At A Glance June 2013 AG-13-03 Crime Statistics 44.9 28.2 20.9 18.9 0.0 10.0 20.

0
30.0 40.0 50.0 2009 2010 2011 2012 Figure 1. Average Monthly Crime Rate 2009-
2012 (in %) A safe and secured environment is an important factor in fostering
investment and economic growth. The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016
recognizes this and as such, identified crime incident reduction as one of the
strategies to promote and sustain public order and internal stability. However, the
recent spate of robberies in the metropolis and other high profile crimes have cast a
shadow over the countrys peace and order situation. Crime defined. A crime is an
act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it and for
which a punishment is imposed upon conviction. In the Philippines, the Revised
Penal Code (Republic Act No. 3815) serves as the basic law that defines criminal
offenses and provides the penalties for the commission of such. For statistical
purposes and to create a standardized definition of crime classification, crime is
further divided into index and non-index crimes. Index crimes, as defined by the
Philippine National Police (PNP), involve crimes against persons such as murder,
homicide, physical injury and rape, and crimes against property such as robbery,
theft, carnapping/carjacking and cattle rustling. Non-index crimes, on the other
hand, are violations of special laws such as illegal logging or local ordinances. Crime
through the years. Data show that there was a steady drop in crime rates from 108
per 100,000 people in 2002 to 69 in 2007. It slightly increased the following year to
75 but took a large jump to 552 in 2009, due to changes in the crime reporting
system of the PNP (Table 1). 1 In 2010, the average monthly crime rate was 28.2.
This means that for every 100,000 people, there were around 28 incidents of crime
every month. This declined in 2011 to 20.9 and was further reduced to 18.9 in 2012
(Figure 1). In addition, for the 1st semester of 2012, a total of eight validated
kidnap-for-ransom cases (KFR) were recorded by the PNPs Anti-Kidnapping Group
(AKG), three were 1 The crime reporting system was changed to correct
dysfunctions and lapses while formulating a uniform procedure for the PNP to report
and collect crime data across all agencies involved in the Criminal Justice System
and use the same as working basis for policies and programs on various anti-
criminality measures. In the previous years, carnapping/carjacking and cattle
rustling were not part of Crimes Against Property in addition to robbery and theft
which are included in the new reporting system implemented in 2009 and requiring
all police units to submit the Unit Crime Periodic Report (UCPER) to the PNP National
Headquarters for consolidation into the National Crime Reporting System (NCRS). All
crime incidents, whether reported by the victims, witnesses or third parties are
recorded in the Police Blotter and all crime statistics shall be compiled from all
sources such as barangay, National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), Philippine Drug
Enforcement Agency (PDEA), Department of Social Welfare and Development
(DSWD) and other agencies with law enforcement functions as opposed to the old
system of crime reporting from the field called Police Regional Office Periodic Report
(PROPER). Table 1. Crime Volume and Crime Rate per 100,000 Population, 2002-
2012 Year Crime Volume Crime Rate Index Crimes NonIndex Crimes 2002 85,776
108 54.6 52.4 2003 83,704 103 52.1 50.1 2004 77,253 93 51.1 41.4 2005 76,758
91 51.6 38.4 2006 71,227 83 47.8 34.1 2007 60,215 69 41.8 32.6 2008 66,846 75
40.4 33.5 2009 502,665 552 327.1 217.9 2010 324,083 350 218.0 208.0 2011
246,958 251 159.8 91.3 2012 217,812 227 134.8 92.4 Source: PNP Source: PNP
perpetrated by organized crime groups (OCGs) while five were terroristrelated
incidents. The following month, July 2012, only four KFR incidents were reported
compared to a total of 11 incidents in the previous year. 2 There has been an almost
ten percent decrease in recorded crime volume for the entire country from 2011 to
2012. As for the kidnapping cases perpetrated by OCGs, the PNP reports that there
has been a substantial decline over the years beginning from 2009. From 35, the
cases have gone down to 21 in 2010, 11 in 2011, and seven cases in 2012. It must
be noted though that while there was a decrease in (national) overall crime
incidence, crime volume in the National Capital Region (NCR) has increased from
2011 to 2012 by 10 percent. In 2012, the average monthly crime rate in the NCR is
38.6, a substantial increase from 32.8 in 2011 and 28.2 in 2010 (Table 2). Police
visibility. The police are the first line of defense against crime. It has been concluded
that crime will be reduced if the number of police will be increased. The PNP has
targeted a 1:700 police-to-population ratio in 2010; 1:600 in 2020; and 1:500 in
2030. 3 The actual police-topopulation ratio for 2010 was registered at 1:662, better
than the target. With the hiring of additional police officers, the ratio has further
improved to 1:620 as of March 2013.4 However, the Philippines still fares poorly
compared to its Asian neighbors (Table 3). Given this, police presence across the
archipelago is being intensified through community support, tourism, and other
interventions to fight and prevent crime. A program called Pulis Nyo Po sa Barangay
(PnpSB) deploys 31,596 policemen to supervise almost 40,000 barangays
nationwide; 1,715 policemen are also manning tourism assistance centers and
desks all over the country.5 Crime resolution. A criminal case is considered solved
when: 1) the offender has been identified, taken into custody, and charged before
the prosecutors office based on sufficient evidence against the accused; 2) when
some elements beyond police control prevent the arrest of the offender, such as
when the victim refuses to prosecute after the offender is identified, dies or
absconds; and 3) the arrest of one offender can solve several crimes or several
offenders may be arrested in the process of solving one crime.6 Based on the PNP
figures with the new system of reporting, there appears to be an increasing trend in
crime solution efficiency. Crime solution efficiency is the percentage of solved cases
out of the total number of crime incidents handled by law enforcement agencies.
For 2009, crime solution efficiency was at 13.23. It improved to 18.64 percent in
2010 and continued its upward trend in 2011 and 2012 with crime solution
efficiency recorded at 29.87 and 36.67 percent respectively, indicating an average
increase of nine percent in efficiency between these two years (Table 4). Albeit the
improvement, the efficiency remains low. 2 There is a discrepancy between the data
of the PNP-AKG and the private crime watchdog groups. According to the PNP, this is
due mainly to classification based on validation, motives, and elements. 3 PNP
Transformation Roadmap 2030 at pnp.gov.ph. 4 Per the Office of the Chief of the
Directorial Staff of the PNP, April 19, 2013. 5 http://www.gov.ph/2013/01/12/speech-
of-president-aquino-at-the-20th-anniversary-of-the-movement-for-restoration-
ofpeace-and-order-january-12-2013/. 6 Per National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM)
Memorandum Circular No. 94-017. Table 2. Average Monthly Crime Rate by Region,
2010-2012 Region 2010 2011 2012 1 26.08 16.32 21.01 2 21.32 10.97 9.27 3 44.46
28.83 17.80 4-A 20.04 15.86 12.66 4-B 18.24 9.49 7.38 5 24.33 16.94 14.94 6 21.33
9.96 8.79 7 40.42 28.85 24.15 8 10.35 14.02 8.65 9 42.88 19.60 19.59 10 34.86
29.56 22.89 11 38.60 29.63 24.29 12 22.66 19.06 14.38 13 20.75 16.63 12.81
ARMM 2.76 2.03 2.06 CAR 76.12 37.00 53.74 NCR 28.15 32.83 38.57 Source: PNP
Table 3. Police-to-Population Ratio in Selected Asian Countries (as of 2012) Country
Ratio Source Singapore 1:142 www.singstat.gov.sg Hong Kong 1:193
www.police.gov.hk; www.censtatd.gov.hk Malaysia 1:267 http://refsa.org Thailand
1:304 www.interpol.int Indonesia 1:428 www.prb.org Japan 1:433 www.npa.go.jp;
www.ipss.go.jp Philippines 1:651 PNP Chief Directorial Staff Office Legislative efforts.
In support to PNP plans and programs which focus on key result areas such as
national policy and institutional development, police operations, facilities
development, and human resources management and development, Congress has
appropriated the amount of PhP2.0 billion for the PNP Modernization Program under
RA 10352 or the 2013 General Appropriations Act (GAA) for its capability
enhancement program. The 2013 GAA has also appropriated PhP100 million for the
construction of new police stations as well as the corresponding budget for the
enlistment of 3,000 new police recruits. Additionally, several legislative measures
with the aim of addressing and reducing criminality in the country have been filed in
the 15th Congress. In relation to common street crimes, the proposed Criminal
Street Gang Deterrence and Punishment Act7 seeks to punish criminal street gangs
and the commission of gang crimes focusing on the perpetrators of crime
themselves by making criminal associations and mere membership in the same
illegal. This legislative measure intends to eliminate crime by nipping it at its bud or
even before the period of inception by preventing the formation of criminal
associations and gangs. To reduce the incidents of robbery, theft, snatching and
pickpockets, there is a legislative proposal to provide for stiffer penalties for the
crime of theft and robbery of portable communication devices and portable
computers.8 Another relevant measure is the proposal to increase the penalty for
the crime of carnapping which has for its goal the reduction and elimination of such
crime.9 Similarly, the proposed Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) Cameras for
Security Act10shall mandate business establishments to install and maintain CCTV
cameras in their premises to discourage crime and assist the police in law
enforcement. However, some have argued that the installation of the said cameras
may encounter legal impediments concerning civil liberties and the right to privacy,
that they can be hacked, broken, and cannot proactively stop a crime as it is being
consummated, and that increasing the police strength and manpower is the one
that can actually prevent crimes from happening. Nonetheless, CCTV cameras can
deter the commission of crimes as they are able to maintain records and provide
material evidence to prosecute cases. Lastly, the proposed PNP Modernization Act11
aims to transform the PNP into a police organization at par with the worlds best.
The measure basically lays down the framework for the modernization of the police
organizational development, crime prevention and control doctrines development,
human resources development, and internal security and counterinsurgency
capability development with the end in view of having a PNP that is well-equipped,
well-trained and pro-active to the demands of modern Philippine society. Crime-free
Philippines. There are many ways of curbing, if not totally eliminating crime. The
main solution is to increase police presence and visibility especially in crime hot
spots. Increasing the police population should also mean producing more quality
graduates from the police academy who shall maintain peace and order and ensure
public safety and internal security. Strengthening PNP accountability mechanisms
should also ensure good conduct among the ranks of policemen. Finally, the
cooperation of local government units and civil society groups is also a key in
eliminating crime through the implementation of community programs such as the
improvement of street lighting to reduce the prevalence and incidence of crime in
dark alleys and roads, conduct of awareness seminars, and promoting crime
prevention by way of developing neighborhood watch programs. 7 Senate Bill Nos.
695 and 2703 as filed by Senators Jinggoy Ejercito-Estrada and Ramon Bong Revilla
Jr., respectively. 8 Senate Bill No. 2972 as filed by Senators Jinggoy Ejercito-Estrada,
Manny Villar, Loren Legarda and Francis Escudero. 9 Senate Bill Nos. 2646 and 2651
as filed by Senators Antonio Trillanes IV and Francis Escudero, respectively. 10
Senate Bill No. 3339 as filed by Senator Miriam Defensor-Santiago. 11 Senate Bill
No. 910 as filed by Senator Jinggoy Ejercito-Estrada. Table 4. Crime Solution
Efficiency 2009-2012 Year Total Crimes Solved Crime Solution Efficiency (%) 2009
66,391 13.32 2010 59,542 18.64 2011 69,851 28.87 2012 79,878 36.67 Source:
PNP

Table 1. Crime Volume and Crime Rate per 100,000 Population, 2002-2012 Year
Crime Volume Crime Rate Index Crimes NonIndex Crimes 2002 85,776 108 54.6
52.4 2003 83,704 103 52.1 50.1 2004 77,253 93 51.1 41.4 2005 76,758 91 51.6
38.4 2006 71,227 83 47.8 34.1 2007 60,215 69 41.8 32.6 2008 66,846 75 40.4 33.5
2009 502,665 552 327.1 217.9 2010 324,083 350 218.0 208.0 2011 246,958 251
159.8 91.3 2012 217,812 227 134.8 92.4 S

Reason why study conducted

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) National Household
Survey on Drug Abuse asks individuals living in households about their drug and
alcohol use and their involvement in acts that could get them in trouble with the
police. Provisional data for 1991 show that among adult respondents (ages 1849),
those who use cannabis (marijuana) or cocaine were much more likely to commit
crimes of all types than those who did

Backround

Background
In the past decade, there has been significant growth in the illicit trafficking of drugs, people, firearms, and
natural resources. Trafficking in these and other commodities is generally characterized by high levels of
organization and the presence of strong criminal groups and networks. While such activities existed in the
past, both the scale and the geographic scope of the current challenge are unprecedented. In 2009, the
value of illicit trade around the globe was estimated at US$1.3 trillion and is increasing.

Transnational organized crime and drug trafficking is of growing concern, and particularly illicit trades
broad impact on development. Few, if any, countries are exempt. Drug trafficking has particularly severe
implications because of the vast illegal profits it generates: an estimated 322 billion dollars a year. In
several drug production and transit regions, criminal groups undermine state authority and the rule of law
by fuelling corruption, compromising elections, and hurting the legitimate economy. In all cases, criminal
influence and money are having a significant impact on the livelihoods and quality of life of citizens, most
particularly the poor, women and children.

The 2005 World Summit Outcome Document expressed Member States grave concern at the negative
effects on development, peace and security and human rights posed by transnational crime, including the
smuggling of and trafficking in human beings, the world narcotic drug problem and the illicit trade in small
arms and light weapons. (A/RES/60/1 at 111). The General Assembly has most recently reiterated this
concern and noted the increasing vulnerability of states to such crime in Resolution A/Res/66/181
(Strengthening the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme, in particular its
technical cooperation capacity). The Assembly has also recognized that despite continuing increased
efforts by States, relevant organizations, civil society and non-governmental organizations, the world drug
problemundermines socio-economic and political stability and sustainable development. See
A/Res/66/183 (International cooperation against the world drug problem).

A number of international conventions on drug control, and more recently the UN Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) and its protocols on human trafficking, migrant smuggling and
trafficking of firearms, as well as the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), constitute the key
framework for a strategic response. Such instruments call upon State Parties to take into account the
negative effects of organized crime on society in general, in particular on sustainable development, and
to alleviate the factors that make persons, especially women and children, vulnerable to trafficking, such
as poverty, underdevelopment and lack of equal opportunity. See article 30 of the UNTOC and article 9 of
the Trafficking Protocol. See also article 62 of the UNCAC. They also commit parties to respect
fundamental human rights in countering organized crime and drug trafficking.

The Secretary Generals 2005 "In Larger Freedom report highlighted that We will not enjoy development
without security, and we will not enjoy security without development". The Secretary-Generals 2010
Keeping the Promise report (A/64/665) recognized that in order to achieve the Millennium
Development Goals, integrity, accountability and transparency are crucial for managing resources,
recovering assets and combating the abuse, corruption and organized crime that are adversely affecting
the poor. Par. 57.

As we move towards 2015, and take stock of the Millennium Development Goals, there is a growing
recognition that organized crime and illicit drugs are major impediments to their achievement.

As economic development is threatened by transnational organized crime and illicit drugs, countering
crime must form part of the development agenda, and social and economic development approaches
need to form part of our response to organized crime. If we are to ensure that the MDGs are achieved,
we must strengthen strategies to deliver these goals, including stepping up efforts to address issues such
as money laundering, corruption and trafficking in wildlife, people and arms, and drugs. Organized crime
and drugs impact every economy, in every country, but they are particularly devastating in weak and
vulnerable countries. Weak and fragile countries are particularly vulnerable to the effects of transnational
organized crime. These countries, some devastated by war, others making the complex journey towards
democracy, are preyed upon by crime. As a result, organized crime flourishes, successes in development
are reversed, and opportunities for social and economic advancement are lost. Corruption, a facilitator of
organized crime and drug trafficking, is a serious impediment to the rule of law and sustainable
development. It can be a dominant factor driving fragile countries towards failure. It is estimated that up to
US$40 billion annually is lost through corruption in developing countries.

Drugs and crime undermine development by eroding social and human capital. This degrades quality of
life and can force skilled workers to leave, while the direct impacts of victimisation, as well as fear of
crime, may impede the development of those that remain. By limiting movement, crime impedes access
to possible employment and educational opportunities, and it discourages the accumulation of assets.
Crime is also more expensive for poor people in poor countries, and disadvantaged households may
struggle to cope with the shock of victimisation. Drugs and crime also undermine development by driving
away business. Both foreign and domestic investors see crime as a sign of social instability, and crime
drives up the cost of doing business. Tourism is a sector especially sensitive to crime issues. Drugs and
crime, moreover, undermine the ability of the state to promote development by destroying the trust
relationship between the people and the state, and undermining democracy and confidence in the
criminal justice system. When people lose confidence in the criminal justice system, they may engage in
vigilantism, which further undermines the state.

This timely Thematic Debate organized in cooperation with the Group of Friends in support of UNODCs
efforts in the fight against drugs and crime and the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), will discuss
existing challenges in mainstreaming drug control and crime prevention into development initiatives and
ways of improving the international communitys coordinated efforts to address illicit drugs and crimes
adverse impact on development, and the role of the criminal justice sector in promoting MDGs.

Objective
The overall objective of this Thematic Debate is to unite in common endeavour Member States, the UN
System, international organizations, and civil society, to emphasize the value of a comprehensive
approach and inclusive international partnerships in effectively fighting organized crime and drugs in order
to facilitate achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.

The outcome of the debate will include a Presidents Summary, which will be transmitted to the Thirteenth
United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, to be held in Doha in 2015the
main theme of which shall be Integrating crime prevention and criminal justice into the wider United
Nations agenda to address social and economic challenges and to promote the rule of law at the national
and international levels, and public participation.

Documents

Lit. review
There were an estimated 51,582 people with opiate and/or benzodiazepine drug
problems in Scotland in 2003 (Hay et al 2005) and the overall unemployment rate of
new contacts seeking help from drug services has averaged out at an annual rate of
85% - a stark contrast to the national unemployment rate of 5.2%.1 Furthermore it
has been estimated that 80 - 90% of all Scottish prisoners taken into custody have
been misusing drugs and/or alcohol (Scottish Consortium on Crime and Criminal
Justice (SCCCJ) 2002) and that significantly high rates of prisoners come from the
most deprived council ward areas (Houchin 2005).

LITERATURE REVIEW
 According to Michael Haralambos and Martin Holborn, authors

of Sociology: Themes and Perspectives, they noted the issue of crime

in urban areas. It has long been recognized that some areas of towns

or cities have higher levels of reported crime and deviance than others.

While some neighborhoods are quite safe, in others walking the

streets at night could be perilous as official statistics show that crime

is concentrated mainly in urban areas. Much more attention has been

given in recent years to ways of preventing crime.

Many people vehemently believe that crime will be reduced when

some of the social factors that seem to be closely linked with it are

improved . These include a lack of education, peer influence, drugs and

alcohol, lack of parental relations and proper role models in

society,unemployment, the media since many of the youths are

influence by the negative messages being sent by the new wave of

artist who incessantly preach about Being gangster and Get rich or

die trying . Further influence caused by decreased government

revenue within the country and Reduced quality of life with a drop in

the standard of living for the citizens due to high inflation rates and

this new global recession .

+In A Society Under Seige written by Ramesh Deosaran, the following quote was
taken. Law and order must rest on the wider framework of political accountability,
judicial accountability and public morality if the issue of crime should be corrected.
 This I believe is true since the government are taking no seriousinitiatives to reduce
crime within this country but only spending excessively on Infrastructureand other
issues which are not pertinent for the development of the country.

he PNP earlier announced that crime rate in Metro Manila was reduced by 60 to 70 percent due to the
systematic implementation of Oplan Lambat-Sibat, an anti-crime drive supervised by Interior and Local
Government Secretary Manuel Roxas II.

Roxas and the PNP announced a plan to implement Oplan Lambat-Sibat in Central Luzon and
Calabarzon (Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon).

Under Oplan Lambat-Sibat, police officers set up surprise checkpoints, raid or visit the homes of
delinquent gun owners, intensify intelligence-gathering and operations against organized crime groups
and aggressively pursue fugitives.

The PNP also puts pressure on officials who head city and municipal police forces as well as station and
precinct commanders to produce results in the fight against crime.

Illegal drug use is almost automatically ([1]) associated with criminal behaviour. The statistical
relationship between illegal drug use and crime is convincing at first glance, but it is not possible to
draw a conclusion regarding a definite cause-and-effect link between the two phenomena. The
suggestion that drugs lead to crime ignores the impact that living conditions can have on an
individual and takes no account, according to Serge Brochu (an expert in this field), of a body of data
showing that most illegal drug users in Canada and elsewhere will never be regular users. It bears
repeating that drug use is still, for the most part, a sporadic, recreational, exploratory activity. Most
people are able to manage their drug use without any difficulty. Very few will become regular users,
and even fewer will develop a drug addiction.([2])

Studies of the link between drug use and crime are currently going through a paradigmatic crisis:

A few definitional notes are in order. We interpret our scope as including crimes
committed by drug dealers, such as violence perpetrated to acquire or defend drug
selling turf. The logic model is that drug use, or perhaps more properly the
demand underpinning that drug use, is a necessary precondition for drug production
and distribution. Without the demand for drugs, there is no drug supply industry,
and thus no related crimes. In that sense, drug users are responsible for the sins of
the sellers, not the other way around. While there was once a notion that drug
dealers hook unsuspecting and helpless nafs to drum up business (hence, the term
drug pusher), that myth has long since been dispelled (Kaplan, 1983).

Some of the many duties charged to policemen are shown below:

Investigating break-ins.
Making arrests.
Patrolling areas within police jurisdiction.
 Responding to 911 calls.
Directing traffic.
Recording witness accounts of crimes.
Give first aid to victims in need.
Calming disputes.

Gov. programs

Above the Influence: Engaging Local Communities

The National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign relaunched its ATI youth brand, with broad prevention
messaging at the national levelincluding television, print, and Internet advertisingas well as more
targeted efforts at the local level. Since the relaunch, results from the Media Campaigns year-round
tracking study of teens between the ages of 14 and 16 show a significant increase in teens awareness of
ATI messages. More important, teens who either were exposed to, or interacted with, ATI had significantly
stronger anti-drug beliefs than teens who were not exposed or did not interact with it. To foster youth
participation at the community level, the Media Campaign has partnered with more than 40 youth-serving
organizations in more than 20 communities37 across the country and provided technical assistance and
training to more than 500 community organizations through conference workshops and webinars, with the
objectives of:

Actively engaging youth at the local level to allow them to inform and inspire the campaign;
Providing local youth-serving organizations with a recognized, national platform to further their
specific
Goals and initiatives; and
Providing localized advertising across the more than 20 communitiesincluding posters and
bus shelter
Ads featuring artwork created by teens and customized banners in 1,150 high schoolsto
generate
Additional awareness.

The National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign

The National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign (Media Campaign) is frequently the only media message
to counter the barrage of pro-drug messaging to which young people are exposed. There is a common
misperception among many parents and youth that prescription drugs are less dangerous when abused
than illegal drugs because they are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This
misperception, coupled with increased direct-to-consumer advertising, which has been linked to
overutilization and is the most rapidly increasing form of pharmaceutical marketing, makes effective
educational programs even more vital to combating prescription drug abuse.

In June 2010, the Media Campaign launched a redesigned Above the Influence (ATI) Campaign with a
broadened focus on those substances most often abused by teens. (Action Item 1.2B) ATI has become
one of the most widely recognized youth brands in the country, and 80 percent of teens are aware of ATI
advertising.

In addition to new national-level prevention messaging, the Media Campaign works directly with
communities to amplify the effects of the national ATI Campaign and to encourage youth participation in
the ATI initiative through the help of on-the-ground partner organizations, such as DFC coalitions, Boys &
Girls Clubs, Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD), Ys (formerly YMCAs), Girls, Inc., and
ASPIRA, a national nonprofit organization devoted solely to the education and leadership development of
Puerto Rican and other Latino youth.

This new multi-tiered approach allows the Media Campaign to reach teens across the country with a
highly visible national advertising presence while providing resources that can be localized to meet the
needs of individuals and local youth-serving organizations. In this way, ATI is helping provide a voice to
the majority of teens who choose to be above the influence of drug and alcohol use.

Promoting Successful, Safe, and Healthy Students

The Administrations reauthorization plan for the Elementary and Secondary Education Act recognizes
that the children and young people most at risk for drug abuse and academic failure too often attend
schools and live in communities that fall short in meeting their basic needs.

To address these resource-poor schools and communities, the Successful, Safe, and Healthy Students
(SSHS) program will build on competitions under the Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities
National Programs. SSHS will provide $365 million in funding to increase the capacity of state educational
agencies (SEAs), high-need local educational agencies (LEAs), and their partners to develop and
implement programs and activities, including those focused on preventing drug use, alcohol use, bullying,
harassment, or violence and promoting the physical and mental well-being of students.

Reaching Out to Military Personnel and their Families

Studies show that individuals with post-traumatic stress disorders, such as returning active duty personnel
and Veterans, are more susceptible to substance use. The Administration recognizes the profound
importance of ensuring the health and well-being of servicemen and women and their families. To help
address these issues, DOD has developed and will work with other agencies to further improve
prevention, resilience and community assistance programs. In 2011, ONDCP will use the DFC coalition
model to help build the prevention capacity of communities with military families.

Addressing Substance Use among College Students

About 40 percent of college students report binge drinking.38 Other drug use, including marijuana and
prescription drug abuse, is also of concern. About 25 percent of college students report academic
consequences of their drinking, including missing class, falling behind, doing poorly on exams or papers,
and receiving lower grades. In addition, college administrators report believing that alcohol specifically
was involved in 21 percent of all cases of student attrition.

Reducing substance use behaviors among college students requires prevention strategies at the college
or university as well as in the surrounding off-campus community. In response, Education launched an
initiative in 2010 to provide a more integrated and comprehensive response to issues related to alcohol
and other drug use on college campuses as well as violence among college students. This includes a
new Healthy College Campuses grant program called for in the Administrations FY 2011 and 2012
budgets. It also includes ongoing technical assistance provided via the Higher Education Center for
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Violence Prevention. (Action Item 1.3A) In addition, Education, HHS, and
ONDCP are collaborating to identify and partner with university leaders to more effectively address the
high rates of substance use and its consequences among college students.

The Drug Free Communities Support Program

ONDCPs Drug Free Communities (DFC) Support Program is a critical component of the Nations drug
prevention infrastructure. It is built on the premise that Federal and state assistance for prevention is most
effective when supporting programs that originate in, and are developed by, communities. To this end, the
DFC program provides resources to community-based coalitions to develop data-driven strategic plans
that increase community collaboration that reduce youth substance use. In August 2010, ONDCP, in
collaboration with the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), awarded
DFC grants totaling $85.6 million to 741 communities.

DFC coalitions connect with the community at a grassroots level to help identify and respond to their
unique local drug problems by using environmental strategies aimed at addressing community factors that
may contribute to youth substance use. These strategies may include addressing school policies related
to possession of drugs on campus and limiting the number of alcohol retailers near parks, schools, or
other places that youth congregate. By working together, coalitions can create changes that reduce the
social and health consequences of drug use by limiting access to illegal substances and by changing
social and cultural norms that promote such risky behaviors. The DFC approach is effective and
sustainable long after grant funds are providedan outcome not achieved by programs that do not seek
to create environmental change.

To increase the programs outreach to special populations, the Program hosted two American Indian/
Alaska Native (AI/AN) technical assistance sessions at Fiscal Year (FY) 2011 Applicant Workshops in San
Diego and Washington, D.C. The workshops were designed to provide technical assistance specific to the
challenges faced by applicants serving AI/AN populations. As of the FY 2010 funding, 10 percent of all
DFC-funded coalitions serve tribal communities. (Action Item 1.2A)

The DFC program undergoes a national cross-site evaluation each year that uses data provided by its
grantees. These data indicate that since January 2002, past 30-day use of alcohol, tobacco, and
marijuana declined significantly in both middle school and high school-aged youth in areas served by
DFC coalitions. Moreover, prevalence of 30-day use across all substances was lower for DFC high school
students than among a nationally representative sample of high school students taking the Youth Risk
Behavior Survey (YRBS). The differences between DFC and YRBS were statistically significant for
alcohol in 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009. Differences in prevalence of 30-day use were also statistically
significant for marijuana in 2003, 2005, and 2007.

Reaching Out to Military Personnel and their Families

Studies show that individuals with post-traumatic stress disorders, such as returning active duty personnel
and Veterans, are more susceptible to substance use. The Administration recognizes the profound
importance of ensuring the health and well-being of servicemen and women and their families. To help
address these issues, DOD has developed and will work with other agencies to further improve
prevention, resilience and community assistance programs. In 2011, ONDCP will use the DFC coalition
model to help build the prevention capacity of communities with military families.

Strategic Prevention Framework

SAMHSAs Strategic Prevention Framework-State Incentive Grant (SPF-SIG) program has also
contributed to building a national prevention infrastructure. The SPF-SIG program helps states and
communities implement effective prevention programs using a data-driven, strategic planning process.
This program requires most funding be directed to community-level organizations such as coalitions. In
2010, SAMHSA awarded 10 new SPF-SIG grants totaling $10.6 million, bringing the current total number
of SPF-SIG awardees to 49 states, 8 jurisdictions, 19 tribes, and the District of Columbia. In total, the
program has reached more than 800 communities.

In the Presidents FY 2012 Budget, the elements of this successful program are being required within a
State Prevention Grant program as well as a Behavioral Health Tribal Prevent Grant program to help
support all states and tribes implement a data-driven local approach to preventing substance abuse.

Findings from an evaluation of the first cohort of SPF grantees (2006) show positive changes in a number
of outcomes over the course of 12 months: 42 percent of grantees showed improvements in perception of
risks of drug use by both youth and adults; 68 percent of grantees had improvement of disapproval rates
of peer substance use by 12- to 17- year-olds; 74 percent of grantees showed improvement of past 30-
day drinking rates by youth ages 12 to 20 years; and 68 percent of grantees improved in past 30-day drug
use rates among both youth and adults.34 The majority of interventions were evidence-based, and nearly
half were environmental strategies.

The Presidents FY 2012 Budget reflects plans to establish a new Substance Abuse State Prevention
Grant (SASPG), which will bring the SPF-SIG approach to scale across the Nation. Specifically, the
SASPG will provide enhanced prevention funding to ensure every state and territory makes prevention of
substance abuse a priority and does so using data-driven strategic planning.

Ensuring a Drug Free Workplace

The consequences of the illicit use of drugs are also seen in Americas workforce. Drug use has a serious
impact upon job related accidents and injuries, absenteeism, health care costs, and productivity losses.
Workers who use illicit drugs are more likely to injure themselves or others in a workplace accident and
have higher rates of absenteeism. They also incur higher medical costs than employees who do not use
illicit drugs.

Workplace programs that provide clear policies about drug use, offer prevention and education
opportunities for employees and supervisors, conduct drug testing, and support referral and treatment for
those with substance use disorders can play a large role in reducing the demand for drugs throughout our
Nation and in helping drug users get into treatment. In addition to deterring illicit drug use, these programs
provide employees with the opportunity to self-identify. Often, the programs enable employees to return to
the same job, or a similar job in the same industry, thereby creating an incentive to succeed in their
recovery to resume a fulfilling career. Ultimately, drug-free workplace programs are good for our labor
force, families, and communities.

THEORY
Marvin Snyder, Ph.D. Director, Division of Research National Institute on Drug Abuse
One of the more striking aspects of drug research over the last few years is the
relative upsurge of various models and theories explaining, wholly or in part, the
problems of drug abuse. In fact, this rapid growth has signaled the need for a single,
concise, and widely available volume which would allow interested researchers to
discover the existence, diversity, convergence, and complexity of the array of
contemporary explanatory perspectives.
Undertaking the preparation of such a compendium was carefully considered. It was
our intent to present as many theories as practicable, in an open, nonjudgmental,
noncritical manner, and to allow each theorist to speak for his or her own theory.
The volume contains 43 theoretical perspectives representing the work of more
than 50 theorists. I trust the reader will find this collection of ideas stimulating and
will be encouraged to generate future research aimed at hypothesis and theory
testing.

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