Complete TOPIK Grammar List Beginner
Level with Explanations
// offer to do something for //
someone else
// is used to convey //
meanings such as
someone tries doing
something ( to see how it
will turn out) or someone
does something to see
(how it will turn out).
// conveys meanings such as //
likeness, resemblance, or
similarity. when attached
directly to the stems of
adjectives.
The past tense form of this
pattern is -// .
// expresses the speakers //
request for something
// `- is used to express // This grammar pattern is
even if, even though
// if `- is used with the // is used to express the
word , , `,
This pattern is used for
when you think something
is advisable, similar to "had
better" or "(I) guess (I)
should" or "(I) guess I have
to." This pattern is often
used in a way to reflect
your own personal thought,
so the regular ending is
often used (i.e. ).
This is less strong than the
other patterns which stress
obligation such as V + /
+ , V + / +
and V + / + .
the informal polite speech
style
Expresses a change in
state over time and means
to become + adjective.
is used to indicate an
action which took place in
the past or a condition
which used to exist.
used to convey supposition,
conjecture, a guess, a
thought or observation
about something in the
past. It can sometimes be
translated as 'I think', 'I
bet', 'I guess', 'It must have
been ~'. This pattern can
not be used to express the
thoughts or supposition
(etc) of a second or third
person and must express
the thought of the person
saying or writing it.
speakers hope or desire.
1
 this pattern is used to ask Even though the past tense
for and giving permission. -//- is used, this
For the negative answer to pattern does not refer to
a request for permission, the past. So, even when
you have to use the this pattern is used without
pattern -() . May the past tense like -()
do , there is no
difference in meaning.
// 1 is used to indicate cause or / the negative of -
reason; mostly used with
adjectives and '(to go),
'(to come), '(dont
have) etc. in declarative
and interrogative
sentences; cannot be used
in imperative and
propositive sentence,
where another connective
-() is used

// 2 is used when the subject / The informal polite form of

performs one action and -
then a second one; it is
attached to the first verb
and is then followed by a
second verb
// / is used to express obligation or necessity; tense is expressed in the verb
. Must, have to

TYPE 2. -()~

-() () this pattern Verb + -() -() indicate ones past

+ time word + is used to
express an interval of time
which extends from a definite
past to the present. The case
marker -` or - can be
attached optionally after
-()// is used in the present tense -()/ To ask if someone knows
with adjectives or to
express the speakers
thought or opinion, in the
future tense to indicate the
speakers stronger conjecture
or presumption. With general
verbs, the pattern -
is used in the present tense,
experiences. The literal
meaning is the experience of
having done something exists
( or dont exist )
about something or how to do
something in general, use
~()/ ? or ~()/
? I would advise you
to use this with care because
to directly state or ask if
someone older than you
knows (or doesn't know)

2
 () in the past tense, and
() in the future tense;
tense is expressed in the final
verb
-() means after having done -()/
smth; used with the action
verbs. The tense is expresses
in the main (final) verb
-() The informal ending of the -()
future tense -() ;
with a 3rdperson subject it
expresses a supposition or
presumption, with a
1st person subject the
speakers plan or intention
-() / is used with verbs and -()
indicates ability, capability,
possibility or permission
-() -() / is used to express the
-() Means I think I will (do smth) -()
-() 1. is used when asking about -()?
the listener`s preference or
intention or when gently
making a request.
2. Expresses the fact that the
speaker has the will or
intention to do something.
(colloquial language)
-() is used to express the -()
purpose of the subjects
action and is followed by
either '(to go), '(to
about something might come
off looking like an asshat so
just be careful.
is used to introduce a certain
fact,occurrence, or event. The
form `() is used for the
adjectives and ` in the
present tense. The form
` is used for all other cases.
Indicates reason and cause; if
the main clause is an
imperative or propositive, only
the connective - can be
used in the dependent clause.
In this case, (/)
cannot be used
While; when the two actions
happen at the same time,
past tense is not expressed
with this pattern. But if the
action of the `- clause
happened before the action of
the next clause, past tense
should be expressed in the `-
clause; is used with all
verbs and adjectives but `
can be used only in the past
tense
knowledge or lack of
knowledge of a technique or
process of doing something
the speakers intention or plan
or promise. It is used with
action verbs as well as with
the verb , but not with
adjectives.
is used to express inquiring
about someones opinion,
view or appraisal on a certain
matter or fact with the action
verb.
used to indicate the purpose
of the speaker (subject)s
action; can be followed by
any verbs; it is used in the
3
 come) or their compounds, or
any verb which indicates
movement, such as '(to
go and come regularly)
-() -()
-() is the shortened form of -() -()
. It is used with verbs
to express a plan or intention
to do something in the first
clause, with the condition
required to fulfull that plan or
intention given in the second
clause.
-() means prohibition, it can be -()
translated shouldnt or
cant in English. It can be
the opposite meaning of -(/
/) ,which is
permission. If you dont
remember you can click here
to review it.
-() his is used to express desire, -()
hope, or wish. This is literally
translated to 'If (a/v) then it
would be nice/good/great' or
'It would be great/nice if
(A/V).'
-() to expressing the subjects -()
suggestion with the action
verbs and the verb of
existence . It cannot be
used with nor with
adjectives. In plain speech
style() you can use the
form - instead of -//
-()- the honorific form -()
TYPE 3. ~
()+ because of, owing to, as a ()+
result of, in consequence of
- [] and; or; [](even) - Polite form of
present and past tense of the
main verb (final verb), but is
never used with the future
tense. Tense and negation are
expressed in the main verb
(final verb).
is used with verbs(including `
); this pattern is used to
indicate a subjects intention;
restricted to first and second
personal pronouns
can be used with any verb or
adjective and indicates
condition and/or stipulation; in
Korean the dependent clause
precedes the main clause.
Sometimes, the word `/
is used at the beginning of
a conditional clause
Expresses the prohibition or
limitation of a particular
action of the listener. It also
can represent social
conventions or common sense
dictating in a behavior or
state is prohibited or not
tolerated.
is used to express two
simultaneous actions done by
the same person. It attaches
to the verb directly; someone
does something while he is
doing something else (at the
same time)
implies respect of the speaker
for the subject of the
sentence, means Please do
something when referring to
the second person
imperative verb form
4
 though [if]; no matter how
(whatwhenwherewho);
whatever
- is used to express the idea -- pre-ending -- is used for
that the situation has been expressing the speakers
arranged by certain conjecture or supposition or for
environmental facts or asking intention of the person
conditions. It is used with spoken to in a polite request.
verbs and ; (it) turns
out (that), It is arranged that
-, (the situation) makes
something to be

- is used to indicate the desire - is used to indicate a kind of

of the subject and is used process or continuing action; Is
with action verbs and . doing; this pattern can have
two different meanings when
used with verbs dealing with
items of clothing : , ,
; it is often used to express an
action which started in the past
and is still going on
- is used to express surprise, - is used to express cause and
delight, or wonder with an reason; so, therefore, because
exclamation mark; adjectives
and - take the -!
form, other verbs take the -
! form. In past tense,
verbs also take the -
form.
- - Is used in complex sentences
and indicates the action in the
second sentence that is the
reason for achieving the object
of the first sentence
- -
- is used to indicate ones /()/() the ending `- is attached to
decision; the verb `- can () the verb directly and is used in
be replaced by the verb ` the present tense; the ending `-
, , , () is used in the past tense;
- means to The forms , , ,
decide not to do; - , are the present
means do not decide to inflected forms of the
do infinitives; `-() is used in
the future tense
- formal polite speech style
-/? Formal style question final stop doing
ending
/ - Forms a negative suggestion
- the pattern - ` - is used to join two sentences

5
 preceded by an action verb which are in contrast with each
expresses prohibition or other. But
dissuasion. This pattern is
always used as a negative
imperative sentence or a
negative propositive
sentence.
- long type negation; directly - is used if you want to seek the
followes by verbs or listeners agreement or to
adjectives; not, no ascertain what listener means

TYPE 4.

/ indicates that the preceding noun , at or in indicating the place where

phrase is the subject of the sentence. an action takes place; from,
- is used after a word which ends indicating a starting point or cause.
with a vowel, while `- is used after a
consonant
, expresses the finishing point of the /, and, with, along (together) with
action
, to (by/for) a person; about; around; (), Indicates a choice, shows direction,
toward (a time); in the vicinity means, status, cause
(neighborhood) of; near (a place)
, From (a person) /, is attached to a Noun to indicate the
direct object of a transitive verb
/, indicates the comparison of topics. If , is preceded by a noun and indicates
there is no connotation of comparison possession, relationship, origin or
with another subject, this marker status location
cannot be used.
, means also or too. This can replace (), Indicates a choice, shows direction,
the subjective marker -/, and the means, status, cause
objective marker -/`
, each; every; all only; can be attached to almost any
word in the sentence
, because (of); since; as; for (), [] but; (and) yet; [] while;
meanwhile; [ ] though;
although; nevertheless; however;
still.
, outside, in the open air + besides () 2, [] as many [much] as; no less
[fewer] than; as long as; nearly;
about.; [] either or; or; any.
, (more than) is attached to a standard , like; as; as as; <not> so as; as if
of comparison (which is usually the
second noun) when both items of
comparison are mentioned. It is often
accompanied by - which means
more; when the standard of
comparison is omitted, '(more) is
used

6
, means from, the starting point of an ,
action
, indicates a destination and that
someone or something is stationary in
a place. It is attached to nouns, and
followed by '(to be) and '(not
to be).. meanings: to, in, at.
, Its a dative marker which attaches to
animate nouns; is often used as
in spoken language
means and; connects words on an
equal basis
is used for indicating the receiver of
an action; the marker - is used
for indicating the source or starting
point of an action.

TYPE 5.

, Plural form of the noun -, means aroundoclock

, is used to indicate distribution and is () (a space of) time; a period; in, for,
attached to numbers and any during, as (so) long as
counting classifier; each, respectively

TYPE 6.

, is used with action verbs, and means expresses the negative and means
impossibility or strong denial and do not. is put before the verb.
refusal.