e-ISSN (O): 2348-4470

Scientific Journal of Impact Factor (SJIF): 4.72

p-ISSN (P): 2348-6406

International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research

Development
Volume 4, Issue 2, February -2017

EVALUATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING SAFETY PERFORMANCE FOR

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN RAJKOT CITY
Sagar M. Vasoya1 , Rushabh A. Shah2
1
Student of Masters of Civil Engineering, SNPIT & RC, Umrakh, Bardoli, Gujarat, India
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SNPIT & RC, Umrakh, Bardoli, Gujarat, India

Abstract - The construction industry is considered one of the most hazardous industries throughout the world. Safety is not a
luxury but a necessity, this study deals about evaluation of factors affecting safety performance of various construction
project in Rajkot City.A questionnaire survey was conducted among construction experts to identify the relative importance
of these indicators. Sixty factors were identified from international literature and grouped into ten major categories. The
study collects data only from contractors point of view. The collected data was included information regarding
Administrative and management, Role of Government and engineering societies, project nature, Historic, Human and
Psychological Climate, Organizational structure, Safety Inspection, Safety meetings, record and report, Incentive, Safety
Educating and Training, and medical facilities. An approach is suggested to carry out ranking of these safety performance
factors by Significance Index (SI) technique and based upon that top crucial factor can helpful for the expected safety
performance of any construction project in Rajkot City.

Keywords: Safety Performance, Significance Index, Construction Project

INTRODUCTION

The construction industry is considered one of the most hazardous industries throughout the world. Accidents and
injuries can bring great losses to individuals, organizations and societies. Safety is not a luxury but a necessity, and can
prevent unnecessary loss of property, injury, or death.
According to the business Dictionary, safety is defined as a relative freedom from danger, risk, or threat of harm,
injury, or loss of personnel and/or property, whether caused deliberately or by accident. In this study, safety means try to
prevent the danger, accidents, harm, and injury to the person involved in construction activities. Safety at work is a complex
phenomenon, and the subject of safety attitudes and safety performance in the construction industry is even more so. Safety
and health of workers and the protection of environment have been of great concern during the recent years to many parties
involved in the construction process in many countries around the world leading to a number of laws and regulations enacted
by these countries following the recommendations of international organizations such as International Labour Organization
(ILO), world health organization, international organization for standardization among others (Richard et al, 2000). The
International LabourOrganization Conference of 1985 in Geneva stated that: work should take place in a safe and healthy
working environment and that conditions of work should be consistent with workers human dignity and that occupational
health and safety policies must be established at both government and enterprise level.
Construction sites itself is commonly known as the most hazardous workplace. The construction industry is still
based on labor intensive, while working environments are often changing and include several different parties. Thus,
construction industry became the most crucial industry in the need of effective safety measures and safety management
system in the effort to achieve better safety performance. One of the key stakeholders in the construction industry in terms of
building projects is the public sector. It is therefore important to consider factors affecting safety in this sector of the industry.
A gap in the factors affecting safety in the public sector would therefore translate into a lack of knowledge in this aspect of
the industry. This therefore calls for the need to have more information on this area. This study comes in to bridge this gap in
knowledge by studying the factors affecting safety in public funded building projects in India

LITERATURE REVIEW

According to European Process Safety Centre, Basic safety management includes important elements such as
politics, organization, management practices, procedures, monitoring and auditing. The majority of studies contained Safety
Elements reported that many of the Safety Elements are more general in nature and tend to not be easily measured, such as:
safety policy, safety organization, inspecting hazardous conditions, plant and equipment maintenance, safety promotion, high
risk times, organization collective values, individual competence and management behavior. These are all important general

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Safety Elements but they need to be formatted in such a way as to be measurable in order to use the implementation of Safety
Elements as a possible predictor of a safe working environment.
There are contracts of many trade involved in a construction project. Hence the main responsibilities for safety and
health are upon the principal contractor, but that each employer is responsible for applying measures relating to workers
under their own control. The construction industry demands the attention of everyone involved. It requires the government,
trade unions, sectors associations, developers, architects, engineers; contractors are required to play their role.
The historical factor is assessed by the background and characteristics of the individual, such as age and experience.
The economic factor is determined by the monetary values which are associated with safety such as, hazard pay. The
psychological factor is assessed by the safety behavior of fellow workers on site including supervisors. The technical and
procedural factors are assessed by the provision of training and handling of safety equipment on site.There are suggesting a
benchmark of construction safety should be six dominant groups of factors: management commitment, management
measures, implementation, project nature, individual involvement and economic investment. Management commitment is the
most dominant factor that affects construction safety and consists of implementing organizational safety policies, assigning
safety responsibilities at all levels, etc.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

In construction industry the risk of a fatality is five times more likely than in a Manufacturing based industry, whilst
the risk of a major injury is two and a half time higher. Most of the projects in India suffering from poor safety performance
so finding reason behind poor performance of safety are very essential. If After knowing the factors if we can develop an
index which can work as Benchmarking so we can track the current safety performance of ongoing or newly started projects.

OBJECTIVE

To identify and analyze factors affecting safety performance in Building construction projects.
To give prioritize ranking to the factor responsible for safety performance.
Analysis and Prioritizing of Factors is done using Significance Index Method.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

According to Figure 1, the study was conducted through the following sequential steps. Frist, the study objectives
were clearly identified. Then, comprehensive literature reviews were carried out to identify the most important safety factors.
Hence, a questionnaire survey was conducted to identify the relative importance of the suggested safety factors. The
questionnaire Surveys were performed by interviews and site visits to the different Rajkot construction sites. Some statistical
analyses were carried out to develop the proposed safety performance Rank. Finally, based on the results of the analyses
some conclusions and recommendations were provided.

Objective

Literature Review
Identify Safety Performance Indicates

Questio nnaire Design

questionnaire Survey

Data Analysis
Safety Performance Index

Conclusions and Recommendation

Fig. 1 The methodology flow chart

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 4, Issue 2, February -2017, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406
FACTORS AFFECTING SAFETY PERFORMANCE
There are many factors which can affect the safety performance as the safety at work is a complex phenomenon, and the
subject of safety performance in the Construction industry is even more complicated to understand. Given below are many
factors which could affect the safety performance in Rajkot construction sites. The conceptual framework in table-1, shows
the factors and sub-factors
No. Group
Administrative and
1 management
Role of Government and
2 engineering societies
3 Project Nature
Historic, human and
4 psychological climate
5 Organizational structure
6 Safety inspections
7 Safety meetings, records and
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Factors affecting safety performance
a. Safety awareness of company's top management
b. Conduction of safety policy review
c. Safety awareness of project managers
d. Issuing & implementation of in house safety rules, safety
program or manuals including emergency plan & procedure
e. Availability a clear company safety policy
f. Management's attitude towards employees welfare
a. Issuing of safety laws, standards, regulations & legislations
b. Rigorous enforcement of safety regulations
a. Size of the project
b. Ratio of site area to building area
c. Planning and organizing the site (layout) - work environment
d. Cost of the project
e. Planning and scheduling of the project
f. Application of new technology in construction
g. Type of owner
h. Complexity of the design
a. Employee age
b. Employee experience
c. Employee education
d. Employee safety training received
e. Employee marital status
f. Level of modularization
g. Employee safety awareness, knowledge and involvement
h. Employee accident experience
i. Employees language and communication barriers
j. Employees culture background
k. Relation between the management and employees on the site
l. Relation between the supervisor and employees on the site
m. Interrelation between the employees on the site
n. Increased job-related pressure on workers
o. Excessive overtime work for employees
a. Number of layers of management
b. Percentage of new Employees on sit
c. Definition of safety responsibility
d. Number of safety supervisors
e. Authority of safety supervisor
f. Number of Employees on site
g. Size of the crew
h. Number of subcontractors
i. Co-ordination, control and management of sub-contractors
j. Involvement of top management
k. Team turnover (team stability).
a. Safety inspection by government Authorities
b. Safety inspection by management
c. Safety inspection by safety supervisor
a. Conducting regular toolbox meetings (safety meetings) by
safety supervisor
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reports b. Conducting safety meeting before each activity begins

c. Attendance of Safety meetings by management
d. Recording and reporting of daily safety issues
a. Implementation of safety rewards
8 Incentive b. Implementation of safety fines
c. Implementation of disciplinary actions
a. Conducting safety training and orientation
b. Issuing of safety booklets
9 Safety Educating and Training c. Talk by management on safety
d. Displaying safety posters
e. Training for first aid for all employees
a. Availability of medical advice
10 Medical facilities b. Availability of adequate facilities for first aid treatment
c. Conducting periodically random drug testing

1. Administrative and management

Top management should consider safety as equally important as other aspects in the organization, such as
production and profit. There is also a need for safety awareness of companys top management. Furthermore, it is crucial for
top management to encourage all employees to follow safety procedures and implement initiatives to improve their safety
performance. In order to demonstrate their commitment towards safety, top management needs to provide necessary
resources, money, tools, and equipment, for employees to work safely and to monitor safety. Managements Attitudes have
significant effects on the behavior of a person at work. Some of the areas of attitudes that a person in the world of work is
concerned with are superior, subordinates, peers, supervision, promotions or anything that leads to trigger positive or
negative reactions. Safety personnel must have sufficient power and authority to enforce safety regulations and procedures at
all levels in the top management.

2. Role of Government and engineering societies

Employers must have primary responsibility for occupational safety and health. The Society believes that employers
and employees working together, with government support, can attain excellence in safety and health performance.
Government should encourage, through significant incentives and recognition, voluntary employer programs for excelling in
safety and health achievement. Government standards setting must be conducted with efficiency, maximizing use of public
input and available data to develop and publish reasonable standards in a timely manner. Government enforcement should be
fair and consistent. Penalties should not be set as a budgeted government revenue source, but should be based on the
seriousness of noncompliance. A strong, objective mechanism must be in place to afford employers avenues of appeal of
enforcement actions and incentives to expedite corrective actions. Government's support of research to improve occupational
safety and health is critical.

3. Project Nature

Cost is defined as the degree to which the general conditions promote the completion of a project within the
estimated budget. Geographical location, weather condition "related to poor visibility" and night works have a significant
impact on work at night. Project Nature factor in different geographical location may vary in term of producing differential
effects on safety performance so organizational also keep updating and response to requirements imposed by the changing
environment. The construction site is a complex system with a lot of stakeholders working together to complete the
construction project. This complex system also some information being passed from one team to another (construction),
which is required for risk assessment and communication. In the meantime, the physical space, the working procedure (site
operation), tools and methods used and resources available are factors influencing risk assessment and communication.

4. Historic, human and psychological climate

The historical factor is assessed by the background and characteristics of the individual, such as age and experience.
Work accident experience is positively linked with external attribution and unsafe behaviors but negatively linked with
internal attributions. People with work accident experience tend to attribute the cause of accident to the external environment,
and are likely to have unsafe behaviors.

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The Worker's background safety training providing safety skill and information should be completed by the
techniques of persuasion. Persuasion has an important function. It is most common form is the poster used to refer to bad
habits, and to identify the advantages of safe working, or give detailed information, advice, or instruction on special points
Seventy to ninety percent of accidents are caused by unsafe behavior. A number of theories have connected accidents to the
failure of persons in the accident chain to avert accidents.

The safety behavior is represented as to employee risk-taking behavior and compliance to safety rules and procedures
"beliefs, attitudes and perceptions of responsibility and control". The behavior base on safety refers to the behaviors which
lead to reduction of risk behaviors and as a result reduce accidents and injuries.

5. Organizational structure

Companies can take many approaches to developing and implementing safety programs. Some programs focus more
on the application of safety rules through an accountability system. Other programs provide safety education/training to
enhance employees safety awareness, attitude and commitment through a cultural intervention. Improvements in
organizational structure, organizational importance of safety, safety responsibility and accountability, communication,
management behavior, employee involvement, and employee responses and behavior can help improve safety performance
The organization of site safety implications for all members of the building team especially, those who have responsibility for
the co-ordination of sub-contractor' work, It is important to promote the essence of safety the group, including the supervisor,
with discussions playing a vital part. The construction industry needs to regularly review their safety training programs and
update the health and safety acts via in-company and on-site safety communication.

6. Safety Inspections

Regular safety inspections help management ensure that safe work practices are being maintained. By having your
employees assist with the safety inspection, awareness remains high and employees learn more about safety
hazards. Construction safety inspections are the most effective means if identifyingHazardous conditions at the worksite.
Construction sites require constant monitoring and observations to keep ahead of safety issues.
The use of safety inspections has been shown to have a positive effect on a company's loss control initiative. In fact
companies who perform safety inspections have fewer accidents incidents than companies that do not perform inspections.

7. Safety Meetings, Records And Reports

Safety meetings provide a chance to present new safety training and information. They also offer a chance for
workers to review previously learned information. Without safety meetings, workers can be lulled by routines and slowly
decrease their alertness and attention to safety as they perform the same tasks day after day. They benefit from being
reminded how to stay safe and why safety methods are needed. And alsoThe information provided through recording and
reporting enables the enforcing authorities to identify where and how risks arise, and to investigate serious accidents.

8. Incentive

Incentives factor is one of the determinants that motivate workers to behave in a desired manner to safety
regulations on site. It can be viewed a psychological approach that rewards workers for their adhered routine on site.
Combination of reward and punishment can be regarded as a strategy that inculcates safe behaviors among workers on site.

9. Safety Educating And Training

Safety Educating and Training defines as a process that enables people to acquire new knowledge, learn new skills,
and perform behaviors in a new way. Further distinguishes between training and development by stating that training refers
to the acquisition of specific skills or knowledge, displaying poster, issuing of safety booklet and development refers to the
improvement of intellectual and emotional ability needed to perform better at a specific work.

10. Medical Facilities

The main purpose of measuring health and safety performance is to provide information on the progress and current
status of the strategies, processes and activities employed to control health and safety risks.Health and safety are defined as
the degrees to which the general conditions promote the completion of a project without major accidents or injuries. The
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measurement of safety is mainly focused on the construction period as most accidents occur during this stage. Throughout the
world, construction industry is known as one of the most hazardous activities.

QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY

The questionnaire was designed to achieve the research objectives. It consisted of anintroduction and two parts. The
introduction gives a description of the survey, its purpose and objectives. The first part of the questionnaire is related to
general information about the contractors. The respondents were requested to answer general information pertaining to their
classification and experience in construction. Thesecond part of the questionnaire included the list of the factors affecting
safety performance in the construction industry. The respondents were asked to evaluate the degree of impact of the factor on
safety performance based on a Significance scale, from very low to very high. Respondents were invited to state any other
factors that affect safety performance and to rate these factors.

Sampling Approach

The questionnaire was personally handed over to the respondents, and an interviewer was available to answer any
questions relating to the questionnaire. The questionnaire was actually distributed to a sample of 68 classified contractors in
Rajkot city. A total of 56 contractors replied which represents about 82.35 % of the total questionnaires.

EVALUATION OF FACTOR AFFECTING SAFETY PERFORMANCE

This research to achieve the research aim this research includes analysis of collecting data. In this phase data
analysis is done by Significant Index (SI) to rank the safety performance factor. It is useful to analyze the relative
significance of the CSFs and SSFs.Following Table:1,indicates the description of Significance scale.

Significance scale Description

0 Not applicable
1 Not significant
2 Fairly significant
3 Being significant
4 Very significant
5 Extremely significant

The following simple formula is developed to convert linearly 0-5 scale used in the questionnaire survey to a 0-100
scale with 0 representing the lowest and 100. the highest significance .this means that 5,4,3,2,1, and 0 have
significance indexes of 100,80,60,40,20 and 0,respectively.

0 0 + 1 20 + 2 40 + 3 60 + 4 80 + 5 100
=
0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5

201 +402 +603 +804 +100 5

Significance index = 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5

Where,
Si =significance index for the ith factor,
Ri0=number of responses as 0 for the ithfactor,Ri1=number of responses as 1 for the ith factor,
Ri2=number of responses as 2 for the ith factor,Ri3=number of responses as 3 for the ith factor,
Ri4=number of responses as 4 for the ithfactor,Ri5=number of responses as 5 for the ithfactor.

The importance rank and the corresponding ranking of factors are calculated using the formula given in equation and top ten
factors are shown in Table 2 and groups of safety performance factors in Table 3.

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Table-2.Top 10 Factors Ranked By Significance Index (SI) Technique

Rank Factors affect safety performance SI
1 Management's attitude towards employees welfare 94.11
2 Planning and organizing the site (layout) - work environment 91.53
3 Safety awareness of company's top management 88.95
4 Training for first aid for all employees 85.52
5 Availability of medical advice 84.29
6 Availability a clear company safety policy 84.17
7 Recording and reporting of daily safety issues 83.68
8 Talk by management on safety 83.06
9 Planning and scheduling of the project 81.96
10 Safety awareness of project managers 81.35

Table-3 Rank of Groups of Safety Performance Factors By Significance Index (SI) Technique
Rank Factors affect safety performance SI
1 Administrative and management 80.84
2 Safety Inspection 74.47
3 Safety Education and Training 74.45
4 Project Nature 73.98
5 Incentive 72.76
6 Organizational Structure 68.63
7 Medical facilities 68.22
8 Historic, Human and Psychological climate 62.78
9 Safety meetings, records and reports 59.28
10 Role of Government and engineering society 58.09

An analysis of the group of safety factors is shown in Table 3. The most important group identified were Administrative and
management, Safety Inspection, and Safety Education and Training, in descending order of importance.

CONCLUSION

A study was conducted in this research to identify the factors affecting safety performance in construction projects
in Rajkot City. A list of 60 factors was identified from international literature that set the basis of a questionnaire survey. A
Significance index for each factor was calculated and used to rank the factors. The overall most important factors affecting
the safety performance among the three main factors were found to be Administrative and management, Safety
Inspection and Safety Education and training.

The author recommended that Methodology and procedure of construction is very important factor for proper
execution. The project and it should be defined by contractors concerned and should be monitored by qualified people.
Nature of dispute is playing a crucial role in contractor performance. Basic amenities for labour (i.e. electricity, quality and
quantity of water etc.) are important for running project smoothly. Social responsibility of contractor for labours engaged
children's in the project like primary education, medical check-up at regular interval etc. play very important role for smooth
running of the project.

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Acknowledgement

I would like to give special thanks Prof. N. D. Sharma and Asst-ProfMr. Rushabh Shah,whosetimely and valuable supports
in the research work help me prepare this paper.

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