Success Maths SPM 2015 (Pocket F4)

Mathematics
Made Easy
4 Virtual Notes
F
O CHAPTER 1 Standard Form
R
M
4 Significant figures
Relevant digits in integers or decimal
numbers which are rounded off to a
value of a certain degree of accuracy.
Rules in determining the number of significant figures:
All non-zero digits of a Zeros at the end of a whole

number are significant. number are not significant
Example unless stated otherwise.
1289 (4 sig. fig.) Example
87.3 (3 sig. fig.) 500 (1 sig. fig.)
5 760 000 (3 sig. fig.)
Zeros on the left of non-zero Zeros on the right of

digits of a decimal less than non-zero digits of a decimal
1 are not significant. are significant.
Example Example
0.06 (1 sig. fig.) 4.0 (2 sig. fig.)
0.00097 (2 sig. fig.) 36.50 (4 sig. fig.)
Zeros that lie between non-zero digits are significant.

Example
901 (3 sig. fig.)
3.0497 (5 sig. fig.)
2 Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015

Standard form
A way of writing numbers in the form
A 10 , where 1 A < 10 and n is an
n
integer.
Example
12 300 = 1.23 104
0.0000028 = 2.8 106
Stating numbers in standard Converting numbers in standard

form: form to single numbers:
Example Example
5 900 000 = 5.9 106 4.8 106 = 4 800 000
0.00000006 = 6 108 7.68 105 = 0.0000768
Operations
Addition Subtraction
a 10n + b 10n a 10n b 10n
= (a + b) 10n = (a b) 10n
Multiplication Division
(a 10m) (b 10n) (a 10m) (b 10n)
= (a b) 10m + n a
= 10m n
b
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015 3

F
O CHAPTER 2 Quadratic Expressions and Equations
R
M
4 Two linear expressions
(mx + p)(nx + q)
m, n, p and q are constants
Expansion
Factorisation
Quadratic expression
ax 2 + bx + c, a 0
a, b, c are constants, x is an unknown
or
(mn)x 2 + (mq + np)x + pq
m 0, n 0
m, n, p and q are constants
ax 2 + bx, ax 2 + c, (dx)2 e 2
c=0 b=0
Factorise Factorise Factorise
x(ax + b) or dx(ex + f) d(ex 2 + f) where d

where d is a common is a common factor
factor of a and b of a and c (dx e)(dx + e)

ax 2 + bx = 0
Factorise
x(ax + b) = 0
b
Solve : x = 0 or x =
a
Solutions
ax 2 c = 0
Quadratic equation
c
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 x2 =
a
a0
c
a, b, c are constants, Solve : x = Solutions
a
x is an unknown
or
(mn)x 2 + (mq + np)x + pq
m 0, n 0 (dx)2 e 2 = 0
m, n, p and q are constants Factorise
(dx e)(dx + e) = 0
e
Solve : x =
d
Solve or find roots
of the equation.
Solutions
(mn)x 2 + (mq + np)x + pq = 0

Factorise
(mx + p)(nx + q) = 0
p q
Solve : x = or x =
m n
Solutions

F
O CHAPTER 3 Sets
R
M
4 Defined:
using words
e.g. P = {first three positive integers}
by listing elements
e.g. P = {1, 2, 3}
using set-builder notation
e.g. P = {x : 1 x 3, where x is an integer}
Set
a collection of well-defined objects
objects in a set are called elements / members
e.g. set P = {1, 2, 3}
1, 2, 3 are elements of set P.
Number of elements in set P : n(P) = 3
Do not use braces for number

of elements of a set.
Represented using
Venn diagram:
P
1
3
2

Universal set:
contains all elements in a discussion
Equal sets: = Complement of

same elements a set:
e.g. e.g.
A = {1, 2} = {a, b, c}
B = {2, 1} A = {a, b}
A =B A' = {c}
Subset: Empty set: { } or
no elements Complement
Q a subset of all sets of A
P e.g. A = { }
n(A) = 0 A'
A
PQ No braces for
number of
elements of a set.

F
O
R
M
4 Intersection : A B
A B = {b, c} a c d
n(A B) = 2 b
e f
g
A B
A B C = {b}
A B = {b, c}
AB A C = {b, e}
B C = {b, f}
Operations on sets Combined operations

e.g. e.g.
A = {a, b, c, e} (A B)' C = {g}
B = {b, c, d, f} n[(A B)' C] = 1
C = {b, e, f, g}
Union :
A B = {a, b, c, d, e, f}
n(A B) = 6
A B
AB

CHAPTER 4 Mathematical Reasoning
Sentence
Can determine truth value Cannot determine truth

(True or false but not both) value
Statement Not a statement

e.g.
Instruction
Question
Exclamation

F
O
R
M
4
Quantifiers
all: some:
every, any several, one of, part of
Each and every case At least one case satisfies

satisfies the statement the statement

Operations on statements
Negation: no, not

e.g. p : 3 is an odd number.
combine two statements ~p : 3 is not an odd number.
e.g. p, q
symbol for negation of p
p ~p
Compound statement True False
False True
Negation changes the truth value
using 'and' using 'or'
p and q p or q
p q p and q p q p or q
True True True True True
True False True False True
False True False False True
False False False False False

F
O
R
M
4
Implications
p if and only if q
x = 5 if and only if x 3 = 2
x=5x3=2
p:x=5
q:x3=2
If p, then q. If q, then p.
p : antecedent q : antecedent
q : consequent p : consequent
e.g. If x = 5, then x 3 = 2. e.g. If x 3 = 2, then x = 5.
x=5x3=2 x3=2x=5
Converse

Arguments and Reasoning
Arguments
Argument Form I Argument Form II Argument Form III
Premise 1 : All A is B. Premise 1 : If p, then q.

Premise 2 : C is A. Premise 2 : Not q is true.
Conclusion : C is B. Conclusion : Not p is true.
Premise 1 : If p, then q.
Premise 2 : p is true.
Conclusion : q is true.

F
O
R
M
4
Reasoning
Reasoning by deduction Reasoning by induction
Conclusion for a specific case Draw a general conclusion

based on a given general statement (generalisation) based on the pattern
(conclusion is definite) of specific cases (generalisation is
not necessarily definite)
e.g. Area of a square
= (length length) units2 e.g. 21 22 = 21 + 2 = 23
22 23 = 22 + 3 = 25
Area of square of length 2 cm 24 25 = 24 + 5 = 29
= (2 2) cm2 = =

= 4 cm2
2a 2b = 2a + b

CHAPTER 5 The Straight Line
Gradient of a straight line

The gradient of a straight line is the ratio of the vertical distance to the horizontal
distance between two points on the straight line, i.e.
Vertical distance
Gradient =
Horizontal distance
y y
b y-intercept
(x2, y2)
(x1, y1) x-intercept
x a x
O O
y2 y1 y-intercept
Gradient, m = Gradient, m =
x 2 x1 x-intercept
b
=
a
Positive gradient Negative gradient

A straight line which forms an A straight line which forms an
acute angle with the positive obtuse angle with the positive
x-axis has a positive gradient. x-axis has a negative gradient.
y y
m>0 m<0
(acute) (obtuse)
x x
O O
Gradient = tan > 0 Gradient = tan < 0
m>0 m<0

F
O
R
M
4 Equation of a straight line
The equation of a straight line with gradient, m, and y-intercept, c, is
y = mx + c
Gradient y-intercept
Straight line parallel to the x-axis Straight line parallel to the y-axis
y y
y=a x=b
a
x
O b
x
O
The equation of a straight line The equation of a straight line

parallel to the x-axis (with parallel to the y-axis (with
y-intercept, a) is y = a. x-intercept, b) is x = b.
Point of intersection of two Parallel lines

straight lines
(a) If two straight lines are parallel,
The point of intersection of two their gradients are equal.
straight lines can be determined by: (b) If the gradients of two straight
(a) drawing the two straight lines lines are equal, they are
(b) solving the equations of the two parallel.
straight lines simultaneously

CHAPTER 6 Statistics
1 Size of a class interval 2 Lower limit + Upper limit

= Upper boundary Class =
midpoint 2
Lower boundary
Ungrouped data Grouped data
Mode is the value of data which occurs Modal class is the class which has
most frequently in a set of data. the highest frequency. It is
represented by the highest bar of a
histogram.
Frequency Modal class
Frequency
polygon
Values
O of data
Lower boundary Upper boundary
of the first class of the first class
Sum of all the values of data Sum of the values of

Mean = (frequency class midpoint)
Number of data Mean =
x Sum of frequencies
x=
n
fx
x =
f

F
O
R
M
4 Ungrouped data Grouped data
Median is the value From the ogive:

located at the centre of
a set of data after the Median = Value of data that corresponds to the
values of data are n
arranged in ascending th value of the cumulative frequency
2
order.
Cumulative frequency
n

2
Values of data
O Median (upper boundary)

Ungrouped data Grouped data
First quartile is the From the ogive:
value of data that
divides all the values First quartile = Value of data that corresponds to the
of data that are less n
than the median into th value of the cumulative frequency
4
two equal parts,
after the data is
Third quartile = Value of data that corresponds to the
arranged in
3
ascending order. n th value of the cumulative frequency
4
Third quartile is the
value of data that
divides all the values Cumulative frequency
of data that are more
than the median into n
two equal parts, 3
n
after the data is 4
arranged in
ascending order. n

4
Interquartile range O
Values of data
= Third quartile (upper boundary)
First quartile First quartile
Third quartile
Interquartile range
= Third quartile First quartile

F
O CHAPTER 7 Probability I
R
M
4
1 A sample space is the set of all the possible outcomes of

an experiment.
2 An event is a set of outcomes which satisfy a specific

condition and it is a subset of the sample space.
3 The probability of an event A is given by
Number of times of the

occurrence of event A
P(A) = where 0 P(A) 1.
Number of trials
4 If P(A) = 0, then the event A will certainly not occur.
5 If P(A) = 1, then the event A is certain to occur.

CHAPTER 8 Circles III
The tangent to a circle is a straight line which touches the circle at only one point.
x y
O O A
x y
Tangent
Q
The properties of two tangents to a

circle are as follows:
The radius of a circle which passes (a) AP = AQ
through the point where the tangent (b) AOP = AOQ = x
touches the circle is perpendicular (c) PAO = QAO = y
to the tangent. (d) OPA and OQA are congruent.
S
x
y T
y x
P Q R
The angle formed by a tangent and the chord which
passes through the point where the tangent touches the
circle is equal to the angle in the alternate segment which
is subtended by the chord, i.e.
(a) RQT = QST = x
(b) PQS = QTS = y

F
O
R
M
A common tangent to two circles is a straight line which touches the two circles,
4 each at only one point.
One common tangent
Two common tangents

Three common tangents
Four common tangents

F
O CHAPTER 9 Trigonometry II
R
M
4
Unit circle
y
1
2nd quadrant 1st quadrant
x
1 O 1
3rd quadrant 4th quadrant
A unit circle is a circle, of radius 1 unit, with the origin (0, 0) as its centre.

Values of sin , cos and tan
y
1
y

x
O x
opposite y
sin = = = y
hypotenuse 1
adjacent x
cos = = = x
hypotenuse 1
opposite y
tan = =
adjacent x

F
O
R
M
4 Signs of sin , cos and tan
y
y
+ + +
x x
O O
+
sin cos
x
O
+
tan

Relations between the values of sin , cos and tan and the values of sin , cos
and tan , where is the reference angle (or basic angle):
(a) 2nd quadrant (b) 3rd quadrant

( = 180 ) ( = 180)
y y
x x
O O
sin = + sin sin = sin

cos = cos cos = cos
tan = tan (c) 4th quadrant tan = + tan
( = 360 )
y
x
O
sin = sin
cos = + cos
tan = tan

F
O
R
M
Graphs of y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tan x, y = sin 2x and y = cos 2x
4
y y
1 1
x x
0 90 180 270360 0 90 180 270360
1 1
(a) Graph of y = sin x (b) Graph of y = cos x
y y
x x
0 90 180 270 360 0 90 180 270360
1
(c) Graph of y = tan x (d) Graph of y = sin 2x
x
0 90 180 270360
1
(e) Graph of y = cos 2x

CHAPTER 10 Angles of Elevation and Depression
The line of sight lies above the

ht Object
horizontal line through the point
sig
of of observation:
ne Angle of elevation
Li Angle of elevation
Point of
observation Horizontal line
object higher than
observation point
The line of sight lies below the

horizontal line through the point Horizontal line Point of
of observation: ht observation
Angle of depression g
Angle of depression si
of
ne
Li
object lower than Object
observation point
Angle of elevation = Angle of depression

Angles of elevation and depression are equal.

F
O CHAPTER 11 Lines and Planes in 3-Dimensions
R
M
4
Angle between a line and a plane
The angle between a line and a plane is the angle between the line and its
orthogonal projection.
L V
S
Normal
Line LT
M
H T
P
Orthogonal
projection
The angle between the line LT and the plane PTMH is LTH, where
LH Normal to the plane PTMH
HT Orthogonal projection

Angle between two planes
The angle between two planes is the angle between two lines, one on each plane,
that are drawn from a common point on the line of intersection of the two planes, and
are perpendicular to the line of intersection.
D
C
P
R Q
A B
The angle between the plane PCB and the plane ABCD is PQR, where
PQC = 90 and BQR = 90.

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015
First published 2016
ISBN 978 983 47 1665 3
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of
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Mathematics

Rules in determining the number of significant figures:

All non-zero digits of a Zeros at the end of a whole

Zeros on the left of non-zero Zeros on the right of

Zeros that lie between non-zero digits are significant.

2 Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015

Stating numbers in standard Converting numbers in standard

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015 3

Factorise Factorise Factorise

x(ax + b) or dx(ex + f) d(ex 2 + f) where d

4 Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015

(mn)x 2 + (mq + np)x + pq = 0

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015 5

Number of elements in set P : n(P) = 3

Do not use braces for number

6 Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015

Equal sets: = Complement of

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015 7

Operations on sets Combined operations

8 Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015

Can determine truth value Cannot determine truth

Statement Not a statement

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015 9

Each and every case At least one case satisfies

10 Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015

Negation: no, not

using 'and' using 'or'

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015 11

12 Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015

Argument Form I Argument Form II Argument Form III

Premise 1 : All A is B. Premise 1 : If p, then q.

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015 13

Reasoning by deduction Reasoning by induction

Conclusion for a specific case Draw a general conclusion

14 Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015

Gradient of a straight line

Positive gradient Negative gradient

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015 15

The equation of a straight line The equation of a straight line

Point of intersection of two Parallel lines

16 Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015

1 Size of a class interval 2 Lower limit + Upper limit

Ungrouped data Grouped data

Frequency Modal class

Sum of all the values of data Sum of the values of

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015 17

Median is the value From the ogive:

18 Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015 19

1 A sample space is the set of all the possible outcomes of

2 An event is a set of outcomes which satisfy a specific

3 The probability of an event A is given by

Number of times of the

4 If P(A) = 0, then the event A will certainly not occur.

5 If P(A) = 1, then the event A is certain to occur.

20 Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015

The properties of two tangents to a

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015 21

One common tangent

Two common tangents

22 Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015

Four common tangents

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2015 23

3rd quadrant 4th quadrant