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ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
LABORATORY MANUAL
FOR YEAR 2015-2016
BY
DHULLAPALLY, KOMPALLY
SECUNDERABAD-500014
Apparatus:
Circuit diagram:
3 point starter
DPST Switch L F A DPST Switch
+ +
+
400/ + (0-2)A
A
(0- MC
230 V DC 1.7A V
500)V DC
Supply F A A
F Excit-
M G er
A A
FF
F
Fuse Fuse
DPST FUSE
+ +
400/1.7
A A (0-2A)
F
230 V +
DC
V (0-250V)
Sup-
ply FF
Theory:
Open circuit characteristics or magnetization curve is the graph be-
tween the generated emf and field current of a dc shunt generator. For field cur-
rent is equal to zero there will be residual voltage of 10 to 12V because of the
residual magnetism present in the machine .If this is absent there the machine
can not build up voltage to obtain residual magnetism the machine is separately
excited by a dc source from OCC we can get critical field resistance and critical
speed.
Critical field resistance: It is the resistance above which the machine cannot
build up emf.
Critical speed: It is the speed below which the machine cannot build up emf.
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Start the motor and bring it to rated speed..
3. The switch SPST is opened and If=0
4. For the different values of excitations (If) the generated voltage (Eg)from
the voltmeter is taken at rated speed, with increasing and decreasing orders.
5. Calculate average Eg from increasing and decreasing orders.
6. A graph is drawn between Avg Eg & If. From the graph (OCC) Critical
field resistance and critical speed are calculated.
Tabular column:
Graph:
Eg (V)
R
Rf
O C P If (A)
Result:
Aim: To conduct brake test on DC Shunt motor. And to determine its perfor-
mance curves.
Apparatus:
Circuit diagram:
400/ + S1 S2
+
1.7A A (0-2)A
230 V V (0-250)V MC
DC MC A
Sup- F
ply M
A
FF
Fuse
Theory:
When if is required to determine directly efficiency if comparatively small
motors, the motor is loaded directly by means of Mechanical Break. Hence in the
case of shunt motor there is no drastic change in speed. The Torque
T = (S1 ~ S2) g. r Nm. where S1 S2 is the spring balance reading, r = Break drum
Radius and g=9.81.
P = Power developed. Efficiency of DC motor = Po/ Pi x 100
Procedure:-
01. Make Connections as per the circuit diagram.
02. Start the motor with the help of the starter.
03. Then bring the motor to rated speed by adjusting field rheostat.
04. Put the mechanical load on the motor in steps and note down correspond-
ing readings of all meters.
05. Do calculations accordingly.
Tabular columns :
S.No Voltage Current Spee Spring Torque= Pout = Pin = Eff =
(V) (I) d Balance 9.8 1(S1 ~ 2 nT/60 Vi - op/ip
(N) Readings S2) .r -Nm -Watts Watts x100.
S1 S2
EXPECTED GRAPHS:
T
Tsh
Ta
0 X
Ia
Ta vs Ia.
0 Y
Ia
N vs Ia
Y
T
N vs T
Y
O/P
Vs O/P
Result:
Apparatus:
Circuit diagram:
Cumulative:
Y
400/ + S1 S2
+
1.7A A (0-2)A
230 V V (0-250)V MC
DC MC A YY
Sup- F
ply M
AA
FF
Fuse
Differential:
YY
400/ + S1 S2
+
1.7A A (0-2)A
230 V V (0-250)V MC
DC MC A Y
Sup- F
ply M
AA
FF
Fuse
Theory:
A Compound motor has a shunt field winding as well as series field winding. If the
series field mmf and shunt field mmf help each other it is a cumulative compound
motor. If the series and shunt fields appose each other it is a differentially com-
pound motor. The operation of differential compound motor is unstable In a cumu-
lative compounded motor the fluxes are add each other at light loads the shunt field
is stronger than series field so motor behaves shunt motor. At high loads series
field is stronger than shunt field so the characteristics like nearly to series motor.
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Start the motor with the help of the starter.
3. Then bring the motor to rated speed by adjusting field rheostat.
4. Put the mechanical load on the motor in steps and note down all the meter read-
ings.
Tabular columns:
Cum
Diff
0 X
T
N vs Ia
Diff
T
Cum
0 Y
Ia
T vs Ia
N Cum
Diff
Y
T
N vs T
Cum
Diff
Y
O/P
Vs O/P
Result:
Apparatus required:
1 Ammeter 0-20A, MC 1
0-1A, MC 1
0-5A MC 1
2 Voltmeter 0-250V, MC 1
0-30V, MC 1
3 Rheostat 400/1.7A 1
4 Rheostat 100/5A 1
5 Load 3 Kw / 220V 1
6 Tachometer 1
5 Connecting wires
Circuit diagram:
3 point starter (0-20A)
(0-5A) DPST Switch
DPST Switch L A F
+ +
+ A A
400/
400/ 1.7A
1.7A
230 V
DC A F F A +
Sup- (0-250v)
M G V
ply
AA FF AA
FF Resistive Load
Fuse
DPST FUSE
+ +
100/5A A (0-5A)
A
230 V +
DC
Supply M V (0-30V)
AA
Theory: .
By conducting load test on DC shunt generator we can get load characteris-
tics i.e, Internal & External characteristics. By exciting the m/c, the field current
increases and voltage build up. After the machine has attained 220V the rated load
is switched on. With increase in load, the voltage will be dropped
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Start the machine with the help of starter and bring to rated speed by vary-
ing field rheostat of motor, then by varying field rheostat of the generator
set the rated voltage of the generator.. Then close the DPST switch of the
load and increase the load by step 0.125Kw, up to full load of the generator.
3. Note down all the meter readings at every step.
4. Do necessary calculations.
Observations:
Graph:
E&
Internal
External P
Y
I
E& vs I
E&V vs I
Result:
Apparatus required:
Circuit diagram:-
Y
230 V
DC A F A +
Sup- (0-250v)
M G V
ply
AA AA
FF Resistive Load
DPST FUSE
+ +
100/5A
A (0-5A)
A
230 V +
DC M (0-30V)
V
Sup-
ply AA
DPST FUSE
+ +
100/5A
A (0-5A)
Y
230 V +
DC
Sup-
V (0-30V)
ply YY
Theory:
The load characteristics curve of DC series generator shows the relation
b/w its terminal voltage and load current. The characteristics are rising in
nature and excitation increases with load. At large values of load current,
the terminal voltage must be start decreasing owing to the saturation of the
machine iron & rapidly increasing voltage drop of armature and armature
resistance.
Procedure:
1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the speed of the motor to its rated value using field rheostat.(motor).
3. Connect the load to generator with the help of load box, and increase the
load 0.125Kw at every step and note the corresponding readings.
4. Plot the graph b/w terminal voltage Vs current and generated voltage Vs
armature current.
Observations:
Speed of the motor, N =
Sno Terminal volt- Load current, IaRa IaRse Eg=V+IaRa+IaRse
age, in volts IL=Ia=Ise in amps In volts In volts In volts
Graph:
Plot the graph b/w terminal voltage and load current by taking V on Y-
axis and IL on X-axis, and Eg on Y axis and Ia on X axis.
OCC
Eg & V Internal
External
Y
Ia = Ise
Eg & V vs Ia= Ise
Result:
Apparatus:
Circuit diagram:
DPST FUSE L A F
+
100/5A 400/1.7A
+
+
A A (0-2A)
230 V (0-5A)
DC
Supply
+ A F
(0-250V) V M
AA
FF
DPST FUSE
+ +
100/5A
A (0-5A)
A
230 V +
DC M (0-30V)
V
Sup-
ply AA
Theory:
i) Armature voltage control method:
For a load of constant Torque, the speed is proportional to the applied to the arma-
ture. Therefore speed voltage characteristic is linear and is a straight line. As the
voltage is decrease across the armature the speed falls. This method gives speeds
less than rated speeds.
Eb N Eb N
V-Ia(Ra+R) N
As the voltage is decreased speed decreases.
Tabular Column:
Armature Voltage Control Method:
Expected graphs:-
O
X
If(I)
N Vs If
O
X
Va(V)
N Vs Va
N vs Va(Armature voltage)
Result:
Equipment:
Circuit diagram:
(0-5)A 3 point starter
DPST Switch MC L A F
+
+ A
400/ +
+ 1.7A (0-2)A
A
230 V MC
V (0-250)V
DC MC A
Supply F
M
AA
FF
Fuse
100/5A +
A (0-5)A
MC
230 V
DC Sup- A
ply +
M (0-30)V
V
MC
AA
Fuse
Theory:
It is simple indirect method in which losses are measured separately
and the efficiency at any desired load can be predetermined. This test applicable to
those machines in which flux is practically constant i.e. shunt and compound
wound machines. The no load power input to armature consist iron losses in core,
friction loss, windage loss and armature copper loss. It is convenient and economi-
cal because power required to test a large machine is small i.e. only no load power.
But no account is taken the change in iron losses from no load to full load due to
armature reaction flux is distorted which increases the iron losses in some cases by
as 50%
Procedure:
Observations:
IL IF IA V N
For Ra
S.NO V I Ra=V/I
Expected graphs:-
(%) Generator
Motor
O
Out-
Efficiency Vs Output
GENERATOR:
Motor:
Model calculations:
No load input=V IL
Efficiency as a motor:
Efficiency as generator:
Results:
Apparatus:
230 V YY
DC A F F A +
Sup- (0-250v)
ply M G V
AA FF AA
FF Resistive Load
Fuse
230 V Y
DC A F F A +
Sup- (0-250v)
ply M G V
AA FF AA
FF Resistive Load
Fuse
DPST FUSE
+ +
100/5A
A (0-5A)
A
230 V +
DC M (0-30V)
Sup-
V
ply AA
Theory: D.C. Compound generator consists of both series and shunt field wind-
ings. The shunt and series fields can be connected in two ways.
1. Short shunt.
2. Long shunt.
When the MMF of series field opposes the MMF of shunt field, the gener-
ator is differentially compound. The terminal voltage decreases sharply with in-
creasing load current. Evidently this connection is not used.
In cumulative compound the connections of the two fields are such that
their MMFs added and help each other. If the series field is very strong, the termi-
nal voltage may increase as the load current increases and it is called over com-
pounding. When terminal voltage on full load and no load are equal, it is known as
flat compounded generator. If the series field is not strong, the terminal voltage
will decreases with increase in load current (under compound)
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The machine is run at rated speed and the rated voltage is obtained by vary-
ing field excitation
3. There the switch is closed so that load is connected across the generator.
4. Increase the load step by step with 0.125Kw and note down all the meter
readings and calculations are made accordingly and the characteristics are
obtained.
5. Plot graph for internal external characteristics.
Tabular Column:-
Model graphs:-
Internal characteristics
Cumulative
Differential
E (V)
O
X
Ia (A)
E (V) Vs Ia
External characteristics
Cumula-
Differential
O
X
Ia (A)
V Vs Ia
Result:-
Apparatus:
Circuit diagram:
Y Y
230 V +
DC YY A
V (0-250v) +
Sup- A
YY V (0-250v)
ply
M G
AA
AA Resistive Load
Fuse
DPST FUSE
+ +
100/5A
A (0-5A)
A
230 V +
DC M (0-30V)
V
Sup-
ply AA
DPST FUSE
+ +
100/5A
A (0-5A)
Y
230 V +
DC
V (0-30V)
Sup-
ply YY
Theory:
This test is applicable for two series machines which are coupled mechani-
cally. Series machines cannot be tested on no load conditions due to dangerous
high speeds. One machine normally run as motor and drives generator whose out
put is wasted in a variable load R. The fields of two machines are connected in se-
ries in order to make iron losses of both the machines equal.
Model calculations:
Generator output = V3.I2 Watts. - - - - - - - - - (1)
Total input = V1.I1 Watts. - - - - - - - - (2)
Total losses Pt of both machines = ( V1.I1)-(V3.I2) Watts - - (3)
Motor Field Cu loss = I1.I1.Rsem - - - - - - - - - - (4)
Motor Armature Cu loss = I1.I1.Ram - - - - - - - - - - -(5)
Model graphs:-
(%) Genera-
Motor
O
Out-
Result:
By conducting the fields test we found the efficiency of series machines
(motor and generator).
Apparatus Required:
Circuit Diagram:
3 point start-
+ (0-2A)
DPST Switch L A F A MC
+
400/
V
1.7A + + 400/
(0-500)V (0-20)A 1.7A
+ MC A MC
230
(0-230)V + F
V MC (0-2)A
V A A MC
A
DC M FF
F M
Sup-
AA AA
FF
Fuse
DPST FUSE
+ +
100/5A
A (0-5A)
A
230 V +
DC M (0-30V)
Sup-
V
ply AA
Theory:
Procedure:
1. Connected the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the field regulator minimum resistance position and start the motor by
using starter, Keeping S.P.S.T switch open.
3. Adjust the regulator on generator side until the rated voltage equal to both
in magnitude and polarity as that of main supply. i. e; voltmeter reads zero.
4. The S. P. S.T switch is closed to parallel the machines, by adjusting the re-
spective field regulators, any load can how be thrown on to machines.
5. Calculate efficiency by applying load.(changing excitation)
Observations:
Input Volt-
Input Cur- Gen If=I3
S. No age in volts Gen Ia=I2 Motor If=I4
rent=I1
Generator:
S. Generator Generator Generator Stray Total Input of
No output Armature Field Cu loss losses of Of generator
Cu loss loss generator generator
Calculations:
Armature Resistance of each machine =Ra
Generator Armature cu loss =I1 x I2 x Ra Watts.
Motor Armature cu loss =(I1 + I2)(I1 + I2)Ra Watts.
Armature power input to the set. =VL x I1 Watts.
Ps, Stray losses of both machines = VL x I1 Armature Cu loss of
(Gen +Motor)
Stray losses of each machine = Ps/2
Efficiency of Generator:
Generator output =VL . I2 Watts
Generator Losses Pg = V.I3 + I2 x I2+(Ps/2)
Efficiency of Generator =( VL .I2 )/ (VL .I2 +Pg)
Efficiency of Motor :
Model graphs:-
(%) Genera-
Motor
O
Output
Result:
Apparatus Required:
Circuit Diagram:
DPST FUSE L A F
+
100/5A 400/1.7A
+
+
A A (0-2A)
230 V (0-5A)
DC
Supply
+ A F
(0-250V) V M
AA
FF
DPST FUSE
+ +
100/5A A (0-5A)
A
230 V +
DC
Supply M V (0-30V)
AA
Procedure:
1. Connected the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep both field and armature rheostats at minimum position and start the
motor by using starter, and bring to rated speed by adjusting field rheostat.
3. Note down all the meter readings, repeat this by varying armature rheostat.
The field current to be kept constant.
4. Adjust the field to another suitable value and repeat step -3
5. Find the armature resistance by conducting the experiment.
Calculations:-
Stray losses (Ps)= Mechanical loss + Eddy current loss + Hysterisis loss
At constant normal excitation:
Ps=AN+BN2 +CN+DN2 ----------------------------- (1)
(C/C) = (/)1.6
(D/D) = (/)2 at the same speed
Also,
(/) = (E,E) at any speed.
From the above equations evaluate the equations the constants A,B,C&D. Hence
evaluate the friction, Hysteresis and Eddy current losses at various speeds up to the
rated speed and tabulate the results in the table:-
Model graphs:-
Y
Normal Excitation
PS / N
3/4 Excitation
O
X
Speed (N)
Ps/N Vs N
Result
APPARATUS:
Circuit Diagram:
(0-20)A 2 point starter
MC
DPST Switch L A
+ +
A
+ S1 S2
230 V V (0-250)V
DC A MC A YY
Supply
M
AA
Fuse
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Page 46
ST.MARTINS ENGINEERING COLLEGE ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB MANUAL
THEORY : DC series motor is having high starting torque and its speed will be
decreases by increasing of load .series motor runs on load only. It implies that the
motor starts only when the load is applied on it. If S1, S2 are spring balance read-
ing force
T= (S1-S2)*G*r
r- brake drum radius
o/p power P=T*W
= 2NT/60
Input power Pin =VIL
efficiency = Pout/Pin*100
PROCEDURE:
Efficiency vs o/p
Torque vs IL
Speed vs IL
Speed vs T
PRECAUTIONS:
1) See that before switching on DPST whether some load is applied or not. If not
apply some load
2) Pour water on brake drum whenever you are changing the load
TABLE:
1) - - - - - - -
- -
2) - - - - - - -
- -
3) - - - - - - -
- -
Model Graphs
Tsh
Ta
0 X
Ia
0 Y
Ia
N vs Ia
Y
Ta
N vs T
Y
O/P
vs O/P
RESULT:
(0-250V)MC
+
(0-20A)MC V
3 point starter S (0-20A)MC A F
DPST L F A +
A
+ A
+ MC
400/
400/ 1.7A
F 1.7A A A
A 1.7A 230 V
230 1.7A F F
V M G1 G2 F M DC
DC F DPD Supply
A T A A
F OFF F
A F A
F
Fus + Fuse
e Field REV Switch
(0-250V)MC A (0-20A)MC Machine
Machine
+
V
AIM:
To run two DC shunts generators in parallel and study the load sharing.
Apparatus:
PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure that the paralleling switch S1 is OFF positions .open and the change
over switch S IS IN
2. Start machine NO1 and adjust the field excitation so that it generates the rated
voltage and record the reading.
3. Put switch S in the positon-1 and the gradually increase in the load in the
steps.
4. Note the load current of machine-1 and its terminal voltage.
5. Repeat the step [d] till the machine one is fully loaded.
6. Bring the load to zero and the stop the machine-1.
7. Put change over switch in OFF position. Now start machine-2 and adjust the
voltage to rated value and repeat the steps done for machine-1.
8. Stop the machine and put the change over switch in OFF position.
9. Run both machine keeping parallel switches S1 open.
10. Adjust the voltage each machine to its rated value and if the polarity is correct the
parallel volt meter V2 will read zero if not reverse the polarity of any one machine.
when parallel volt meter reads zero , close the parallel switch S1 by keeping the
change over switch in either voltmeter reads zero , close the parallel switch S1 by
keeping the change over switch in either position 1or 2. Load the machine and note
down the individual machine load current, the total load current and the busbar
voltage.
11. Change the excitation of one of machine and observe the changes in ammeter
readings of each machine.
Observation Table:
Result: