0 41,000
99.3 45,000
99.7 42,000
95.3 40,000
98.0 40,000
103.0 40,000
90.8 42,000
89.2 41,000
Domingo-Cabo et al. (2009) Natural Not communicated 42.8 32,153
20 % recycled ? 80 % 42.7 31,178
natural
50 % recycled ? 50 % 41.3 31,204
natural
Recycled 41.8 31,589
Fares (2009) Natural Stress rate 0.5 MPa/s 36.6 36,110
52.7 39,000
40.8 43,930
Etxeberria et al. (2007) Natural UNE 83-304-84 29.0 32,561,7
25 % recycled ? 75 % 28.0 31,300,4
natural
50 % recycled ? 50 % 29.0 28,591,7
natural
Recycled 28.0 27,764

14 | International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.9, No.1, March 2015)
 Table 7 continued
Author Nature of aggregates Test conditions Compressive strength Elastic modulus (MPa)
(MPa)
Evangelista and de Brito Natural NP EN 12390-5 59.3 35,500
(2007)
30 % recycled ? 70 % 57.1 34,200
natural
Recycled 54.8 28,900
Gomez-Soberon (2002) Natural Not communicated 39.0 29,700
15 % recycled ? 85 % 38.1 29,100
natural
30 % recycled ? 70 % 37.0 27,800
natural
60 % recycled ? 40 % 35.8 26,600
natural
Recycled 34.5 26,700
Karihaloo et al. (2006) Natural Not communicated 55.0 36,900
60.0 38,300
100.0 43,000
Kim et al. (1997, 2004) Natural 18.5 26,772
33.2 28,832
58.0 35,794
31.3 29,940
47.4 33,720
82.8 40,570
32.6 28,790
45.8 33,400
85.7 39,570
34.9 26,510
55.3 31,580
66.9 34,350
88.8 38,140
Martnez-Lage et al. (2012) Natural Controlled strain rate 30.5 29,500
16 le/s
50 % recycled ?50 % 26.8 24,190
natural
Recycled 20.4 19,765
Zhao et al. (2008) Natural Not communicated 43.8 31,400
43.4 39,200
50.9 35,700
56.4 35,900
50.2 41,000
50.8 38,900
40.0 33,600
51.7 39,600

International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.9, No.1, March 2015) | 15
 Table 7 continued
Author Nature of aggregates Test conditions Compressive strength (MPa) Elastic modulus (MPa)
Dong and Keru (2001) Natural Not communicated 60.5 34,900

60.5 32,700

62.1 35,000

83.6 44,900

98.2 45,100

63.0 39,800

72.5 46,100

77.4 38,500

76.5 40,300

70.2 42,800

73.8 36,600

75.1 38,600

77.0 35,200

76.8 39,700

90.3 48,700

91.2 42,600

96.7 41,700

85.5 42,100

113.7 48,000

35.9 29,600

43.3 28,900

45.8 34,700

58.0 33,000

59.7 34,000

Wardeh et al. (2010) Natural Strain rate 1 mm/min 46.5 35,000

Praveen et al. (2004) Natural Not communicated 36.7 27,527

54.6 33,470

70.8 37,614

Shen et al. (2009) Natural Loading rate 10 kN/s 28.6 25,130

40.0 29,840

57.9 32,040

32.1 25,420

42.2 26,000

52.1 30,020

48.8 27,800

56.0 28,670

68.8 33,030

Kang et al. (2014) Natural ASTM C39/C39 M 65.4 37,700

15 % recycled ? 85 % natural 59.4 36,200

30 % recycled ? 70 % natural 48.4 32,800

Natural 38.6 29,200

15 % recycled ? 85 % natural 32.7 29,200

30 % recycled ? 70 % natural 31.7 26,500

50 % recycled ? 50 % natural 29 25,300

16 | International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.9, No.1, March 2015)
 Table 8 strain at peak stress database.
Author Nature of aggregates Test conditions Compressive strength (MPa) Strain at peak stress
Belen et al. (2011) Natural Controlled strain rate 16 le/s 44.8 0.00190

31.9 0.00174

80 % natural ? 20 % recycled 43.7 0.00189

31.7 0.00199

50 % natural ? 50 % recycled 37.5 0.0019

32.4 0.00195

Recycled 40.5 0.00219

30.1 0.00216

Martnez-Lage et al. (2012) Natural Controlled strain rate 16 le/s 30.5 0.0021

50 % natural ? 50 % recycled 26.8 0.0023

Recycled 20.4 0.0025

Wee et al. (1996) Natural Strain rate 0.07 mm/min 63.2 0.00216

70.2 0.0021

65.1 0.00216

70.5 0.00206

69.7 0.00212

71.5 0.00213

63.6 0.00228

85.9 0.00226

90.2 0.00243

78.3 0.00232

85.9 0.00231

81.2 0.00224

88.1 0.00227

81.6 0.00211

82.6 0.00216

84.8 0.00252

85.6 0.00232

96.2 0.00237

73.9 0.00243

87.6 0.00243

93.1 0.00244

95.3 0.00242

100.6 0.00258

102.1 0.00256

102.8 0.00247

106.3 0.00251

104.2 0.00249

92.8 0.00242

94.6 0.00228

96.6 0.00232

91.5 0.00228

93.6 0.00219

91.7 0.00266

119.9 0.00275

125.6 0.00273

International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.9, No.1, March 2015) | 17
 Table 8 continued
Author Nature of aggregates Test conditions Compressive strength (MPa) Strain at peak stress
Dhonde et al. (2007) Natural Stress rate 0.25 MPa/s 31.2 0.00147

38.5 0.00178

50.5 0.00194

77.6 0.00191

Praveen et al. (2004) Natural Not communicated 36.7 0.002

54.6 0.0023

70.8 0.0025

Ali et al. (1990) Natural Not communicated 16.7 0.0018

25.3 0.0021

27.7 0.0021

32.0 0.0022

43.5 0.0022

Prasad et al. (2009) Natural Strain rate 23.3 0.00197

39.6 0.00235

Suresh Babu et al. (2008) Natural Strain rate 25.0 0.001905

31.0 0.00207

31.5 0.00209

25.8 0.00199

28.0 0.00203

Carreira and Chu (1985) Natural Not communicated 20.7 0.0018

30.5 0.0018

49.5 0.00195

Carreira and Chu (1985) Natural Not communicated 10.7 0.0015

20.0 0.0019

34.8 0.0022

46.9 0.0021

52.4 0.00195

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