Water Supply

Water Demand and Distribution

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 Water Demand
Water Quantity Estimation
Factors affecting per capita demand
Population Forecast

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 Water Quantity Estimation
The quantity of water required for municipal uses for which the water supply scheme has to be
designed requires following data:
1. Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres per day per head)
2. Population to be served.
Quantity= Per capita demand x Population

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 Water Quantity Estimation
Water Consumption Rate
It is very difficult to precisely assess the quantity of water demanded by the public, since there
are many variable factors affecting water consumption.
The various types of water demands, which a city may have, may be broken into following
classes:

Types of Consumption Normal Range (lit/capita/day) Average %

1 Domestic Consumption 135-300 200 35

2 Industrial and Commercial Demand 45-450 135 30
3 Public Uses including Fire Demand 20-90 45 10
4 Losses and Waste 45-150 62 25

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 Water Quantity Estimation
Classification of
Building Based on
Occupancy
Group A Residential
Group B Educational
Group C Institutional
Group D Assembly
Group E Business
Group F Mercantile
Group G Industrial
Group H Storage
Group J Hazardous

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 Water Quantity Estimation
Occupant Load, Floor Area in
S. no. Nature of Station/Terminal
m2/Person
1 Residential (A) 12.5
2 Educational (B) 4
3 Institutional (C) 15 (see Note 1)
4 Assembly (D)
a) with fixed or loose seats and dance floors 0.6 (see Note 2)
b) without seating facilities including dining rooms 1.5 (see Note 2)
Occupant Load 5 Mercantile (F)
a) with fixed or loose seats and dance floors 3
(Clause 4.3) b) without seating facilities including dining rooms 6
6 Business and industrial (E & G) 10
7 Storage (H) 30
8 Hazardous (J) 10
NOTES
1. Occupant load in dormitory portions of homes for the aged, orphanages, insane asylums, etc., where
2
sleeping accommodation is provided, shall be calculated at not less than 7.5 m gross floor area/person.

2. The gross floor area shall include, in addition to the main assembly room or space, any occupied
connecting room or space in the same storey or in the storeys above or below, where entrance is
common to such rooms and spaces and they are available for use by the occupants of the assembly place.
No deductions shall be made in the gross area for corridors, closets or other sub-divisions; the area shall
include all space serving the particular assembly occupancy.
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 Water Quantity Estimation
Consumption
S. no. Type of Building
litres/head/day
1 Factories
a) where bath rooms are required to be provided 45
b) where no bath rooms are required to be provided 30
2 Hospital (including laundry):
a) Numberof beds not exceeding 100 340 per bed
Water Requirements for b) Numberof beds exceeding 100 450 per bed
Buildings Other than 3 Nurses homes and medical quarters 135
Residences 4 Hostels 135
(Clause 4.1.2) 5 Hotel (Up to 4 Star) 180
6 Hotel (5 Star and above) 320
7 Offices 45
8 Restaurants 70
9 Cinemas,concert halls and theatres 15
10 Schools:
a) Day schools 45
b) Boarding schools 135
NOTE- For calculating water demand for visitors a consumption of 15 litres/head/day may
be taken.
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 Water Quantity Estimation
Consumption
S. no. Nature of Station/Terminal
litres/head/day

1 Intermediate stations (excluding mail and express stop)

a) where bathing facilities are provided 45

b) where bathing facilities are not provided 25

Water Requirements for Junction stations and intermediate stations where mail or
2
express storage is provided
Traffic/Terminal Stations
a) where bathing facilities are provided 70
(Clause 4.1.3)
b) where bathing facilities are not provided 45
3 Terminal stations 45
4 International and domestic airports 70
NOTES
1. The number of persons shall be determined by average number of passengers handled
by the station daily; due consideration maybe given to the staff and vendors likely to use
facilities.

2. Consideration should be given for seasonal average peak requirements.

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 Water Quantity Estimation
Fire Fighting Demand
The per capita fire demand is very less on an average basis but the rate at which the water is
required is very large.
The rate of fire demand is sometimes treated as a function of population and is worked out
from following empirical formulae:
Authority Formulae (P in thousand) Q (for 1 lakh
Population)

American Insurance Association Q (L/min)=4637 P (1-0.01 P) for P<2,00,000; otherwise 41760

54,600 L/min with a provision of 9100-36400 L/min for a 2nd fire
1
(P= Population in thousands)

Kuchling's Formula Q (L/min)=3182 P 31800

2
(P= Population in thousands)
Freeman's Formula Q (L/min)= 1136.5(P/5+10) 35050
3
(P= Population in thousands)
Ministry of Urban Development Q (kilo liters/d)=100 P for P>50000 1000
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Manual Formula (P= Population in thousands) Shrutiniwas Sharma
 Water Quantity Estimation
Factors affecting per capita demand
Size of the city
Presence of industrial and commercial activity
Climatic conditions
Habits of people and their economic status
Quality of water
Pressure in the distribution system.
Efficiency of water works administration
System of supply
Cost of water
Policy of metering and charging method

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 Water Quantity Estimation
Fluctuations in Rate of Demand
Average Daily Per Capita Demand
= Quantity Required in 12 Months/ (365 x Population)
If this average demand is supplied at all the times, it will not be sufficient to meet the
fluctuations.
Seasonal variation: The demand peaks during summer. Firebreak outs are generally more
in summer, increasing demand. So, there is seasonal variation .
Daily variation depends on the activity. People draw out more water on Sundays and
Festival days, thus increasing demand on these days.
Hourly variations are very important as they have a wide range. During active household
working hours i.e. from six to ten in the morning and four to eight in the evening, the bulk
of the daily requirement is taken. During other hours the requirement is negligible.
Moreover, if a fire breaks out, a huge quantity of water is required to be supplied during
short duration, necessitating the need for a maximum rate of hourly supply.

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 Water Quantity Estimation
Fluctuations in Rate of Demand
an adequate quantity of water must be available to meet the peak demand.
To meet all the fluctuations, the supply pipes, service reservoirs and distribution pipes must
be properly proportioned. The water is supplied by pumping directly and the pumps and
distribution system must be designed to meet the peak demand.
The effect of monthly variation influences the design of storage reservoirs and the hourly
variations influences the design of pumps and service reservoirs.
As the population decreases, the fluctuation rate increases.

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 Water Quantity Estimation
Fluctuations in Rate of Demand
Maximum daily demand = 1.8 x average daily demand
Maximum hourly demand of maximum day i.e. Peak demand
= 1.5 x average hourly demand
= 1.5 x Maximum daily demand/24
= 1.5 x (1.8 x average daily demand)/24
= 2.7 x average daily demand/24
= 2.7 x annual average hourly demand

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 Water Quantity Estimation
Design Periods & Population Forecast
This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the estimated requirements of the
future . The future period for which a provision is made in the water supply scheme is known
as the design period.
Design period is estimated based on the following:
Useful life of the component, considering obsolescence, wear, tear, etc.
Expandability aspect.
Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial, commercial developments &
migration-immigration.
Available resources.
Performance of the system during initial period.

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 Water Quantity Estimation
Population Forecasting Methods
The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are given below. The particular
method to be adopted for a particular case or for a particular city depends largely on the
factors discussed in the methods, and the selection is left to the discretion and intelligence of
the designer.
Arithmetic Increase Method
Geometric Increase Method
Incremental Increase Method
Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
Simple Graphical Method
Comparative Graphical Method
Ratio Method
Logistic Curve Method

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 Population Forecasting Methods
Arithmetic Increase Method
This method is based on the assumption that the population increases at a constant rate;
dP/dt = C ; i.e., rate of change of population with respect to time is constant
Population after nth decade will be Pn= P + n.C
Where, Pn is the population after n decades and P is present population
This method is most applicable to large and established cities.
If it is used for small, average or comparatively new cities, it will give lower population estimate
than actual value.

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 Population Forecasting Methods
Geometric Increase Method
This method is based on the assumption that percentage growth rate is constant
Pn = P (1+ IG/100)n
Where, IG = geometric mean (%)
P = Present population
N = no. of decades.This method must be used with caution, for when applied it may produce too
large results for rapidly grown cities in comparatively short time.
This would apply to cities with unlimited scope of expansion. As cities grow large, there is a
tendency to decrease in the rate of growth.
Since this method gives higher values and hence should be applied for a new industrial town
at the beginning of development for only few decades.

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 Population Forecasting Methods
Incremental Increase Method
This method is modification of arithmetical increase method
It is suitable for an average size town under normal condition where the growth rate is found to
be in increasing order.
Growth rate is assumed to be progressively increasing or decreasing, depending upon whether
the average of the incremental increases in the past is positive or negative.
The population for a future decade is worked out by adding the mean arithmetic increase to
the last known population as in the arithmetic increase method, and to this is added the
average of incremental increases, once for first decade, twice for second and so on.
population after nth decade is Pn = P+ n.X + {n (n+1)/2}.Y
Where, Pn = Population after nth decade
X = Average increase
Y = Incremental increase
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 Population Forecasting Methods
Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
In this method, the average decrease in the percentage increase is worked out, and is then
subtracted from the latest percentage increase to get the percentage increase of next decade.

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 Population Forecasting Methods
Comparative Graphical Method
In this method, the cities having conditions and characteristics similar to the city whose future
population is to be estimated are selected.
It is then assumed that the city under consideration will develop, as the selected similar cities
have developed in the past.
The advantage of this method is that the future population can be predicted from the present
population even in the absence of some of the past census report.

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 Population Forecasting Methods
Ratio Method
In this method, the local population and the country's population for the last four to five
decades is obtained from the census records.
The ratios of the local population to national population are then worked out for these
decades.
A graph is then plotted between time and these ratios, and extended up to the design period
to extrapolate the ratio corresponding to future design year.
This ratio is then multiplied by the expected national population at the end of the design
period, so as to obtain the required city's future population.

Drawbacks:
Depends on accuracy of national population estimate.
Does not consider the abnormal or special conditions which can lead to population shifts from
one city to another.
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 Population Forecasting Methods
Logistic Curve Method
The three factors responsible for changes
in population are :
a) Births,
b) Deaths and
c) Migrations.
Logistic curve method is based on the
hypothesis that when these varying
influences do not produce extraordinary
changes, the population would probably
follow the growth curve characteristics of
living things within limited space and with
limited economic opportunity.
The curve is S-shaped and is known as
logistic curve.
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 Population Forecasting Methods
Logistic Curve Method
A mathematical solution for this logistic curve JN, which can be represented by an autocatalytic
first order equation, is given by
where, P = Population at any time t from the origin J;
Ps = Saturation population;
P0= Population of the city at the start point J;
K = Constant;
t = Time in years

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 Urban Distribution
System
Dead End System
Radial System
Grid Iron System
Ring System

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 Distribution System
The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with appropriate quality,
quantity and pressure.
Distribution system is used to describe collectively the facilities used to supply water from its
source to the point of usage.
Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes.
It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended places with sufficient pressure
head.
It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water during fire fighting.
The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water supply, during the repair
of any section of the system
All the distribution pipes should be preferably laid one metre away or above the sewer lines.
It should be fairly water-tight as to keep losses due to leakage to the minimum.

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 Layout of Distribution System
The distribution pipes are generally laid below the road pavements, and as such their layouts
generally follow the layouts of roads.

There are, in general, four different types of pipe networks; any one of which either singly or in
combinations, can be used for a particular place.

Dead End System

Radial System
Grid Iron System
Ring System

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 Dead End System
It is suitable for old towns and cities having no definite pattern of roads.

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 Dead End System
Advantages
Relatively cheap.
Determination of discharges and pressure easier due to less number of valves.

Disadvantages
Due to many dead ends, stagnation of water occurs in pipes.

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 Grid Iron System
It is suitable for cities with rectangular layout, where the water mains and branches are laid in
rectangles.

Advantages
Water is kept in good circulation due
to the absence of dead ends.
In the cases of a breakdown in some
section, water is available from some
other direction.

Disadvantages
Exact calculation of sizes of pipes is
not possible due to provision of
valves on all branches.
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 Ring System
The supply main is laid all along the
peripheral roads and sub mains
branch out from the mains.
This system also follows the grid iron
system with the flow pattern similar
in character to that of dead end
system.
So, determination of the size of
pipes is easy.
Advantages and disadvantages are
the same as grid iron system.

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 Radial System
The area is divided into different zones.
The water is pumped into the distribution reservoir kept in the middle of each zone.
The supply pipes are laid radially ending towards the periphery.

It gives quick service.

Calculation of pipe sizes is easy.

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