Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reinforced Concrete
Eric Steinberg, Ph.D., P.E.
Department of Civil Engineering
Ohio University
steinber@ohio.edu
Day 1
Introduction
Flexure
Shear
Columns
Decks
Day 2
Strut and Tie
Retaining walls
Footings
Development (if time permits)
Day 3 (1/2 day)
Review
Quiz
Course covering
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications,
3rd Edition, 2004
including 2005 and 2006 interim revisions
4th edition, 2007 presented where applicable
ODOT exemptions also presented
Ec = 1,820 fc (C5.4.2.4-1)
fr = 0.20 fc
All-lightweight concrete
fr = 0.17 fc
General (5.4.3.1)
fy 75 ksi for design
fy 60 ksi unless lower value material approved by owner
fr = 0.24 fc
dc
in which: d
= 1+ c
s 0.7 h d
c
where:
h = overall thickness / depth of component (in.)
1.30 b h
A 5.10.8 - 1
s 2 (b + h) f
y
where
As = area of reinforcement in each direction and
each face (in2/ft)
b = least width of component (in)
h = least thickness of component (in)
where:
de = effective depth from extreme compression fiber to
centroid of tension steel (in.)
de = 44.5
48
7 #9s
36
A
st = 7 = 1.75 in2
4 4
Spacing:
de/6 or 12 (44.5)/6 = 7.42 or 12
(7.42 controls) Say 6
# 3 @ 6 (0.22 in /ft) 2
Ask = #3s @ 6
44.5 = de
36
3 3
M M
I = cr I + 1 cr I I (5.7.3.6.2-1)
e M g
M cr g
a a
where Ncyc < 1E6, ff may be increased to 24 (6 log Ncyc) ksi but
not to exceed the value found in 5.5.3.2
c
dt
c 0.003 Compression
= 0.6
d 0.003 + 0.002 controlled
t ( = 0.75)
s 0.003
c
0.375 < < 0.6 Transition
d
t
de dt
d
0.75 = 0.65 + 0.15 t 1 0.9
c (5.5.4.2.1-2)
d
0.75 = 0.583 + 0.25 t 1 1.0 (5.5.4.2.1-1)
c
1.05
Prestressed
1
0.95
Reinforced
0.9
F acto r
0.85
R/C:
0.8
Strain = 0.004
0.75 = 0.85
0.7
a
c
NA
de
s
fs
Ohio University (July 2007) 57
Flexure
f + A f A' f '
A
ps pu ss ss
c= (5.7.3.1.1-4)
f
pu
0.85 f' b + k A
1 c w ps d
p
Mr = Mn (5.7.3.2.1-1)
where
Mn = nominal resistance
= resistance factor 0.9 Tension Controlled
Transition
0.75 Compression controlled
c
0.42 Prior to the 2006 Interim
d
e
As = 8 # 9 Bars
de dt
24
18
A f
sy (8 in2 ) (60 ksi) c=
a 7.84"
= = 9.23"
a= = = 7.84"
0.85 f' b 0.85 (4 ksi) (18 in) 0.85
c 1
0.003
c
0.003 +
0.003 s
= dt
c d
t
d (0.003)
= t 0.003
s c
20.5"
= (0.003) 0.003 = 0.0037 < 0.005 0.9
s 9.23"
> 0.002 Transition
or
c 9.23
= = 0.45 > 0.375 0.9
d 20.5
< 0.6 0.75
Therefore, transition
d
= 0.65 + 0.15 t 1 0.9 but 0.75
c
20.5"
= 0.65 + 0.15 1 = 0.83
9.23"
V =V (5.8.2.1-2)
r n
where:
Vn = nominal shear resistance per 5.8.3.3 (kip)
= resistance factor (0.9)
V = V +V +V (5.8.3.3-1)
n c s p
and
A f d
v y v
V =
s s (5.8.3.3-4)
=x
dv
h
Minimal Av
dv
where:
Vu = factored shear force (kip)
Vc = nominal concrete shear resistance (kip)
Vp = prestressing component in direction of shear (kip)
= resistance factor (0.9)
b s
A 0.0316 f' v
(5.8.2.5-1)
v c f
y
where:
Av = transverse reinforcement area within distance s (in.2)
bv = width of web (adjusted for ducts per 5.8.2.9) (in.)
s = transverse reinforcement spacing (in.)
fy = transverse reinforcement yield strength (ksi)
where
vu = shear stress per 5.8.2.9 (ksi)
dv = effective shear depth (in.)
Ohio University (July 2007) 91
Shear
V V
u p (5.8.2.9-1)
v =
u b d
v v
where:
= resistance factor (0.9)
bv = effective web width (in.)
dv = effective shear depth (in.)
0.44 d f
b y
l
e f'
c
General (5.7.4.1)
Compression members shall consider:
Eccentricity
Axial loads
Variable moments of inertia
Degree of end fixity
Deflections
Duration of loads
Prestressing
General (5.7.4.1)
Nonprestressed columns with the slenderness ratio, KLu/r <
100, may be designed by the approximate procedure per
5.7.4.3
where:
K = effective length factor per 4.6.2.5
Lu = unbraced length (in.)
r = radius of gyration (in.)
A f A
s + ps pu 0.08 (5.7.4.2-1)
A A f
g gy
and
A f
ps pe (5.7.4.2-2)
0.30
A f'
g c
A f A f
sy ps pu (5.7.4.2-3)
+ 0.135
A f' A f'
g c g c
M = M + M (4.5.3.2.2b-1)
c b 2b s 2s
1
=
s P (4.5.3.2.2b-4)
1 u
P
K e
s = 1 for members braced against sidesway. is for group of
compression members on 1 level of a bent or where compression
members are intergrally connected to same superstructure
2 EI
Pe = Euler Buckling load (kip) = (4.5.3.2.2b-5)
2
K L
u
2
G G 36
a b K K
=
6 G + G
tan
a b K
E I
c g
+E I
s s (5.7.4.3-1)
EI = 5
1+
d
E I
c g
2.5 (5.7.4.3-2)
EI =
1+
d
with e
= 0.85 for members w/ spiral reinforcement
= 0.80 for members w/ tie reinforcement
1 1 1 1
= + (5.7.4.5-1)
P P P P
rxy rx ry o
in which: (5.7.4.5-2)
P = 0.85 f' A A A + f A A f E
o c g st ps y st ps pe p cu
M M (5.7.4.5-3)
ux + uy 1.0
M M
rx ry
A A
r
Steel Volume
=
Concrete Volume
A 2r
= b
r 2 pitch
Column Example:
Take:
MPermanent x = 113 k-ft MPermanent y = 83 k-ft
MTotal x = 750 k-ft MTotal y = 260 k-ft
fc = 4ksi
2
36in 2 2
Diameter of column = 36 in (3 ft) A = = 1,018in (7.07ft )
g 2
( )
P = 927 k + 7.07 ft 2 17.65 0.15 1.25 = 950 k
u
A 2
s = 12 in = 0.012 < 0.08
2 O.K (5.7.4.2-1)
A
g 1,018 in
A f
sy 12 in2 (60 ksi)
= = 0.177 0.135 O.K.. (5.7.4.2-3)
A f' 2
g c 1,018 in (4 ksi)
Column Example:
Slenderness
L =Length of column
k = Effective length factor
r = Radius of gyration of cross-section of the column
L = 17.65 ft = 212 in
Column Example:
Slenderness
Effective length factor (k): Pier Cap
Plane of bent ( to bridge)
Unbraced w/ k = 1.2 (highly rigid pier cap & footing).... (C4.6.2.5)
Pier Cap
GB
K
GA
Column Example:
Slenderness
Plane to bent (// to bridge)
Unbraced with k = 2.1 free cantilever .... (C4.6.2.5)
Column Example:
Slenderness
r = 0.25(d) . (C5.7.4.3)
where d = column diameter
r = 0.25(36 in) = 9 in
Plane of Bent
kL 1.2 (212in)
= = 28.3 < 100 O.K, but > 22
r 9in
Consider slenderness
Ohio University (July 2007) 131
Columns: Compression Members
Column Example:
Slenderness
Plane to Bent
kL 2.1(212in)
= = 49.5 < 100 O.K but > 22
r 9in
Consider slenderness
Moment Magnification
Plane to Bent:
M = M + M
C b 2b s 2s
Column Example:
Moment Magnification
where
the s are moment magnifying factors
b = braced magnifier
s = sway magnifier
C 1
= m =
b P s P
u
1 u 1
P P
K e K e
Column Example:
Moment Magnification
where:
Cm = Equivalent moment correction factor
Cm = 1.0 (for all other cases)
Pu = 950 k
K = 0.75
2EI
P =
e (kL )2
u
Column Example:
Moment Magnification
EI max of:
E I E I
cg cg
+E I
EI = 5 ss and EI = 2.5
1+ 1+
d d
where:
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete
Ig = Moment of inertia of the gross section
Es = Modulus of elasticity of steel
Is = Moment of inertia of the steel section
Column Example:
Moment Magnification
r4 (18 in)4
I =
g 4 = = 82,448 in4
4
where
r = radius of column
Es = 29,000ksi
Is difficult to find and depends on position of bars
relative to axis of concern
Column Example:
Moment Magnification
3
2 2
r
1 1
1 1
2 2
3
D = 36 in 3 in 3 in = 30 in r = 15 in
Column Example:
Moment Magnification
Assume IParallel = Is(Centroid) + Ad2
Is = 0 since steel bar is small (1.128 in diameter)
1 r = 15
d = r sin(30) = 15" sin(30) = 7.5 in
r 1
7.5
Column Example:
Moment Magnification
2
d = r sin(60) = 15" sin(60) = 13 in
r 2
13
60o I = (1 in2 )(13 in)2 = 169 in4
2
Column Example:
Moment Magnification
I = 4(56.25in4) + 4(169in4) + 2(225in4) = 1,351 in4
M
Permanent 113
= = = 0.15
d M 750
Total
EI = Maximum of the following values:
E I E I
cg cg
+E I
EI = 5 ss EI = 2.5
1+ & 1+
d d
Ohio University (July 2007) 140
Columns: Compression Members
Column Example:
Moment Magnification
EI = Maximum of the following values:
&
Column Example:
Moment Magnification
1
2 (104,386,3 37 k - in2 ) = = 1.32
P = = 5,198 kips b 950 k
e (2.1 (212in) )2 1
0.75 (5,198 k)
Pu = Pu and Pe = Pe = = 1.32
s b
Column Example:
Moment Magnification
Plane of Bent: C
= m
Mc// = bM2b + sM2s b P
1 u
P
e
2EI
P =
e (k L )2
u
Column Example:
Moment Magnification
83
= = 0.32
d 260
Column Example:
Moment Magnification
1
2 (90,942,64 2 k - in2 ) = = 1.10
P = = 13,869 k b 1
950 k
e (1.2 (212 in))2 0.75 (13,869 k)
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
Pn (k)
1,000
500
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
-500
Mn (k-ft)
Ohio University (July 2007) 147
Columns: Compression Members
Column Example:
Shear (5.8.3.3-3)
V = 0.0316 f' b d
c c v v
where
Vc = nominal concrete shear strength
bv = web width (the same as bw in the ACI Code)
dv = effective depth in shear (taken as flexural lever arm)
Not subject to axial tension and will include minimum transverse steel
= 2.0
By C5.8.2.9
bv = 36 in.
Column Example:
Shear (C5.8.2.9-1)
Note: Apsfps = 0
where:
Aps = Area of prestressed reinforcement
fps = Stress in prestressed reinforcement
Column Example:
Shear
Alternatively:
dv = 0.9de
de = (D/2) + (Dr/)
D = 36 in
Dr = 36 in -3 in -3 in - 2( in) - 1.128 in = 27.872 in
where in is from #4 tie/spiral and 1.128 is from # 9 rebar
36 in 27.872 in
d = + = 26.87 in
e 2
Column Example:
Shear
Column Example:
Shear
Assume a # 3 spiral with 4 in pitch
b s
A = 0.0316 f' v
v c f
Min y
36 in(4 in)
= 0.0316 4 ksi = 0.15 in2
60 ksi
Strength (9.5.4)
Decks and deck systems analyzed as either elastic or inelastic
structures and designed and detailed in accordance w/ Section 5.
Applicability (4.6.2.1.2)
For slab bridges and concrete spans spanning > 15 feet and
primarily parallel to traffic, provisions of 4.6.2.3 shall apply
Table A4-1 Maximum Live Load Moments Per Unit Width, kip-ft./ft.
-M
Distance from Girder CL to Design Section for -M
S +M
0 in 3 in 6 in 9 in 12 in 18 in 24 in
4- 0 4.68 2.68 2.07 1.74 1.60 1.50 1.34 1.25
4- 3 4.66 2.73 2.25 1.95 1.74 1.57 1.33 1.20
4- 6 4.63 3.00 2.58 2.17 1.90 1.65 1.32 1.18
12.0 W
E = 84.0 + 1.44 L W (4.6.2.3-2)
1 1 N
L
General (9.7.1)
Depth of deck 7 excluding provisions for
grinding
grooving
sacrificial surface
ODOT
Concrete deck 8.5 inches as specified in BDM 302.2.1
Minimum cover shall be in accordance with BDM 301.5.7
General (9.7.1)
If deck skew 25o
primary reinforcement may be placed in direction of skew
Otherwise, primary reinforcement placed perpendicular to
main supporting elements.
ODOT
BDM Section 302.2.4.2 covers this
For steel beam/girder bridges w/ skew < 15, transverse
steel may be shown placed to abutments. For skew > 15
or where reinforcing would interfere w/ shear studs,
transverse steel placed to centerline of bridge.
For P/C I beams, transverse steel placed to centerline of
bridge
For composite box beam decks, transverse steel placed to
abutment
General (9.7.1)
Overhanging portion of deck designed:
for railing impact loads
and
in accordance with 3.6.1.3.4 (ODOT 3.6.1.3.4 does not
apply)
Punching shear effects of outside toe of railing post or
barrier due to vehicle collision loads shall be investigated
Sidewalk
Deck
Ohio University (July 2007) 177
Decks
R
T= w
L + 2H
c
where:
Rw = Parapet resistance to lateral impact force (kips)
H = Height of the parapet (ft.)
LC = Critical length of yield line failure pattern (ft.)
X
Ohio University (July 2007) 181
Decks
Barrier LC R H
System (ft.) (kip) (ft.)
SBR-1-99 12.7 165.0 3.5
42 BR-1 12.4 165.0 3.5
F L P X
P = v M = v b = 2X+ W L
v L d b b
v
where:
Fv = vertical force from vehicle laying on rail (kips)
L = post spacing (ft)
Lv = longitudinal distribution of Fv (ft.)
X = dist from outer edge of base plate to section under investigation
(ft.)
Ohio University (July 2007) 185
Decks
B h
V = V = V W + h + 2 E + + h
r n c b 2 2
0.1265
V = 0.0633 + f' 0.1265 f'
c c c
c
where
W
B
+
h
B = b
2 2 c D
h/2
B
B/2
36
36
1.2 (S + 10)
h =
min 30
Say 15.5
E = 10 + 5 22 (30) = 138.5"
> 1 Lane:
W
E = 84 + 1.44 L W 12
1 1 N
L
where:
W = Width = 36
W 36
NL = # of Lanes = = =3
12 12
W1 = Width 60
= 36 60
36
E = 84 + 1.44 22 (36) 12
3
= 124.5" < 144" O.K
Controls
Exterior:
Edge Strip
Edge of Deck to inside face of barrier
+ 12
+ strip width per 4.6.2.3
strip width or 72
124.5
0 + 12 + (124.5) = 43.125 < = 62.25 or 72
2
controls
Note: For live loads, lane + truck or tandem apply. M & V
divided by strip width to find M & V per 1 wide section. 1
wheel line for edge strip because of its limited width (< 72 =
lane).
Ohio University (July 2007) 198
Deck - Example
2. Material Strengths:
Reinforcing Steel: fy = 60 ksi
Concrete: fc = 4.5 KSI
Typical Section
Overhang:.[LRFD 13.7.3.1.2]
TMIN = 9.0 + 2.0 = 11.0 (Assumes 2 min haunch)
Load Effects:
Dead Loads:
Deck slab self-weight (interior bay 9)
= 0.75 ft (1.0 ft) (0.150 k/ft3) = 0.113 k/ft
Barrier area
= 0.150 k/ft3 (1.0 ft) (500.5 in2)/144 in2/ft2 = 0.521 kip/ft
F.W.S.
= 0.06 k/ft2 (1.0 ft) = 0.06 k/ft
Ohio University (July 2007) 208
Deck - Example
Live Load:
HL-93..[LRFD 3.6.1.2]
No design lane load (beam spacing < 15) [LRFD 3.6.1.3.3]
Dynamic Load Allowance = 1.33.[LRFD 3.6.2]
Multiple Presence Factor (m):.[LRFD 3.6.1.1.2]
m = 1.2 (Single lane loaded)
m = 1.0 (Two lanes loaded)
-M critical section:
Located 1/4 of flange width from support
centerline[LRFD 4.6.2.1.6]
bf Location of Critical Section (for interior bay design only) =
12.03 / 4 = 3.008
Ohio University (July 2007) 209
Deck - Example
Moments:
Designer has option of generating moments based on:
Continuity analysis
Closed formed formula such as the 4-span continuous
moments equations presented below
Table A4-1 for live loads
If continuity analysis is performed, consideration shall be
given to part width construction or other project specific
design cases.
Table A4-1 Maximum Live Load Moments Per Unit Width, kip-ft./ft.
S +M -M
Distance from Girder CL to Design Section for -M
0 in 3 in 6 in 9 in 12 in 18 in 24 in
4- 0 4.68 2.68 2.07 1.74 1.60 1.50 1.34 1.25
4- 3 4.66 2.73 2.25 1.95 1.74 1.57 1.33 1.20
4- 6 4.63 3.00 2.58 2.17 1.90 1.65 1.32 1.18
f' M
c
= 0.85 1 1
2R
A = u
req fy 0.85 f' s f jd
c y
4.5 2 (0.496)
= 0.85 1 1 = 0.00889
60 0.85 (4.5)
f'
c 2R 4.5 2 (0.496)
= 0.85 1 1 = 0.85 1 1 = 0.00889
req f
y 0.85 f' 60 0.85 (4.5)
c
or
M
14.44(12)
A = u = = 0.5939in 2 /ft
s f jd 0.9(60 )(0.95 )5.6875
y
1.2 M = 1.2 S f
cr c r
.846
M = 0.9 (60) .647 (5.6875 - ) / 12
n 2
= 15.33 k - ft/ft > 12.71 O.K.
8.64 (12)
f = = 0.640 ksi > 0.407 NG, check spacing limit
act 12 (9) 2
6
700
s e 2d
f c
s s
e = 0.75[BDM 1005]
1 1 1 5
= 2 - 1 + + = 2.3125"
d 2 2 28
=1 + c 2.3125
= 1+ = 1.5808
S 0.7 h d 0.7 (8 2.3125 )
c
9-1 (MWS)
M
w k
f = j = 1
s A j d 3
s t
k = 2 n + ( n )2 n
0.3209
j = 1 = 0.893
3
8.64 12
f = = 31.57 ksi
s 0.647 (0.893 ) 5.6875
700 (0.75 )
s = 2 (2.313 ) = 5.89" > 5.75" O.K.
max 1.5808 (31.57 )
12
nAs = 8(0.647) = 5.176
X
12 x (x/2) = 5.176 (dt x)
dt= 5.6875
6x2 + 5.176x - 29.4385 = 0
x = 1.825
Positive Moment:
Strength I:
+M
u 13.65
R= = = 0. 396 ksi
b d2 0.9 (1.0 ) (6.1875 )2
b
f
c 2R
= 0.85 1 1
req fy 0.85 f
c
4.5 2 (0.396 )
= 0.85 1 1 = 0.00699
60 0.85 (4.5 )
0.31
Max. Bar Spacing (12) = 7.17"
0.519
.846
M = 0.9 (60) .647 (6.1875 - ) / 12
n 2
= 16.78 k - ft/ft > 12.71 O.K.
8.08 (12)
f = = 0.599 ksi > 0.407 NG, check spacing limit
act 12 (9) 2
6
700
s e 2d
f c
s s
e = 0.75...[BDM 1005]
1 1 5
= 1 + = 1.813"
d 2 28
= 1+ c 1.813
= 1+ = 1.4185
s
0.7 h d 0.7 (8 1.813 )
c
+M
w k
f = j =1
s A jd 3
s b
k= 2n + (n)2 n
0.310
j= 1 = 0.897
3
8.08 12
f = = 27.03 ksi
s 0.647 (0.897 ) 6.1875
700 (0.75 )
s = 2 (1.813 ) = 10.07" > 5.75" O.K.
max 1.4185 (27.03 )
Distributional Reinforcement:
Top:.[BDM 302.2.4.1]
AS Dist As Primary = (0.647 in2/ft) = 0.216 in2/ft
0.20
Max. Bar Spacing 12 = 11.13" Say 11 spacing
0.216
Use #4s @ 11" c/c spacing (AS = 0.218 in2/ft) in top longitudinal mat
Bottom:[LRFD 9.7.3.2]
2.20
S A s Primary Note: Use required
A Lesser of bottom reinforcement
s Dist 0.67 A
s Primary in lieu of provided
RH ..[BDM 1013]
M =
CT L + 2H+ 2 X
H C
R = 165.0 kip
LC = 12.4
H = 3.5
X = 3.5 1.5 = 2.0
Ohio University (July 2007) 234
Deck - Example
165.0 (3.5 )
M = = 24.679 k ft
CT 12.4 + 2 (3.5 ) + 2 (2.0 )
H
R 165.0
T = = = 7.051 kip
CT L + 2H+ 2 X 12.4 + 2 (3.5 ) + 2 (2.0 )
C
RH
M =
CT L + 2H+ 2 X
H C
R = 165.0 kip
LC = 12.4
H = 3.5
X = 0.0
165.0 (3.5 )
M = = 29.768 k ft/ft
CT 12.4 + 2 (3.5 ) + 2 (0.0 )
H
R 165.0
T = = = 8.505 kip/ft
CT L
C
+ 2H+ 2 X 12.4 + 2 (3.5 ) + 2 (0.0 )
M = 1.0 M + 1.0 M + M
u DC DW CT
At Toe of Barrier:
M = 1.0 M + 1.0 M + M
u DC DW CT
By inspection Option 1 will not work. Calcs for Option 2 shown below:
M 30.46
R= u = = 0.515 ksi
1.0 (1.0 ) (7.6875 )2
b d2
t
f
c 2 R = 0.85 4.5 1 1 2 (0.515 ) = 0.00926
= 0.85 1 1
f
y 0.85 f 60 0.85 ( 4.5 )
c
A f
s y 1.064 (60 )
a= = = 1.391"
0.85 f b 0.85 (4.5 ) 12
c
1.391
M = 1.064 (60 ) 7.6875 = 446.4 k in = 37.20 k ft
n 2
Pu = Tu = 8.505 kip/ft
Pn = Asfy (Use top overhang & bottom trans. reinforcement for As)
= (1.064 + 0.647) (60) = 102.66 kip/ft
8.505
M = 30.46 k ft < 1.0 (37.20 ) 1.0 = 34.12 k ft O.K.
u 1.0 (102.66 )
Modification Factors:
3*db cover = 1.0
6*db clear = 1.0
Asreqd / Asprov = 30.63 / 34.12 = 0.898 (based on moments)
Epoxy-coated = 1.2
Design Case 2:
Vertical vehicle impact force for Extreme Event II limit state
(only applies to post and beam railing systems). Not
required here
Design Case 3:
Strength I limit state at CL Exterior Beam
Loads/Design (11.7.1)
Transmit loads from superstructure and itself to
foundation
Loads/load combinations per Section 3
Design per appropriate material section
Protection (11.7.2)
Collision (11.7.2.1)
Risk analysis made for possible traffic collision from
highway or waterway to determine degree of impact
resistance and/or appropriate protection system
Collision loads per 3.6.5 (vehicle) and 3.14 (vessel)
ODOT - 3.6.5 applies only to nonredundant piers. Clear zone
requirements and roadside barrier warrants specified in
ODOT Location and Design Manual, Section 600 provide
adequate protection for redundant piers. BDM Section 204.5
specifies design considerations and restrictions for cap and
column piers for highway grade separation bridges and
railway overpass bridges.
References
AASHTO LRFD Strut-and Tie Model Design Examples,
Denis Mitchell, Michael Collins, Shrinivas Bhide and
Basile Rabbat, Portland Cement Association (PCA), 2004
ISBN 0-89312-241-6
http://cee.uiuc.edu/kuchma/strut_and_tie/STM/E
XAMPLES/DBeam/dbeam(1).htm
http://www.ce.udel.edu/cibe/news%20and%20e
vents/Strut_and_tie.pdf
Background
In design of R/C and P/C, two regions
B-Regions (flexural or bending regions)
D-Regions (regions of discontinuities)
B-Regions
D-Regions
Plane sections before bending do not remain plane after
bending
Shear stresses not uniformly distributed over region
Abrupt changes in X-sect., concentrated loads, reactions (St.
Venants Principle =P/A at 2d from point of loading)
Designed by Strut and Tie
General (5.6.3.1)
Used to design pile caps, deep footings, and other situations
where distance between centers of applied load and reaction
is < approximately 2 * member thickness
Procedure
Visualize flow of stresses
3'
4'
30'
Parameters:
fc = 4 ksi Cap thickness = 36 fy =60 ksi
36 dia. Columns Loads include wt. of cap
Bearing plates 27 x 21
4'
CL
4' 3'
3.33'
CL
1' 6"
2.72' 4.78'
P
u 481k
A = = = 264 in2
bearing 0.65 f ' 0.65 (0.7) (4)
c
Tension Ties
Top (1-4)
P
364
A = u = = 6.7 in2 Say 7 #9s
st f 0.9 (60)
y
Bottom (3-5)
P
326
A = u = = 6.0 in2 Say 6 #9s
st f 0.9 (60)
y
Stirrups
No vertical tension members. However, 5.6.3.6 requires a
grid w/ a spacing < 12 and Steel Area = 0.003 Ag
Assume 12 spacing
0.31 (4)(12)
s = = 11.4" say s = 10"
1.30
364 326
34.9
841
0
Strain in 1-4
P 364
= u = = 0.00179
s A E (7)(29,000)
st s
0.00179 + 0
= = 0.0009
s 2
Therefore 34.9
= + ( + 0.002)cot 2
1 s s s
= 0.0009 + (0.0009 + 0.002)cot 2 (34.9)
= 0.0069
f ' 4
f = c =
cu 0.8 + 170 0.8 + 170 (0.0069)
1
34.9
364 326
481
Strain in 3-5
P
u 326
= = = 0.00187
s A E (6)(29,000)
st s
0.00187 + 0
= = 0.0009
s 2
Therefore, as before
depth
d = Width of cap = 36
Ohio University (July 2007) 286
Strut and Tie - Example
fc = 0.75 fc
364 326
481
P
f = u
326
= = 1.1 ksi OK
c A 2 4 36
g
841
f = = 1.38 ksi < 2.1 ksi OK
c 16.9 (36)
481
f = = 0.945 ksi < 2.1 ksi OK
c 1.5 (12)
2
364
f = = 1.26 ksi < 2.1 ksi OK
c 8 (36)
2
Critical Location for tie
27
X
plate Cover
X = 35.5
1.25A f
by 1.25(1)(60 )
l = = = 37.5"
db f' 4
c
Factors:
1.4 for top reinforcement w/ > 12 concrete below
1.5 for epoxy coated bars w/ cover < 3db or spacing < 6db
use 1.7
ld = ldb (1.7) = 37.5(1.7) = 63.75 > X hook bars
38d 38(1.128)
l = b = = 21.4"
hb f' 4
c
Factor:
1.2 for epoxy coated
35.5
A
s 0.003
A
g
Vertical:
Covered w/ stirrups
Horizontal:
48 2 (4.25) = 39.5
Horizontal:
0.65/12 (48) = 2.6 in2
7 # 9s
6 # 6s
6 # 6s
# 5s @ 10
6 # 9s
Ohio University (July 2007) 296
RETAINING WALLS
General 11.6.1.1
Rigid gravity and semigravity walls shall not be used without deep
foundation support where bearing soil/rock prone to excessive total
or differential settlement
Loading 11.6.1.2
Abutment and retaining walls shall be investigated for:
-Lateral earth and water pressures, including live and
dead load surcharge
-Abutment/wall self weight
-Temperature and shrinkage deformation effects
-Loads applied to bridge superstructure
Loading 11.6.1.2
Provisions of 3.11.5 (earth pressure) and 11.5.5 shall apply
Loading 11.6.1.2
For computing load effects in abutments, weight of fill material over
inclined or stepped rear face, or over the base of a reinforced
concrete spread footing may be considered part of the effective
weight of the abutment
Reinforcement 11.6.1.5
Conventional Walls and Abutments 11.6.1.5.1
Reinforcement to resist formation of temperature and shrinkage
cracks shall be as specified in 5.10.8
2-6 Surcharge
86.25 psf
18 fc = 4 ksi
Soil = 115 pcf
Conc. = 150 pcf
14 P1
P2
26
16 621 psf
3
10
V = 0.0316 f' b d
c c v v
where:
= 2.0
bv = 12
dv 0.72 h = 0.72 (18) = 12.96
or
0.9 de = (18 - 2 ) 0.9 = 13.95 Say 13.95
16.5 16.5
M =P = 1.42 = 11.72 k - ft
1 1 2 2
16.5 16.5
M =P = 5.12 = 28.16 k - ft
2 2 3 3
a
M = A f (d ) = A f jd = M
n sy 2 sy u
M
A = u
s f jd
y
where:
j = Portion of d that is moment arm (assume 0.9)
d = 18 2 = 15.5
fy = 60 ksi
= 0.9
59.82 (12)
A = = 0.95 in2
s 0.9 (60) (0.9) 15.5
Try # 8s
A
s(Required) 0.95
n = = = 1.21 Bars
A 0.79
Bar
or
12"
spacing = = 9.9"
1.21
Say #8s @ 9
12
A = (0.79) = 1.05 in2/ft
s 9
A f 1.05 (60)
sy = = 1.54"
a = 0.85 (4) (12)
0.85 f' b
c
a 1.54
c= = = 1.82"
0.85
1
d
c s
0.003
s = 0.003
dc c
0.003
= (18 2 1/2 1.82) = 0.0225 > 0.005
s 1.82
Tensioned Controlled = 0.9
a
M = A f (d ) = 0.9(1.05)(60)(15.5 1.54 ) 12 = 69.6 k - ft
n sy 2 2
a 1.54
d = d = 15.5 = 14.73 could have been used in Vc calc
v 2 2
Ohio University (July 2007) 319
RETAINING WALLS-EXAMPLE
= 1.0
e
1
d = 2 + = 2.5 12
c 2
12(4.01)3 4.01
2
2
I= + 12(4.01) + 8.4(15.5 4.01)
12 2
= 1,367in 4
d
c 2.5
= 1+ = 1+ = 1.23
S 0.7(h d ) 0.7(18 2.5)
c
700(1.0)
s 2(2.5) = 12.7" OK ( > 9" )
1.23(32.18 )
18
#4s @ 12
#8s @ 9
#4s @ 12 T&S
General (5.13.3.1)
Provisions herein apply to design of:
Isolated footings
Combined footings
Foundation mats
For sloped or stepped footings, design requirements shall be
satisfied at every section of the slope or steps
Circular or regular polygon-shaped concrete columns or piers
treated as square members with = area for location of critical M, V
and ld of reinforcement
As BW
Ohio University (July 2007) 329
Footings
2
A s- BW = A s-SD (5.13.3.5-1)
+ 1
where:
= ratio of the long side to the short side of footing
As-BW = area of steel in the band width (in.2)
As-SD = total area of steel in short direction (in.2)
dv
to slab plane
located so perimeter, bo, is minimum
but 0.5dv to perimeter of concentrated load/reaction area
dv/2
bo
0.126
Vn = 0.063 + f c bo d v 0.126 f c bo d v (5.13.3.6.3-1)
c
ksi
where:
c = long side to short side ratio of the rectangle through
which the concentrated load/reaction force transmitted
bo = perimeter of the critical section (in.)
dv = effective shear depth (in.)
in which:
Vc = 0.0632 f c bo d v , and (5.13.3.6.3-3)
Av f y d v
Vs = (5.13.3.6.3-4)
s
Ohio University (July 2007) 338
Footings
where:
Pn = nominal bearing resistance (kip)
A1 = area under bearing device (in.2)
m = modification factor
Ohio University (July 2007) 343
Bearing
A2
m= 2.0 (5.7.5-3)
A1
Where the loaded area is subjected to nonuniformly distributed
bearing stresses:
A2 (5.7.5-4)
m = 0.75 1.50
A1
A1
W1 86.25 psf
12
W3
Soil = 115 pcf
Conc. = 150 pcf
14
W5 W2 P1
P2
26 W4
W7
16 16 W6
3 7 621
10 psf
Ohio University (July 2007) 346
Footing Example
e = 6.69 5 = 1.69
Wc = 1.25(0.15)(1.5)
1 6 dv = 0.281
5.14 ksf 68
= 5.67
12
V = 0.0316 f' b d
c c v v
where: = 2.0 bv = 12
dv 0.72 h = 0.72 (18) = 12.96
or 0.9 de = 0.9 (18 3 - ) = 13.05 (controls)
Cover db
Ohio University (July 2007) 351
Footing Example
(2.795 + 0.281)(5.67)2
M =
U 2
1 1 2.91
(2.91)(5.67)2
2 3
= 33.85 k - ft = 406 k - in (Tension on top)
Front of Wall: 3
0.388
0.281
32 (5.14 3.6)(3) 2 3
M = 3.6 + (3) (0.281+ 0.388)(3)
U 2 2 3 2
= 17.8 k - ft = 213.7k - in (Tension On Bottom)
a
M = A f (d ) = A f jd = M
n sy 2 sy U
M
A = U
s f j d
y
d = 18 3 = 14.5
406
A = = 0.58 in2 /ft
s 0.9 (60) 0.9 (14.5)
A f 12
sy 0.44 (60)
a = = 9 = 0.86"
0.85 f' b 0.85 (4) (12) 0.003
c
c
a 0.86 d
c= = = 1.01"
0.85
1
s
0.003 0.003 0.75
= (d c) = 18 3 1 .01 = 0.04 >> 0.005
s c 1.01 2
(Tension Controlled)
a
M = A f (d ) = 0.9(0.44) 12 60 14.625 0.86
n sy 2 9 2
12 (18)2
1.2M = 1.2 0.37 4 = 575 " k
CR 6
540
A = = 0.766in 2 /ft
s 0.9(60)(0.9)14.5
12
(0.44) = 6.9"
0.766
Try # 6 @ 7
0.44(60)(12/7) 1.11
a= = 1.11" c= = 1.31"
0.85(4)(12) 0.85
0.003 1.31
= (14.625 ) = 0.032 >> 0.005 = 0.9
s 1.31 2
1.11
M = 0.9(0.44)( 12/7)(60)14.625
n 2
= 573 k > M = 540 k
U
Use # 6s at 7
0.11 A 0.60 OK
s
Try # 4s
S = 12/0.17 (0.2) = 14.1 Say 12
# 6s @ 7
# 4s @ 12
2.70 f
No. 14 bars......... y
f'
c
No. 18 bars.. 3.5 f
y
f'
c
Ohio University (July 2007) 364
Development Length
where:
fy = specified yield strength (ksi)
fc = compressive strength (ksi)
db = diameter of bar (in.)
38 d
l = b
hb f'
c
where:
db = diameter of bar (in.)
fc = compressive strength (ksi)
0.44d b f y
le
f 'c
Ohio University (July 2007) 380
Development Length