MechanicsofLaminated

CompositeStructures
NachiketaTiwari
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur
 Lecture8
Analysis of an Orthotropic Ply
AnalysisofanOrthotropicPly
Lecture Overview
LectureOverview
Introduction

HookesLawforOrthotropicMaterials
k f O h i i l

Relationsbetweencomplianceandstiffness
matrices.
Introduction
Mostofthecompositematerialsareneither
homogeneousnorisotropic.
Ahomogeneous materialiswherepropertiesareuniform
throughout,i.e.theydonotdependonpositioninbody.
Anisotropic
An isotropic materialisonewherepropertiesaredirection
material is one where properties are direction
independent.

Compositesareinhomogeneous(orheterogeneous)as
wellasnonisotropicmaterials.
An
Aninhomogeneous(orheterogeneous)materialisone
inhomogeneous (or heterogeneous) material is one
propertiesofmaterialvaryfrompointtopoint.
Anonisotropicmaterialisone,wherematerialproperties
d
dependofdirection.Thus,amaterialsmodulusmaybe
d f di ti Th t i l d l b
differentinx,y,andz directions.
Introduction
Consider a rectangular slab of isotropic material
Considerarectangularslabofisotropicmaterial.
Itthisslabispulledintension,asshowninFig.8.1a,thenitonlyproduces
normalstrains.Thesestrainsaretensileinloadingdirection,andcompressive
(
(duetoPoissonseffect)intransversedirection.
)
Further,ifthisslabissubjectedtopureshearstresses,thenasshowninFig.
8.1b,theslabundergoespureshearstraininXYplane.

Theseareimportantcharacteristicofisotropicmaterials,i.e.normalstresses
producepurenormalstrains,andshearstressesproducepureshearstrains.
Introduction
Next we consider a rectangular slab of fully anisotropic material
Next,weconsiderarectangularslaboffullyanisotropicmaterial.
Itthisslabispulledintension,asshowninFig.8.2a,thenitnotonlyproduces
normalstrains,butalsoshearstrains.Further,ifthisslabissubjectedtopure
shearstresses,thenasshowninFig.8.2b,theslabexhibitsnotonlyshear
, g , y
straininXYplane,butalsonormalstrains.

Thisisaveryimportantcharacteristicofanisotropicmaterials,i.e.normal
stressesproducenormalaswellasshearstrains,andshearstressesproduce
normalstrainsinadditiontoshearstrains.
Introduction
Finally,weconsiderarectangularslaboforthotropicmaterial.
Ingeneral,thismaterialbehavesinwaysverysimilartoanisotropicmaterials.
Thus when subjected to normal stresses it will not only exhibit normal
Thus,whensubjectedtonormalstresses,itwillnotonlyexhibitnormal
strains,butalsoshearstrains.ThisisshowninFig.8.3ab.

However,
However,theresponseofthesematerialsmimicsthatofisotropicmaterial,if
the response of these materials mimics that of isotropic material, if
theedgesofslabareparalleltoaspecial setofthreemutuallyperpendicular
axes.ThisisshowninFig.8.4ab.

Theexactorientationofthesethreemutuallyperpendicularaxesdependson
theinternalmaterialstructure,andincaseofunidirectionalcomposites,on
thedirectionoffibers.

Theseaxesareknownasnaturalmaterialaxes.Also,theplanesforwhich
theseaxesactasnormals areknownasplanesofmaterialsymmetry.Incase
of unidirectional composites the direction of fiber is one such material axis
ofunidirectionalcomposites,thedirectionoffiberisonesuchmaterialaxis,
andiscalledlongitudinalaxis,whilethedirectionnormaltoit,andinplaneof
laminaiscalledtransverseaxis.
Introduction
Fig.8.3ab
Fig.8.4ab
HookesLawforOrthotropicLamina
Understandingmechanicsofasolidrequiresonetoknowrelationshipsbetween
U d di h i f lid i k l i hi b
strainsandstresses.Forisotropicsolids,thisrelationshipissimpleand
straightforward.Foranisotropicsampleunderpuretensilestressthe
relationshipbetweenstressesandstrainsisgivenbelow.
t =Et
where,t andc arestressandstrainindirectionoftension,andE isYoungs
modulusofthematerial.

Wealsoknow,thatduetosuchatensilestress,thematerialsampleexperiences

contractionintransversedirections,andtheconsequentlateralstraincanbe
expressed as:
expressedas:
c =t,where isPoissonsratioforthematerial.

Wealsoknowthatrelationbetweenshearstress,,andshearstrain,,for
We also know that relation between shear stress, , and shear strain, , for
isotropicsolidsis:
=G,
whereG ismaterialsshearmodulus,anditcanbeexpressedintermsofE and.

Hence,anisotropicmaterialhastwofundamentalelasticconstants,whichrelate
stressesandstrains.
HookesLawforOrthotropicLamina
Similarly,wehavetodevelopmathematicalrelationshipsbetweenstresses
andstrainspresentinanorthotropiclamina.

Figure8.5showsdifferenttypesofstrainswhichcanactonaninfinitesimal
materialelement.

AsshowninFig.8.5,thereareatotalofninedifferenttypesofstresses;11,
22,33, 12,13, 21, 23, 31, 32.Here,
11,22,and33 arenormalstresses.Theycanbecompressiveortensileinnature.Their
firstsubscriptindicatestheplaneonwhichtheyareacting,andthesecondsubscript
indicatethedirectioninwhichtheypointto.
12,13, 21, 23, 31, 32 areshearstresses.Theirfirstsubscriptindicatestheplaneonwhich
theyareacting,andthesecondsubscriptindicatethedirectioninwhichtheypointto.
y g, p yp
Thus,shearstress,12,actsonplane1,anditpointsin2direction.Incontrast,shearstress
21,actsonplane2,anditpointsin1direction.

Similarly,thereareninedifferentcomponentsofstraintensor.Theseare:
Si il l th i diff t t f t i t Th
11,22,33,12,13, 21, 23, 31, 32.Here,firstthreearenormalstrains,
whiletheremainingsixaretensorial shearstrains.
HookesLawforOrthotropicLamina
Now,byfactoringintothermodynamicconsiderationspertainingtostrain
energydensity(detailsnotdiscussedhere),wecanshowtheananisotropic
solidrequireonly21independentelasticconstantswithoutanylossof
generality.
lit

Atthisstage,weintroducethenotionoforthotropy,whichrequires
existenceofthreeplanesofmaterialsymmetry.Thisimpliesthatoutof21
it f th l f t i l t Thi i li th t t f 21
elasticconstants,12havetobezero,therebyreducingtotalnumberof
elasticconstantsto9.Usingtheseconstants,wecanwritethestressstrain
relation as:
relationas:

i =Qijj i,j =1,2,3,4,5,6. (Eq.8.1)

where,
Qij isthestiffnessmatrix,i representssixdifferentstresscomponents,and
j representsengineeringstrainvector.

Equation8.1isageneralizedHookesLawfororthotropicsolids.
HookesLawforOrthotropicLamina
Equation8.1mayalsoberepresentedas:

InEq.8.2,subscripts1,2and3coincidewithorthotropicmaterialaxes.
Nowalaminamaybeassumedtohaveonlytwodimensionsasitsthickness
isverysmallcompared.Hence,allthetermsrelatedtothicknessdirection
maybedropped.Thestressstrainrelationshipforsuchalaminais:
HookesLawforOrthotropicLamina
Finally,forthecasewhenstressesareknowinanorthotropiclamina,and
wewishtoknowstrains,wecansimplymultiplybothsidesofEq.8.3by
inverseofstiffnessmatrix[Q].Thisyieldsusexpressionswhichmaybeused
t
tocalculatestrainsintermsofstressesandacomplianceconstants
l l t t i i t f t d li t t
representedby[S].ThegeneralformofsucharelationisshowninEq.8.4.

Inaboveequation,compliancetermsrelatestresstostrain.Theseterms
maybeexpressedintermsofstiffnesscoefficientsasshowninEqs.8.5.
Q22/(Q11Q22 Q212),
S11 =Q ),
S22 =Q11/(Q11Q22 Q212),
S12 =Q12/(Q11Q22 Q212), (Eq.8.5)
and
S66 =1/Q66.
HookesLawforOrthotropicLamina
Similarly,followingequationmaybeusedtofindoutstiffnessconstantsof
anorthotropiclamina,ifitscompliancecoefficientswereknow.
Q11 =S22/(S11S22 S212),
Q22 =S11/(S11S22 S212),
Q12 =S12/(S11S22 S212), (Eq.8.6)
a d
and
Q66 =1/S66.

ItneedstoreiteratedherethatEqs.8.3,8.4,8.5and8.6relatetoatwo
It needs to reiterated here that Eqs 8 3 8 4 8 5 and 8 6 relate to a two
dimensionalorthoropic lamina.Suchmaterialsrequireonlyfour
independentelasticconstants.Forathreedimensionalorthotropiclamina,
nine elastic constants are needed
nineelasticconstantsareneeded.

Thus,understandingthreedimensionalorthotropy involvesmore
complexity compared to that of isotropy or two dimensional orthotropy
complexitycomparedtothatofisotropyortwodimensionalorthotropy.
ProblemSet
dwdw
What you learnt in this lecture?
Whatyoulearntinthislecture?
Introduction

HookesLawforOrthotropicMaterials
k f O h i i l

Relationsbetweencomplianceandstiffness
matrices.