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    Muhamad Fauzan Ghassani
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    Prestressed concrete is a concrete construction material which is placed under compression prior to it supporting any applied loads (i.e. it is "pre" stressed).[1][2]:3–5 A more technical definition is "Structural concrete in which internal stresses have been introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses in the concrete resulting from loads." [3] This compression is produced by the tensioning of high-strength "tendons" located within or adjacent to the concrete volume, and is done to improve the performance of the concrete in service.[4] Tendons may consist of single wires, multi-wire strands or threaded bars, and are most commonly made from high-tensile steels, carbon fibre or aramid fibre.[1]:52–59 The essence of prestressed concrete is that once the initial compression has been applied, the resulting material has the characteristics of high-strength concrete when subject to any subsequent compression forces, and of ductile high-strength steel when subject to tension forces. This can result in improved structural capacity and/or serviceability compared to conventionally reinforced concrete in many situations.[2]:6[5] Prestressed concrete is used in a wide range of building and civil structures where its improved concrete performance can allow longer spans, reduced structural thicknesses, and material savings to be realised compared to reinforced concrete. Typical applications range through high-rise buildings, residential slabs, foundation systems, bridge and dam structures, silos and tanks, industrial pavements and nuclear containment structures.[6] First used in the late-nineteenth century,[1] prestressed concrete has developed to encompass a wide range of technologies. Tensioning (or "stressing") of the tendons may be undertaken either before (pre-tensioning) or after (post-tensioning) the concrete itself is cast. Tendons may be located either within the concrete volume (internal prestressing), or wholly outside of it (external prestressing). Whereas pre-tensioned concrete by definition uses tendons directly bonded to the concrete, post-tensioned concrete can use either bonded or unbonded tendons. Finally, tensioning systems can be classed as either monostrand systems, where each tendon's strand or wire is stressed individually, or multi-strand systems where all strands or wires in a tendon are stressed simultaneously.[5]

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    Prestressed concrete is a concrete construction material which is placed under compression prior to it supporting any applied loads (i.e. it is "pre" stressed).[1][2]:3–5 A more technical definition is "Structural concrete in which internal stresses have been introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses in the concrete resulting from loads." [3] This compression is produced by the tensioning of high-strength "tendons" located within or adjacent to the concrete volume, and is done to improve the performance of the concrete in service.[4] Tendons may consist of single wires, multi-wire strands or threaded bars, and are most commonly made from high-tensile steels, carbon fibre or aramid fibre.[1]:52–59 The essence of prestressed concrete is that once the initial compression has been applied, the resulting material has the characteristics of high-strength concrete when subject to any subsequent compression forces, and of ductile high-strength steel when subject to tension forces. This can result in improved structural capacity and/or serviceability compared to conventionally reinforced concrete in many situations.[2]:6[5] Prestressed concrete is used in a wide range of building and civil structures where its improved concrete performance can allow longer spans, reduced structural thicknesses, and material savings to be realised compared to reinforced concrete. Typical applications range through high-rise buildings, residential slabs, foundation systems, bridge and dam structures, silos and tanks, industrial pavements and nuclear containment structures.[6] First used in the late-nineteenth century,[1] prestressed concrete has developed to encompass a wide range of technologies. Tensioning (or "stressing") of the tendons may be undertaken either before (pre-tensioning) or after (post-tensioning) the concrete itself is cast. Tendons may be located either within the concrete volume (internal prestressing), or wholly outside of it (external prestressing). Whereas pre-tensioned concrete by definition uses tendons directly bonded to the concrete, post-tensioned concrete can use either bonded or unbonded tendons. Finally, tensioning systems can be classed as either monostrand systems, where each tendon's strand or wire is stressed individually, or multi-strand systems where all strands or wires in a tendon are stressed simultaneously.[5]

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    73 views40 pages

    Stressing Method

    Uploaded by

    Muhamad Fauzan Ghassani
    Prestressed concrete is a concrete construction material which is placed under compression prior to it supporting any applied loads (i.e. it is "pre" stressed).[1][2]:3–5 A more technical definition is "Structural concrete in which internal stresses have been introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses in the concrete resulting from loads." [3] This compression is produced by the tensioning of high-strength "tendons" located within or adjacent to the concrete volume, and is done to improve the performance of the concrete in service.[4] Tendons may consist of single wires, multi-wire strands or threaded bars, and are most commonly made from high-tensile steels, carbon fibre or aramid fibre.[1]:52–59 The essence of prestressed concrete is that once the initial compression has been applied, the resulting material has the characteristics of high-strength concrete when subject to any subsequent compression forces, and of ductile high-strength steel when subject to tension forces. This can result in improved structural capacity and/or serviceability compared to conventionally reinforced concrete in many situations.[2]:6[5] Prestressed concrete is used in a wide range of building and civil structures where its improved concrete performance can allow longer spans, reduced structural thicknesses, and material savings to be realised compared to reinforced concrete. Typical applications range through high-rise buildings, residential slabs, foundation systems, bridge and dam structures, silos and tanks, industrial pavements and nuclear containment structures.[6] First used in the late-nineteenth century,[1] prestressed concrete has developed to encompass a wide range of technologies. Tensioning (or "stressing") of the tendons may be undertaken either before (pre-tensioning) or after (post-tensioning) the concrete itself is cast. Tendons may be located either within the concrete volume (internal prestressing), or wholly outside of it (external prestressing). Whereas pre-tensioned concrete by definition uses tendons directly bonded to the concrete, post-tensioned concrete can use either bonded or unbonded tendons. Finally, tensioning systems can be classed as either monostrand systems, where each tendon's strand or wire is stressed individually, or multi-strand systems where all strands or wires in a tendon are stressed simultaneously.[5]

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    SECTION2

    PTSYSTEMS

    DEVELOPED BY THE PTI EDC-130 EDUCATION COMMITTEE


    OUTLINE
    UnbondedandBondedPostTensioning
    Comparison
    UnbondedPostTensioning:
    Systemsandequipment
    Functionofthecoatedtendon
    Construction
    BondedPostTensioning:
    Varioussystems,componentsandequipment
    Functionofthegroutedtendon
    Construction
    PostTensioningApplications
    UNBONDEDANDBONDEDPT
    COMPARISON
    UnbondedPostTensioning(PT)
    Tendonisnotbondedtothesurroundingconcrete
    PTforceistransmittedtothestructurebymeansofthe
    anchorages.
    BondedPostTensioning(PT)
    Tendonisbondedtotheconcrete
    Bondisachievedthroughoutthelengthofthetendon
    byacementitious matrixcalledgrout.
    Bondbetweenthestrandandtheconcreteisachieved
    throughtheductaftergrouting
    PTforceateverysectionisafunctionofthe
    deformationoftheconcrete(straincompatibility)
    UNBONDEDANDBONDEDPT
    COMPARISON
    Applications:bothsystemsareusedinbuildingandcivil
    structures(bridges,containmentstructures,etc)
    InUSA,unbondedismorecommoninbuildings
    Bondedismorecommonincivilstructures
    Bothsystemscanbeusedasexternalposttensioning
    Performanceanddurability:bothsystemsprovide
    comparablesatisfactoryresults
    Selectionofasystemdependson:
    Availability
    Economics
    Specificneedsofeachproject
    MAJORCONSTRUCTABILITY
    DIFFERENCES
    Unbonded Bonded

    Fabrication of tendons
    in plant (extrusion &
    Necessary Not necessary but possible
    cutting to specific
    length)
    Very practical and
    Very practical and flexible.
    flexible. Easy to handle
    Depending on application and
    Placement and does not
    system used, may require heavy
    necessitate heavy
    equipment and reduced flexibility
    equipment

    Grouting Not Applicable Necessary

    Typically multi-strands with high


    stressing forces.
    Stressing Single strand stressing
    Single strand stressing in specifc
    systems
    Straight forward (similar to regular
    Demolition Requires special care
    reinforcement)
    UNBONDEDSYSTEMS
    MonostrandPT
    systems: Coated
    Coatedstrand Strand

    Coatedanchors
    Encapsulation
    accessories Grease Lockable
    Cap Sleeve
    Wedges

    Coated
    Wedge Anchor
    UNBONDEDPTCOATED
    STRAND
    Theprocessofcoatingthe
    strandiscalledextrusion
    Coatedstrand Plastic Sheathing

    7wirePCstrand:ultimate
    strengthfpu=270ksi 7-Wire
    Plasticsheathing:High Strand

    DensityPolyethylene PT coating
    (HDPE)orPolypropylene (Corrosion
    inhibiting grease)
    Tendon Section
    (PP)
    PTcoating:Corrosion
    inhibitinggrease
    UNBONDEDPTANCHORAGE
    Encapsulatedanchorage
    Preventwaterinfiltration
    andcorrosion
    Monostrandsteelanchor
    coatedwithcorrosion
    protection
    Lockableencapsulation
    sleeves
    Encapsulationcaptocover
    strandtails(ends)
    Plasticpocketformer
    STEELWEDGE
    Wedgesareresponsibleof
    lockingthestrandafter
    stressingsoitholdstheforce
    Wedgesaremadeofsteeland
    haveductilecoretoadjustto
    strandshapes
    FUNCTIONOFSTRANDCOATING
    Function of the PT coating
    Allow a bond free movement of the strand
    inside the sheathing.
    Increase protection against corrosion and
    provide a non-conductive environment for
    corrosion
    Reduce friction between the strand and
    sheathing
    Function of the sheathing
    Provide corrosion protection to the strand
    Provide encasement against damage and
    moisture penetration
    UNBONDEDPT
    STRESSINGEQUIPMENT

    MonostrandStressingJack

    StressingPump Gauge
    UNBONDEDPT
    CONSTRUCTION
    Tendonfabrication(PTI
    certifiedplants)
    Siteinstallation
    Inspectionandconcrete
    placement
    Stressingoperation
    UNBONDEDPTFABRICATION
    Tendonextrusion
    andcuttingtolength
    Tendonbundling
    Tendoncolorcoding
    &labeling
    Loadingandshipping
    tosite
    UNBONDEDPTINSTALLATION
    Placingofformwork
    Fixingofanchorsto
    sideformwork
    Installingchairsto
    profileheightsshown
    onPTdrawings
    Installing
    reinforcementandPT
    tendons
    UNBONDEDINSPECTIONAND
    CONCRETECASTING
    Inspectreinforcement
    andPTinstallation
    accordingtodrawings
    Castconcrete
    Thoroughvibration
    aroundanchorages
    AvoiddamagingPT
    tendons
    Propercuring
    UNBONDEDPTSTRESSING
    Removeedgeformwork
    Preparetendonsfor
    stressing
    Checkachievedconcrete
    strength
    Stresstendonsusing
    calibratedmonostrand
    equipment
    Filloutelongationrecords
    Approveelongations
    Sealtendonsandpatch
    pockets
    BONDEDPTSYSTEMS
    Severalsystemsexistwithmaincomponentsbeing:
    BareStrandsorBars
    SteelAnchorageAssemblies(bearingplatesandwedgeplates);
    proprietarydesigns
    PlasticorGalvanizedMetalDucts
    SteelWedges
    Typicallymultistrands encasedingroutedduct
    Bondedsystemsalsoknownasgroutedsystems
    FUNCTIONOFGROUTED
    DUCTS
    Function of the duct
    Maintain a voided path for strands
    during construction
    Transfer the bond between the grout &
    the concrete
    Act as additional corrosion protection
    against penetration of moisture and
    chemicals
    Function of the grout
    Provide a continuous bond between the
    strand and the duct
    Increase protection against corrosion
    Provide a non-conductive environment
    for corrosion
    BONDEDPTSYSTEMS
    Highcapacitymultistrandsystemsusedincivilstructuresand
    transferbeamsorslabconstruction
    Maincomponents
    Barestrands
    Multistrandanchorage
    assembly
    Roundcorrugatedduct Duct
    Groutaccessories
    (cap,shutoffvalves DeviationCone
    vents,etc) (Optional)
    Wedges
    BearingPlate

    WedgePlate
    Wedges
    BONDEDPTSYSTEMS
    Flatsystemsusedtypicallyinthinconcreteelementsandslab
    construction
    Maincomponents
    Barestrands
    Multistrandanchorage
    assembly
    Flatcorrugatedduct Duct
    Groutaccessories
    (cap,venttubes,etc.) DeviationCone
    Wedges (Optional)

    BearingPlate
    WedgePlate
    Wedges
    BONDEDPTSYSTEMS
    Barsystems:
    PTbar
    Steelanchor
    Duct
    Groutaccessories
    Monostrandgroutedsystem
    Singlestrandanchor
    Roundduct
    Wedge
    Groutaccessories
    BONDEDPT
    STRESSINGEQUIPMENT

    StressingJack StrandPusher

    StressingPump GroutingMachine
    BONDEDPTCONSTRUCTION
    Installation
    Inspectionandconcreteplacement
    Stressingoperation
    Groutingoperation
    BONDEDPTSYSTEMS
    INSTALLATION
    Placingofformworkandside
    shutter
    Fixingofbearingplates
    Placingofductsand
    reinforcement
    Profilingductsaccordingto
    Beam/BridgeConstruction
    drapespecifiedonPT
    installationdrawings
    Placementofstrandsinside
    duct(canbedonebeforeoraftercasting
    ofconcrete)
    SlabConstruction
    INSPECTIONANDCONCRETE
    PLACEMENT
    Inspectreinforcement
    andPTinstallation
    accordingtoplacement
    drawings
    Castconcrete
    Thoroughvibrationaround
    bearingplates
    AvoiddamagingPT
    tendons
    Propercuring
    BONDEDPTSYSTEMS
    STRESSING
    Removeedgeformwork
    Preparetendonsforstressing
    Checkachievedconcretestrength
    Stresstendonsusing
    calibratedequipment
    Fillupelongation
    records
    Approveelongations
    BONDEDPTSYSTEMS
    GROUTING
    Checkductsfor
    blockage
    Groutandseal
    tendons
    Recordgrouting
    results
    Checkventsfor
    groutadequacy
    PTAPPLICATIONS:
    2WAYSLABS

    Photo Courtesy of Seneca Structural Engineering Inc.


    PTAPPLICATIONS:TWOWAYSLABS
    PTAPPLICATIONS:SLABSONGROUND

    Ribbed Foundation
    PTAPPLICATIONS:SLABSONGROUND

    Uniform Thickness Foundation


    PTAPPLICATIONS:MATFOUNDATIONS
    PTAPPLICATIONS:INDUSTRIALFLOORS
    PTAPPLICATIONS:PARKINGSTRUCTURES
    PTAPPLICATIONS:GROUNDANCHORS
    PTAPPLICATIONS:STORAGESTRUCTURES
    PTAPPLICATIONS:BARRIERCABLE
    PTAPPLICATIONS:STRENGTHENING

    Photo courtesy of Seneca Structural Engineering


    PTAPPLICATIONS:STRENGTHENING
    PTAPPLICATIONS:SPLICEDGIRDERS

    Photos courtesy of:

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