Professional Documents
Culture Documents
publication is licensed to
dewhurst
on
27/10/2006
This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the most current version of this document
by searching the Construction Information Service at www.tionestop.com
P341: Guidance on meeting the Robustness Requirements in Approved Document A (2005 Edition)
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
Guidance on meeting
the Robustness Requirements in
Published by:
The Steel Construction Institute
Silwood Park
Ascot
Berkshire SL5 7QN
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/
2005 The Steel Construction Institute
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study or criticism or review, as permitted under the
Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by
any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in
accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the UK Copyright Licensing Agency, or in accordance with the terms
of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organisation outside the UK.
Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers, The Steel Construction
Institute, at the address given on the title page.
Although care has been taken to ensure, to the best of our knowledge, that all data and information contained herein are
accurate to the extent that they relate to either matters of fact or accepted practice or matters of opinion at the time of
publication, The Steel Construction Institute, the authors and the reviewers assume no responsibility for any errors in or
misinterpretations of such data and/or information or any loss or damage arising from or related to their use.
Publications supplied to the Members of the Institute at a discount are not for resale by them.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Disproportionate collapse,
the revised Building Regulations
and steel building design
Since 1st December 2004, all buildings must be designed to
avoid disproportionate collapse
FOREWORD
Under the 2004 Amendment of the Building Regulations 2000, the changes to Part A
(Structure) include important changes to the limits on application for buildings designed
to avoid disproportionate collapse. The guidance given in the revised Approved
Licensed copy:dewhurst, Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners, 27/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, SCI
Document A on how to meet the requirements to avoid disproportionate collapse has also
changed.
This publication provides designers of hot-rolled steel framed buildings with the
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
necessary guidance to enable them to ensure compliance with the disproportionate
collapse requirements of the Regulations.
The author is indebted to his colleagues at the SCI for their input and advice, in
particular to Charles King and Tom Cosgrove. In addition, a number of other
individuals have contributed to this guide and their input is gratefully acknowledged:
Stuart Alexander WSP Group
Professor D Blockley University of Bristol
Roger Davies Gifford & Partners Ltd
The preparation of this guide was funded entirely by Corus Construction and Industrial,
and their support is gratefully acknowledged.
Printed 01/07/05
To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
P341: Guidance on meeting the Robustness Requirements in Approved Document A (2005 Edition)
Contents
Page No.
FOREWORD iii
SUMMARY vi
Licensed copy:dewhurst, Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners, 27/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, SCI
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Robustness, Integrity, Disproportionate collapse, and Tying 1
1.2 The Building Regulations Part A and Approved Document A 1
1.3 BS 5950 2
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
1.4 Eurocode 1 2
1.5 Disproportionate collapse 2
2 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS 4
2.1 Introduction 4
3 CLASS 1 BUILDINGS 11
3.1 The requirements for Class 1 buildings 11
3.2 How BS 5950-1:2000 applies to Class 1 buildings 11
3.3 Practical solutions for Class 1 buildings 12
5 CLASS 2B BUILDINGS 15
5.1 The requirements for Class 2B buildings 15
5.2 How BS 5950-1:2000 applies to Class 2B buildings 17
5.3 Practical solutions for Class 2B buildings 26
6 CLASS 3 BUILDINGS 27
6.1 The requirements for Class 3 buildings 27
6.2 Risk Assessment 27
6.3 Critical Situations for Design 28
6.4 Hazards 28
6.5 Risk Reduction Measures 29
6.6 Sources of further guidance 30
6.7 Unclassified Buildings 31
7 REFERENCES 32
SUMMARY
This publication provides guidance on designing hot-rolled steel framed buildings to avoid
disproportionate collapse. Consideration of disproportionate collapse is required for all
buildings in order to satisfy Requirement A3 of Part A of the Building Regulations.
Licensed copy:dewhurst, Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners, 27/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, SCI
Guidance for each of the four classes of building specified in Approved Document A
(2004 edition) is provided. The guidance includes explanation of the requirements,
advice on which Clauses of BS 5950-1:2000 are applicable to each building type, and
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
practical guidance concerning tying of the structural frame to provide robustness.
1 INTRODUCTION
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
The Building Regulations require that buildings should not be susceptible to
disproportionate collapse. Approved Document A states this can be achieved by
ensuring that the building is sufficiently robust and offers providing ties
as one method for satisfying the requirement.
The only significant effect on the design of steel framed buildings resulting from
the 2004 amendments to Part A of the Building Regulations is the change to the
limit of application of Requirement A3 (Disproportionate Collapse). There is
no change to the actual Requirement A3, which is stated below.
Disproportionate Collapse
A3. The building shall be constructed so that in the event of an accident
the building will not suffer collapse to an extent disproportionate to the
cause.
The previous regulations (before the 2004 edition) imposed a limit on the
application of requirement A3. The limit was as stated below.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
Approved Document A.
1.3 BS 5950
The current version of BS 5950-1[3] is the 2000 edition (incorporating
Corrigendum No.1), which was written with the 1991 version of the Building
1.4 Eurocode 1
EN1991-1-7 (Eurocode 1 Actions on structures, Part 1-7 General actions,
accidental actions) has not yet been published and is currently only available as
a pre-standard[5]. However, much of the philosophy behind EN1991-1-7 is the
same as that of the Building Regulations Requirement A3 and the guidance
given in Section 5 of Approved Document A.
out load-bearing precast concrete wall panels, the floors above collapsed due to
the lack of support from below, and the impact of the collapsing floors caused
further collapses all the way to the ground. As can be seen from Figure 1.1 a
reasonably typical gas explosion in one flat caused an entire corner of the
building to collapse. Ronan Point and other collapses are described in
References 6 and 7.
Licensed copy:dewhurst, Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners, 27/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, SCI
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/
Figure 1.1 Partial collapse of a concrete structure due to a gas explosion
(Ronan Point 1968)
The Building Regulations require that all buildings are designed to avoid
disproportionate collapse. The phenomenon of progressive collapse is not
mentioned in the regulations. However, if a building is susceptible to
progressive collapse, it will almost certainly result in disproportionate collapse,
as the case at Ronan Point illustrates. The collapse at Ronan Point was both
progressive and disproportionate.
2 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS
2.1 Introduction
Approved Document A (2004 Edition)[2] sets out different required levels of
Licensed copy:dewhurst, Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners, 27/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, SCI
robustness for different types and sizes of buildings. There are four classes of
building; Class 1, Class 2A, Class 2B and Class 3. The robustness
requirements are progressively more stringent from Class 1 to Class 3. This
reflects the fact that a building with a higher classification is likely to have more
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
severe consequences (e.g. potential loss of life) associated with any given
collapse. Other factors have also been taken into account in the classification
process such as socio-economic factors: hospitals generally have higher
classifications than other buildings of the same size.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
Offices not exceeding 4 storeys
Industrial buildings not exceeding 3 storeys
Retailing premises not exceeding 3 storeys of less than 2000 m2 floor
area in each storey
Single storey educational buildings
All buildings not exceeding 2 storeys to which members of the public are
admitted and which contain floor areas not exceeding 2000 m2 at each
storey
2B Hotels, flats, apartments and other residential buildings greater than 4
Agricultural Class 1
Class 1
Is building height times Yes
Building where 1.5 less than the distance
people rarely go Class 2A
to another building or area
where people go? No
Class 1
Licensed copy:dewhurst, Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners, 27/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, SCI
No
Is building multi
Yes
occupancy? Yes Class 2A
Is building less than or
Residential
equal to 4 storeys? Yes
No Is building 5 storey single Yes Class 2B
occupancy housing?
No Is building less than or
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
Class 3
equal to 15 storeys? No
Yes
Is building less than or Class 2A
Hotel or Office
equal to 4 storeys?
Yes
No Is building less than or
equal to 15 storeys? Class 2B
Yes No
Is building less than or Class 3
Industrial
equal to 3 storeys?
No Class 2A
Class 3
Is building less than or
Yes
equal to 3 storeys and Class 2A
Retail
less than 2000 m2 floor
area in each storey? Does building have less Yes
Class 2B
Yes Class 2B
Is building less than or
Car park
equal to 6 storeys?
No
Class 3
Class 2A
Is building less than or Yes
equal to 2 storeys and
Public Class 2B
less than 2000 m2 floor
Yes
area in each storey? Is floor area less than
No Class 3
5000 m2 in each storey?
No
Yes Class 2B
Is capacity less than or
Grandstand
equal to 5000 spectators? Class 3
No
Class 3
Building containing
hazardous
substance and/or
processes
Note 1: For buildings intended for more than one type of use the Class should be that pertaining to the
most onerous type.
Note 2: In determining the number of storeys in a building, basement storeys may be excluded provided
such basement storeys fulfil the robustness requirements for Class 2B buildings.
of the building footprint. Guidance on the design of mezzanine floors for lateral
stability is provided in Advisory Desk note AD267[9].
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
Habitable areas of roof space should be included as a storey irrespective of the
slope of the roof.
2A 2B
Movement
joint
Flats Flats
Examples
2 storeys of flats over 1 storey of retailing premises (as shown in Figure 2.3)
should be considered as 3 storeys of retailing premises. Therefore, apply Class
2A robustness measures to the whole building, or apply Class 2B robustness
Licensed copy:dewhurst, Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners, 27/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, SCI
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
2A, or 2B if retail
Flats premises>2,000 m
Shop
2 storeys of flats over 2 storeys of retailing premises (as shown in Figure 2.4)
Flats
2B
Shop
Shop
2A 2B
Movement
joint
Flats Offices
The minimum robustness measures required to the part of the building above the
basement depend on the total number of storeys and the robustness measures
Licensed copy:dewhurst, Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners, 27/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, SCI
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
2B buildings.
Examples
Figure 2.6 shows examples of single occupancy houses over basements and the
classes of robustness measures to be applied.
2B 2B
Figure 2.7 shows examples of flats above basements and the classes of
robustness measure to be applied.
3
2B
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
Flats Flats Flats Flats
2A 2B
Flats
2A
2B
3 storey over 4 storey over 5 storey over 15 storey over 16 storey over
basement basement basement basement basement
3 CLASS 1 BUILDINGS
For Class 1 buildings - Provided the building has been designed and
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
constructed in accordance with the rules given in this Approved
Document, or other guidance referenced under Section 1, for meeting
compliance with requirement A1 and A2 in normal use, no additional
measures are likely to be necessary.
This requirement means that provided the structural steel frame of the building
has been designed to BS 5950-1[3] then this is sufficient and no further action to
avoid disproportionate collapse is required. However, the guidance of
Approved Document A includes the words no additional measures are likely
to be necessary. This is a reminder that, in designing to avoid
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
Secondary beams
are not ties
The end connections of horizontal ties should also have tension capacities of at
least 75 kN. All the standard connections for simply supported beams given in
SCI publication P212[10] can carry at least 75 kN in tension.
Bolt capacities for M16 and M20 8.8 bolts in S275 steel are shown in
Table 3.1. All reasonable connections will have at least two bolts (and usually
more), which will provide the necessary connection capacity.
Table 3.1 Bolt capacities for grade 8.8 bolts in S275 steel
Bolt Diameter Nominal tension Shear capacity Bearing capacity
capacity (8 mm plate)
M16 70 kN 58.9 kN 58.9 kN
M20 110 kN 91.9 kN 73.6 kN
Note: Tabulated capacities are calculated in accordance with BS 5950-1:2000,
Clause6.3
4 CLASS 2A BUILDINGS
offices, hotels, industrial buildings and relatively small public buildings. The
robustness requirements for Class 2A buildings are given in Approved
Document A, Clause 5.1.c as:
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
anchorage of suspended floors to walls, as described in the Codes and
Standards listed under paragraph 5.2 for framed and load-bearing wall
construction.
The tying requirements of BS 5950-1 for Class 1 and Class 2A buildings are
thus the same, as were the requirements for buildings with less than or equal to
four storeys under the 1991 Building Regulations.
Fixing of decking
Decking sheets should be fixed to the top of the supporting structure. All
fixings (e.g. shot-fired pins) should be made through the troughs in the decking.
Fixings should be at approximately 300 mm centres (or in every trough) along
the end supports and at 600 mm centres (or in alternate troughs) along the
The fixings, together with welded shear studs (if present), normally provide
lateral restraint to the beams during the construction stages.
publication P300[11].
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
5.2.5. Further guidance regarding precast units is given in SCI publication
P287[12].
5 CLASS 2B BUILDINGS
requirements are significantly more stringent than those for Class 2A buildings.
Typical Class 2B buildings include residential, office and retail buildings
between four and fifteen storeys, hospitals less than four storeys and car parks
less than seven storeys. The robustness requirements for Class 2B buildings are
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
given in Approved Document A, Clause 5.1.d. However, The typographical
presentation in Approved Document A is misleading as it gives the impression
that horizontal ties are invariably required. The ODPM intend to reprint the
Approved Document to clarify the intention. The following is the text as it is
expected to be reprinted.
Where the notional removal of such columns (or beams supporting one
or more columns) and lengths of walls would result in an extent of
damage in excess of the above limit, then such elements should be
designed as a "key element" as defined in paragraph 5.3 below.
Note: The requirements for Class 2B buildings are very similar to the
requirements for buildings over four storeys given in the 1992 Edition
of Approved Document A.
The principle of providing horizontal ties notionally allows for the removal of
the support provided by a column and the remaining beam members to support
the loads by forming catenaries, as shown in Figure 5.1. The robustness rules
are not meant to fully describe systems of structural mechanics but are
considered as prescriptive rules intended to produce structures that perform
adequately in accidental circumstances.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
Column removed
Column
notionally
removed
Plan Section
Note:
Three storeys may be affected by the notional removal of one column section but no more than
two floors.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
In BS 5950-1, there are three possible routes that can be adopted for designing
to avoid disproportionate collapse:
Provision of tying
Notional removal
Key element design.
BS 5950-1, Clause 2.4.5.3 states that if any of the first three sub-clauses a) to
c) are not met then, the building should be checked, each storey in turn, to
The requirements of BS 5950-1 for Class 2B buildings are essentially the same
as the requirements were for buildings with greater than four storeys under the
1991 Building Regulations.
Appendix A presents a fully worked example for the tying checks and design to
avoid disproportionate collapse for a Class 2B building.
In the next revision to BS 5950-1 it is likely that there will be a reduction factor
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
that may be applied to the required tying capacities of horizontal ties and their
connections. Table 5.1 shows the values proposed at the time of writing for the
reduction factor n. The proposed tying capacity requirements are:
- for internal ties: 0.5(1.4 gk + 1.6 qk) st L n but not less than 75 kN
- for edge ties: 0.25(1.4 gk + 1.6 qk) st L n but not less than 75 kN
Where
gk is the specified dead load per unit area of the floor or roof
The use of a reduction factor recognises that for lower rise buildings there are
fewer floors potentially available to collapse onto the structure below.
In Class 1 and Class 2A buildings, only the beams along the column lines need
to be designed for general tying. For Class 2B buildings, the members which
may be ties when designing to avoid disproportionate collapse are shown in
Figure 5.3. The beams not on the column lines (e.g. A to B) do not have to be
designed as ties provide that the beams on the column lines are designed for the
additional share of tying force.
A
Licensed copy:dewhurst, Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners, 27/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, SCI
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
B
All beams may be ties
By observation, 1% of the factored load in the column only becomes the more
critical load if there are a great many storeys (100 storeys if all floors are
identical, and this would then be a Class 3 building). Columns carrying transfer
trusses or similar massive loads may have high axial loads, and 1% of the
factored axial load should always be considered in such cases.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
Splice
A B
Column removed
Division
plate
Air gap
Bearing Non-bearing
Figure 5.5 Column splice details
Table 5.2 gives indicative tensile axial capacities for standard bearing-type
column splices with cover plates.
Table 5.2 Typical bearing type column splice tensile capacities (with
flange cover plates)
Upper Column Lower Column Tensile Capacity (kN)
Licensed copy:dewhurst, Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners, 27/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, SCI
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
The capacities quoted in Table 5.2 are limited by bolt shear, and adding
additional bolts can easily increase capacities. Detailed design checks for
bearing and non-bearing column splices are provided in SCI publication P212[10].
X
Figure 5.6 Unsatisfactory bracing arrangement for Class 2B buildings
BS 5950-1 allows moment resisting joints, cantilever columns, shear walls and
stair and lift cores, as well as triangulated bracing, to be used as systems for
resisting horizontal force.
The intention of this clause is to prevent floor units simply falling through the
steel frame if the steelwork is moved or removed, or the floor units are uplifted
as a result of accidental loading (e.g. explosion).
BS 5950-1 only requires anchorages in the direction of the span of the precast
units, as the steel beams provide ties in the orthogonal direction.
Tying of the floor units to the beams may be necessary for purposes other than
reducing sensitivity to disproportionate collapse, such as to mobilise floor
diaphragm action against wind loading. Further guidance on the use and design
of precast units is provided in SCI publication P287[12].
reinforcement in the topping to carry the tie forces, as shown in Figure 5.7 a),
or to provide additional reinforcing bars. Alternatively, it may be possible to
expose the voids in the pre-cast planks and place reinforcing bars between the
two units prior to concreting, as shown in Figure 5.7 b).
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
Reinforcement in topping Reinforcement in core
with concrete infill
Special measures will be needed where precast planks are placed on shelf
angles, as shown in Figure 5.8, and with Slimflor construction, unless the tie
forces can be carried through the reinforcement in topping, above the top flange
of the steelwork. When it is not possible to use reinforcement in the topping,
straight reinforcement bars tying the precast units together are usually detailed
to pass through holes in the steel beam web.
Reinforcing
bar
U-bar U-bar
Plank castellated
around shear studs
(a) (b)
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
Figure 5.9 Tying of precast planks to edge beams
It should be noted that loading a beam on only one side produces significant
torsion in the beam itself, which may well be the critical design case. The
eccentricity must be accounted for in design of the member and its connections.
In some circumstances, the floor units cantilever past the edge beam. Tying in
these situations is not straightforward, and a solution should be developed in
collaboration with the frame supplier and floor unit manufacturer.
If the notional removal of any element would result in the collapse of an area
greater than 70 m2 or 15% of that floor (or roof) area, that element should be
designed as a key element, as recommended in Clause 2.4.5.4.
floors below should be checked for the debris loading from the collapsed floors.
It is not necessary to consider the impact loading of the debris. The load
combinations given above may be used with the dead load component modified
to include the debris.
If the notional removal of any element of the system for resisting horizontal
forces causes that system to fail (e.g. because a mechanism forms), then that
part of the building stabilised solely by the system should be considered to have
collapsed. In most cases this is likely to constitute disproportionate collapse.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
Providing redundancy in the bracing (e.g. cross-bracing in which both members
can resist forces in compression) may be used to increase the robustness of the
system. Also note that at least two bracing systems are required, see
Section 5.2.4.
If the system for resisting horizontal forces is a concrete core, then each storey
If the system for resisting horizontal forces is triangulated bracing (as shown in
Figure 5.10), then each element of the bracing system should be notionally
removed, one at a time. This includes the beam and column members forming
part of the bracing truss.
etc.) having regard to the ultimate strength of such components and their
connections. Such accidental design loading should be assumed to act
simultaneously with 1/3 of all normal characteristic loading (i.e. wind
and imposed loading).
From this requirement and from BS 5950-1 it can be determined that the design
load for a key element is:
Licensed copy:dewhurst, Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners, 27/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, SCI
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
For the value of accidental loading to be applied, BS 5950-1 refers to
BS 6399-1[14], where the accidental loading is also given as 34 kN/m2.
BS 5950-1 recommends that any other structural component that provides
lateral restraint vital to the stability of a key element should also be designed
as a key element. The design of a key element is demonstrated in the worked
example in Appendix A.
When considering the accidental loading on a large area (e.g. on a floor slab
supported by a transfer beam), it is reasonable to limit the area that is subjected
to the 34 kN/m2 load because a blast pressure is unlikely to be this high on all
Part of component
Part of component that is detached
that remains attached D Key element
from key element
to key element during an incident
after an incident
Plan view
Figure 5.11 Component attached to a key element (column)
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
In most situations, horizontal ties will require end connections that have tying
capacities similar to their shear load. Table 5.3 gives approximate tying
capacities for commonly used nominally pinned connections. Exact tying
capacities for these connections can be obtained from P212[10].
When the tying capacities of the connections given in Table 5.3 are used in
combination with the tying reduction factors given in Table 5.1, it can be seen
that all standard fin plate and angle cleat connections will be sufficient for
buildings up to three storeys.
Tying capacities do not need to be provided entirely by the steel frame. For
example, in composite construction a certain amount of the required horizontal
tying can be provided by the concrete slab reinforcement, provided that it is
designed and detailed for this purpose. SCI publication P213[15] provides
guidance on utilising slab reinforcement in the connection design.
6 CLASS 3 BUILDINGS
(with capacity for over 5000 spectators), buildings greater than 15 storeys,
hospitals over three storeys and buildings containing hazardous substances
and/or processes. The requirements for Class 3 buildings given in Approved
Document A, Clause 5.1.e are different in nature to those for the other classes
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
of building (see below).
Despite stating the need for a risk assessment and the selection of critical
situations for design, this guidance is vague and provides the designer with little
assistance on what is actually required or how to proceed. The following
Sections provide direction to the designer and sources of further information. It
is important that the degree of complexity of the risk assessment is appropriate
for the building being considered. When dealing with Class 3 buildings, the
designer needs to use applied common sense to ensure that there are no weak
links in the building which, if damaged, would result in substantial and
disproportionate damage.
1. Identify hazards (see Section 6.4) to form the basis of a risk register.
This is an absolute minimum for Class 3 buildings, to demonstrate that
the possible hazards have at least been thought about by the designer.
2. Determine or estimate the severity of the consequences of each hazard.
3. Assess the likelihood of each hazard occurring.
4. Estimate the risk of each hazard. The risk is usually expressed as a
Licensed copy:dewhurst, Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners, 27/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, SCI
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
The hierarchy of risk control is a) to prevent the hazard from occurring, b) to
reduce the probability of the hazard occurring, and c) to reduce the severity of
the consequences. Further guidance is provided in Section 6.5.
6.4 Hazards
Hazards are events that cause undesired affects i.e. harm to people, loss of life,
damage to property or environmental damage. However, Part A of the Building
Regulations is mainly concerned with the safety of people in and around
buildings. Hazards may be accidental or deliberate. Approved Document A
states that normal and abnormal hazards should be considered.
Reference 16 includes a list of possible hazards that may be considered, along
with proposals for designing to comply with the guidance in Approved
Document A.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
should be designed to resist the affects of earthquakes using the appropriate
design code (e.g. Eurocode 8[17]). Comprehensive guidance for designing
buildings to resist terrorist explosions is given in SCI publication P244[18]. Any
hazard that has been specifically addressed outside the disproportionate collapse
requirements need not be reconsidered in the risk assessment required for Class
3 buildings. However, it should still be listed in the risk register.
The overall building concept can have significant influence on the type and
magnitude of hazards that need to be addressed. This includes the building
location and proximity to specific hazards. For example, should a hospital be
located near a railway or chemical works? The building structural form must
also be considered. Large parts of the building should not be reliant on one or
two critical members, where possible loads should be distributed between many
members and alternative load paths should be present which could be utilised in
the event of an incident.
of fire and venting panels can be installed to reduce the blast loading from
explosions. Traffic calming measures can be used to reduce the speed of
accidental vehicular impact.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
The following references offer further guidance when a risk assessment for
Class 3 Buildings is necessary.
pr EN 1991-1-7[5]
This document contains a great deal of helpful information and guidance that
can be applied to Class 3 Buildings. Annex B provides guidance on risk
assessment methods, acceptance criteria and mitigation measures. Section 3
includes guidance on identifying accidental actions. Sections 4 (Impact) and 5
(Internal Explosions) provide guidance on the size of loads that accidental
actions might cause. This is likely to be a key source of guidance for engineers
[23]
Engineering Safety
This publication provides information on many issues relating to safety and risk.
Subjects of particular interest for dealing with Class 3 buildings are risk
assessments and acceptability of risk. Descriptions of how the theory may be
applied to different civil engineering projects are included.
Licensed copy:dewhurst, Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners, 27/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, SCI
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
(a) do not fall into any of the classifications of Table 11 (Table 2.1 of this
publication), or
(b) are buildings for which the consequences of collapse may warrant
particular examination of the risks involved.
For (a), the alternative approach suggested consists of following the guidance
given in two reports referenced in Approved Document A. The report titles are
given incorrectly in Approved Document A; they should be:
Guidance on Robustness and Provision against Accidental Actions, July
Both of these reports (available from the ODPM website) provide methods for
determining the risk category of buildings. They may be used to classify
buildings which do not fall into the descriptions listed in Table 11 (Table 2.1 of
this publication). However, no risk assessment guidance or recommendations
for design are provided, which means their usefulness is limited.
26
7 REFERENCES
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
The Building (Amendment) Regulations 2004 (SI 2004/1465))
The Stationery Office
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
BS 8110-1:1997 Code of practice for design and construction
British Standards Institution, 1997
14. BS 6399-1:1996 Loading for buildings. Code of practice for dead and
imposed loads
British Standards Institution, 1996
21. BS EN 1990:2002
Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design
British Standards Institution, 2002
23. BLOCKLEY, D.
Engineering Safety
McGraw-Hill, 1992
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
26 Steelwork design guide to BS 5950-1:2000. Volume 1: Section
properties and member capacities (Sixth Edition) (P202)
The Steel Construction Institute and The British Constructional
Steelwork Association,, 2001
35
WORKED EXAMPLE
P341: Guidance on meeting the Robustness Requirements in Approved Document A (2005 Edition)
Printed 01/07/05
To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
P341: Guidance on meeting the Robustness Requirements in Approved Document A (2005 Edition)
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN Tying and the avoidance of disproportionate
Subject
Telephone: (01344) 623345 collapse of a Class 2B building
Fax: (01344) 622944
Made by MDH Date Jun 2003
Licensed copy:dewhurst, Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners, 27/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, SCI
Client SCI
CALCULATION SHEET Checked by ASM Date Oct 2003
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
collapse of a Class 2B building 1:2000
A.1 Introduction
The ten-storey building shown in Figure A.1 has been designed on the basis of
Simple Design in accordance with the recommendations of BS 5950-1:2000.
All storeys are 4.0 m high, apart from the ground to first floor, which has a
height of 5.0 m. The columns are laid out on a 6 m 9 m grid with the
primary beams spanning 6 m and the secondary beams spanning 9 m as shown
in Figure A.2. The spacing of the secondary beams is 3.0 m. A composite
Check that the building meets the requirements of Approved Document A and
BS 5950-1:2000 in terms of structural integrity and the avoidance of
disproportionate collapse.
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0 6.0
6.0
4.0
6.0
4.0 6.0
6.0
5.0
6.0
A B C
9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
Figure A.1
In practice, these checks must be carried out on all members to ensure adequate
robustness throughout the structure. However, in this example, the checks are
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
only performed on a typical secondary beam, an edge column and an internal
column. These columns are denoted B and E respectively in Figure A.2.
6.0
6.0
3.0 (typ.)
6.0
6.0
A B C
9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
Figure A.2
The composite floor system comprises steel decking spanning between the
secondary beams, as shown in Figure A.3, with a 125 mm thick slab in grade
C30 concrete.
Composite decking
panel
Secondary beams
6.0
Primary beam
9.0
Figure A.3
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
Imposed load
Roof: 1.0 kN/m2
Floor: 5.0 kN/m2 + 1.0 kN/m2 (partitions) = 6.0 kN/m2
Internal column E
Internal columns support an area of 54 m2
WNroof,E = ((3.49 1.4) + (1.0 1.6)) 54 = 350 kN
Internal beams
w = (3.0 3.49 1.4) + (3.0 6.0 1.6) = 43.5 kN/m
Total load per beam = 43.5 9.0 = 391.5 kN
Internal column E
Column E supports 2 internal secondary beams and 2 internal primary beams
and carries half the load from each beam.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
WNfloor,E = (2 0.5 391.5) + (2 0.5 391.5) = 783 kN
Primary beams
457 152 52 UB in grade S355.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
6-5 4.0 2499 30530597UC 2520 3310
5-4 4.0 3080 30530597UC 3107 3310
4-3 4.0 3661 305305137UC 3693 4620
3-2 4.0 4242 305305137UC 4282 4620
2-1 4.0 4823 305305198UC 4870 6780
1-0 5.0 5404 305305198UC 5462 5920
It is assumed that the columns are spliced every two storeys and that lateral
restraint is provided at every floor. It is further assumed that the columns may
be treated as pin-ended between the floor levels.
greater.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
shear and then checked to ensure that it has an adequate tying capacity. The
values of shear capacity and tying capacity used in this example have been
obtained from P212 Joints in steel construction: Simple connections[10] and are
based on the steel connection alone. No allowance has been made for the
capacity of the reinforcement in the concrete to carry some of the load.
Try 290 x 150 x 10 mm fin plate in S275 with two lines of 4 bolts.
Basic requirement 1: Reaction Shear capacity
Reaction under factored loads = 196 kN P212
Shear capacity = 289 kN Table H.30
196 kN < 289 kN
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
splice down.
Consider the weakest splice in that column (that between 305 305 97UC and
305 305 97UC). From Table H.32 of P212[10], the capacity of one external Table H.32
flange cover plate is 794 kN. P212
A.3.6 Conclusion
Having satisfied the five conditions in Clause 2.4.5.3 of BS 5950-1:2000, it may
be assumed that this building meets the requirements of the regulations for the
avoidance of disproportionate collapse.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
Basic requirement 1: Reaction Shear capacity P212
Reaction under factored loads = 196 kN Table H.21
Shear capacity = 378 kN
196 kN < 378 kN
Therefore the shear capacity is adequate.
Now consider the situation in which the designer is unable to use such a deep
secondary beam and opts instead for the slightly heavier 305 165 54 UB in
S355.
Try 290 x 150 x 8 mm flexible end plate in S275 with 3 rows of bolts.
Basic requirement 1: Reaction Shear capacity P212
Reaction under factored loads = 196 kN Table H.21
Shear capacity = 333 kN
196 kN < 333 kN
Therefore the shear capacity is adequate.
and the member should be designed as a key element using the accidental
loading specified in BS 6399-1, i.e. 34 kN/m2.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
The area to which the accidental loading is applied is dependent on the type of 2.4.5.4
cladding or floor decking and, in particular, its integrity under blast loading. In
this example, it is assumed that there is partitioning running between columns
D, E and F, but none in the perpendicular direction. As the partitioning is not
load-bearing, it is reasonable to assume that it is mostly blown out by the blast,
leaving only a small section as shown in Figure 23.4. In this case, the breadth
of partitioning remaining after the blast is estimated to be B + 200 mm.
B + 200
Figure A.4
In the design of key elements, the accidental loading should be applied in all
directions, but only in one direction at a time. This means checking column E
in bending about both the major and minor axes. The ordinary dead and
imposed loads must also be taken into account (there is no wind loading on
column E) and should be applied simultaneously with the accidental loading. 2.4.5.3
However, the imposed load can be reduced to one third of its normal value for
this check, with a f factor of 1.05. The same f should also be applied to the
dead load, but the accidental load should be factored by 1.0.
All of the calculations below relate to the column length between ground and
first floor levels. In practice, all levels should be checked.
Section properties
The size of the internal column between ground and first floor levels is
305 x 305 x 283 UC, grade S355.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
Elastic modulus Zy = 1530 cm3
Radius of gyration rx = 14.8 cm
Radius of gyration ry = 8.27 cm
Axial load
For the purpose of key element design, the factored axial loads applied to the
Roof
WN = 1.05(3.49 + (1.0/3)) 54 = 216.8 kN
Floor
WN = 1.05(3.49 + (6.0/3)) 54 = 311.3 kN
Column self-weight
Unfactored column s/w
= ((44.097)+(24.0137)+(24.0198)+(4.0283)) 9.81/1000
= 52.6 kN
Section classification
According to P202[26], the compact F/Pz limit for a 305 305 283UC in grade P202
S355 is 1.0. Therefore, the section is at least compact. Page D 126
The accidental load is applied uniformly along the column between ground and
first floor levels, with the section of column between floors 1 and 2 unloaded.
Although the column is continuous across the support at floor level 1, it is a safe
approximation to take the maximum moment as wL2/8, where L = 5.0 m. The
Licensed copy:dewhurst, Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners, 27/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, SCI
Bending
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
Basic requirement: Mx Mcx 4.2.5
From P202[26] 1, Mcx = 1710 kNm P202
Page D 126
From above, Mx = 55.6 kNm
55.6 kNm < 1710 kNm
Therefore, the moment capacity is adequate.
Fc Mx My 4.8.3.2. a)
Basic requirement: + + 1
Ag p y M cx M cy
3074 55.6
+ + 0 = 0.254 + 0.033 = 0.29 <1
12100 1710
my My
Licensed copy:dewhurst, Dewhurst MacFarlane & Partners, 27/10/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, SCI
Fc m LT M LT
Basic requirement: + + 1 4.8.3.3.1
Pcy Mb py Z y
MLT is the maximum major axis moment in the segment = 55.6 kNm.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
For LE = 5.0 m, Pcy = 8030 kN
P202
Mb = 1640 kNm
Page D 127
mLT = 0.925
Table 18
3074 0.925 55.6
+ + 0 = 0.383 + 0.031 = 0.41 <1
8030 1640
Bending
4.2.5
Basic requirement: My Mcy
Page D-126
From P202, Mcy = 615 kNm
There is no major axis loading in this case so the second term in the equation
can be ignored.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005
3074 44.1
+0+ = 0.254 + 0.072 = 0.33 <1
12100 615
Fc mx Mx my My
Basic requirement: + + 1
Pc py Z x py Z y
Fc m LT M LT my My
Basic requirement: + + 1
P cy Mb py Z y
Therefore, the column is also adequate when subjected to the accidental load
causing bending about the minor axis.
Note: The calculations given above demonstrate the procedure for designing a
key element. However, in the vast majority of circumstances, the recommended
approach is to satisfy the tying requirements in Clause 2.4.5.3 of BS 5950-1:
2000. The key element route should only be followed as a last resort.
Printed 01/07/05
To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 31/10/2005