COMPRESSIBILITY

All fluids exhibit compressibility, when they are subjected to pressure forces.

These pressure forces may be Dynamic or Static.

Liquids have very low compressibility, and are in fact considered incompressible.

Gases on the other hand are highly compressible. They exhibit density changes

when

a. Pressure changes
These two are co-dependent
b. Temperature changes
c. Velocity changes
d. Potential changes ( due to environment or obstacles)
Since gases are used extensively for our engineering use , so it becomes necessary

for us to study COMPRESSIBLE FLOW OF GASES which is commonly referred

to as Gas Dynamics.

Sometimes in gases the pressure and velocity changes are very low , then in only such

cases we can take the fluid as Incompressible flow

1 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

Compressible flow is a very delicate phenomena and the effects of compressibility
become very pronounced as velocity increases. A common example of such cases
are aircraft and their wing design, based on their operating speeds
A. Slow moving aircraft have straight wings.

B. Higher speed aircraft have Swept wings

C. Very fast aircraft have Highly swept or Delta wings

Compressible Flow is also of concern in

a. Flow through blades of gas turbines
b. Flow through blades of steam turbine
c. Reciprocating engines
d. Gas transmission Lines
e. Combustion Chamber ( Open Type)
Compressible flow is closely related to the speed of sound in the gas. Thus we will
also study the speed of sound and look at
Subsonic and Supersonic Speeds
Shock waves
Flow in ducts with area change, with friction, and with heat transfer.

2 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

Example : Air flows down a variable area duct. The inlet conditions are as given.
Assuming Incompressible flow find Velocity, and Pressure at exit where area is half of
inlet.

Pinlet = 80 kPa
Tinlet = 5 oC
Velocityinlet = 150 m/sec 1 2
Areainlet = 1 m2
Areaoutlet = 0.5 m2

* *
min mout so 1 AV
1 1 2 A2V2

1 1 A2V2
If flow is incompressible then AV
150
so V2 300 m / sec
0.5
1V12 2V2 2
Also if flow friction is negligible then P1 P2
2 2
V12 V22 1502 3002
P2 P1 (1 ) 80
2 2 2 2
P1 80x1000
1 1.003 kg / m3 2
RT1 287x278
P2 46.2 kPa
Obviously if the flow is incompressible then T1 will benearlyequal to T2
P2 46.2x1000
If we check this 2 0.579 kg / m3
RT2 287 x278
We see that there is a change of density so we cannot assume flow to
be incompressible.

3 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS
Before we start analyzing Compressible Flow we need to make a few
assumptions:-
a. Gas is continuous: This means that
Individual molecules do not affect flow.
A collection of molecules affect flow.
Mean path of individual molecules is very very small
This assumption of continuous gas is not valid where pressure is near
vacuum ie Space
b. There are no chemical changes in flow.
Chemical composition of fluid does not change molecular
structure and there is no DISASSOCIATION or IONIZATION
c. Gas is ideal Pv = RT
d. is constant. CP and CV are constants.
e. Gravitational effects are negligible
f. Magnetic and Electrical effects are negligible
g. Effects of viscosity except when near a solid surface.
FLOW FIELD
Now before we study the fluid flow we need to define the parameters
which will define the flow field ( Flow environment ). There are four
important parameters namely
Velocity Pressure Density Temperature
V P T
We will then develop some necessary equations for the flow field . These
are
a. Conservation of Mass : Continuity
b. Conservation of Momentum : Newtons Law
c. Conservation of energy : First Law of thermodynamics
d. Equation of state : Pv = RT
The units which will be used throughout are
Mass kilograms
Length metres
Time seconds
Temperature Kelvin or Centigrade

4 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

CONSERVATION LAWS

We now look at a control volume , to define the flow field

In out

Conservation of Mass
* *
Rate of increase in mass in CV min m out
Conservation of Momentum
* *
F
N et
R ate of m om entum m V ou t m V in

increase in C V
Conservation of Energy
* * * * *
Q WX m ECV m h K.E.out m h K.E.in
Here we assume P.E. 0
Now if the flow is steady then
* *
m in m out
*
so F x m V out V in and
* * 1 * 1
Q W X m h V 2 h V 2
2 out 2 in

5 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

Example : Air flows into a large chamber through a valve. The tank is initially evacuated. The
air flows in a constant pressure of 1000 kPa, and constant temperature of 30 C, and internal
volume is 0.2 m3. Find the time for the pressure to become 160 kPa in the tank.Mass flow in
is 0.9X10-4 kg/s.

T1= 30 0C
Volume of Tank = 0.2 m3
6
P1 = 10 kPa

Valve
Initially mass of CV = 0
Mass Flow on opening of valve is 0.000009 kg/sec
Find time to reach Pressure of tank to 160 kPa
Energy Conservation:
* * * * *
QWX m ECV m h K.E.out m h K.E.in
Zero Zero
* *
so 0 m ECV m h K.E.in
* *
or m ECV m h K.E.in
The KE of the tank is not changing so
* *
m C V T T o ta l m C P T1

*
Total mass which has gone in is T o ta l M a s s m ( ti m e )
* *
T1 = 303 0K therefore since since m CV m1
*
C Mass mt
TT T1 P (303)(1.4) 424.2 o K and PT T RTT RTT RTT
CV Volume V
0.9x104 (t)
So if PT 160 kPa 287 424.2
0.2
so t 2921sec

6 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

Lets see how we can use these equations. We have a control volume

4
2

1
3
3

By continuity and steady flow

* * * *
m3 m 4 m2 m1
We next apply the momentum equation

F Momentum Rate out Momentum Ratein

The forces are in x-direction
P1 A1 P2 A2 (Cos 2 ) P3 A3 (Cos 3 ) P4 A4 Fx
* * * *
m 3 V3 (Cos 3 ) m 4 V4 m1 V1 m 2 V2 (Cos 2 )
And in y-direction
* *
P2 A2 ( Sin 2 ) P3 A3 ( Sin 3 ) Fy m3 V3 ( Sin 3 ) m 2 V2 ( Sin 2 ) And for
steady flow energy equation we get
* *
* V3 2 * V4 2
Q W m 3 C P T3 m 4 C P T4
x 2 2

* V1 2 * V2 2
m1 C P T1 m 2 C P T2
2 2

7 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

We now look at some typical cases

Rocket Engine

Liquid O2

*
Liquid H2 m3

Solid Rocket

PAmb=100kPa

Thrust

Thrust
Exerted
Due
To Reaction of Stand Stand
Flowing Gas

8 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

STEADY ONE DIMENSIONAL FLOW
Compressible flow is best understood when it is confined to a duct ( Physical Shape as a
duct has solid walls ), otherwise we generate an imaginary duct referred to as a stream tube.
The idea is to get a Control Volume
A stream tube has an imaginary wall and flow is in the imaginary enclosure

2
3
4

Not of concern for stream tube

This is called a stream tube. The lines inside the stream tube are
called stream lines.
The stream tube tube is filled with stream lines and we only concern ourselves with those
stream lines which are in the stream tube.
Stream Lines can be considered as passage or path of gas molecules.
There is no flow normal to the stream lines. Thus no flow goes out of stream tube
Some other examples are flow through turbine blades or through a nozzle

Of course if flow is steady then (mass flow in) =( mass flow out)
The flow becomes 1-D when the velocity has one component only. The velocity is
calculated normal to the cross- sectional area.
Such flows will be limited to : straight pipe of constant area or straight stream tube

Sometimes we can also consider flow of variable area as 1-D provided the vertical
component of velocity is very small and can be neglected, as well as z component of velocity
is also very small and can be neglected. Such an approximation is called QUASI-ONE-
DIMENSIONAL FLOW

9 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

 v w
u

Now the control volume is bounded by an imaginary or physical surface , which encloses a
volume through which flow takes place.
It will have an inlet and outlet

Control Volume

dx
Length
If the control volume is of short length dx, dV and d will also be small and the product of dV
x d will be neglected. We will now look at
Continuity Equation
Momentum Equation
And Steady Flow Energy Equation

10 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

CONTINUITY

2
A2,V2
1
A1
V1

* *
m in m o u t s o 1 A1V1 2 A 2V 2
N o w if th e C V is o f s m a ll len g th th e n
AV d A d A V dV and th is g ives
V A d A d V V d A 0 . H ere w e w ill n eg lect
This is the
ter m s lik e ( d )( d V ) a n d ( d V )( d A ). W e th en g et
d dV dA
0
V A
famous continuity equation for compressible gas flow
Thus for compressible flow we have to worry about d, dV, and dA

11 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

MOMENTUM EQUATION ( EULERS)
Since the flow is 1-D and steady then

F x m o m e n tu m out m o m e n tu m in

PxA (P+dP)(A+dA)

dx
The forces which are on the control volume are Pressure and Friction Forces

1
PA ( P dP)( A dA) dF P P dP A dA A Eqn A
2

P+0.5dP

P P+dP

A+dA
dx

The third term is the force due to the pressure forces acting on the
slant /curved surface. This is thus taken as mean of Pressure or
0.5(P+(P+dP)) = P+0.5dP and acts on area (A+dA)-(A)
So now if we simplify the Eqn A and neglect (dP)(dA) then we get

AdP dF Net ForceonControl Volume

dF Force due to friction .

12 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

This is equal to the change of momentum
* *
m V o u t m V in o r V A V d V V A V
o r V A V d V V s o th e n w e e q u a te

AdP dF VAdV
Generally we ignore friction forces so

AdP VAdV
Or

dP
VdV Euler ' s Eqn
.

Now if we integrate this equation then

dP
VdV constant if is a constant

Or

V2 P
constant (Bernoulli's Equation)
2

13 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION
1
q w x h2 h1
2
V2 2 V12

V2 2 V2
or h2 h1 1 q w x
2 2
2
V2 V12
or C P T2 C P T1 q w x . If w x 0 then
2 2
V2 V2
C P T2 2 C P T1 1 q . Now if we differentiate we can say
2 2
2

C PT
V2
q C P (T dT )
V dV .
2 2
If we neglect higher order terms then we get
C P dT VdV dq
This means that as velocity changes temp will change if q = 0
And q can cause changes in velocity and temperature
If the flow is Adiabatic then as V increases T decreases
Equation of State

P1 P
P RT or 2 or on differential basis
RT1 RT2
P P dP
. If we neglect higher order terms
T d T dT
P P dP d dT
1 1 1 or
T T P T
dP d dT
0
P T

14 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

Example Consider Adiabatic Flow in a duct. At a point where area is 0.2 m2, P=80 kPa,
T=5 C and velocity is 200 m/s. If at this point dA/dx = 0.3 m2/m then find dP/dx , dV/dx, and
d/dx assuming incompressible flow and compressible flow.

A=0.2 m2
P=80 kPa at this point dA/dx = 0.3 m2/m
T=278 oK V=200 m/sec

A Assuming density as constant

Continuity VAd AdV VdA 0 Eqn 2.2
d dV dA
dividing by dx VA A V 0
dx dx dx
dV P 80000
If d 0 A V (0.3) 0 now 1.003 kg / m3
dx RT 287 278
dV V 0.3 200(0.3)
so 300 m / sec
dx A 0.2
From conservation of momentum
dP dP dV dP
VdV or V or (200)(300)(1.003) 60.2 kPa / m
dx dx dx
B. Assuming density as not constant

dP 1 dV dP dV
V or V Eqn A
dx dx dx dx
dP d dT
n ow P R T so R T Eqn B
dx dx dx
dT dV dT V dV
A lso C P V or so E q n B b eco m e s
dx dx dx C P dx
dV d V dV d R dV dV
V R T o r R T V
dx dx C P dx dx C P dx dx
d V V dV
so n o w if w e p u t v alu es
dx C
P R T dx
d 200 2 00 1 .0 03 dV dV
1 .7 9 5 X 1 0 3
dx 1 0 05 28 7 2 7 8 d x dx

15 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

 So now if we take the eqn

dA dV d
V A VA 0
dx dx dx
dV dV
1.003 (200)(0.3) (1.003)(0.2) (200)(0.2)(1.795 X103 ) 0
dx dx
dV 60.18
or 467.3 m / sec
dx 0.1288
d 3 dV kg / m3
so as 1.795 X 10 0.839
dx dx m
dP dV kPa
and V (1.003)(200)(467.3) 93.7
dx dx m

16 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

 Entrophy Considerations

T2 P
For a perfect gas s2 s1 CP ln R ln 2
T1 P1
s2 s1 T 1 P
Since CP C V R so ln 2 (1 )ln 2 or
CP T1 P1
1

s2 s1 T2 1 P2 T P
ln ( )ln ln 2 2
CP T1 P1 T1 P1

1

T P T P P P
if s 0 then 2 2 and 2 2 1 or 2 2 or constant
T1 P1 T1 P1 2 P1 1
T P
Now s2 s1 CP ln 2 R ln 2 we can write
T1 P1
T dT P dP
s ds ds CP ln R ln
T P
dT dP
or ds CP R
T P
T dT dT
Thisis because ln ln 1 so if
T T
dT dT dT
is a small quantity then ln 1
T T T
dP dP dP
is a small quantity then ln 1
P P P
ds dT 1 dP
or ( ) which for Isentropic flow is
CP T P
CPdT C dP dP RT
CP 1 P CP Cv or CPdT dP
T Cv P P P
dP
For a perfect gas P RT so CP dT

But for isentropic flow without q we have CPdT VdV 0 Eqn 2.17
dP
so we get VdV 0 Same as Eqn 2.8

17 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

 Example
Variation of P and V at 2 points if flow is(i) Isothermal (ii) isentropic
Isothermal
V 2 dP
E u le r ' s E q u a tio n co n s tan t
2
P
F o r a p e r fe c t g a s R T c o n s ta n t if Is o t h e r m a l

V 2 dP V 2
so RT P c o n s t a n t o r R T ln P c o n s t a n t
2 2
V 2 V 2
a t tw o p o i n t s 2 R T ln P2 1 R T ln P1 o r
2 2
2 2
V 2 V1 P
R T ln 1
2 P2
Isentropic

P P
For Isentropic flow 2 2 or constant
P1 1
1 V2 dP
or = 1
(constant) or 1 Constant
2
P P
1 1
V2 2 V 21

P2 P1
2 1

18 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals

 We will use one-dimensional flow regime for analyzing flow in ducts and stream tubes.
One dimensional flow requires dA/dx to be small
And the flow should be one dimensional at our point of concern

1 2

2
3
The flow may not be 1-D at 3 but will be at points 1 and 2
One dimensional flow could also be considered for stream tubes
1 2

Aircraft Wing

Provided 1-d flow exists at 1 and 2

19 Suffa Gas Dynamics: Fundamentals