ORGANIC COMPOUND Date

AS BIOLOGY CARBOHYDRATES

Organic compounds are organic/biological molecules found in biological processes that contain
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and occasionally nitrogen (also sulphur or phosphorus)

One carbon atom can have 4 bonds to 4 other atoms, often to Hydrogen atoms but also carbon
atoms.
When a carbon bonds with other carbon molecules longer molecules with longer carbon chains are
created. Many of them are types of polymers.

General formula CARBOHYDRATES

Cx(H2O)y CARBO (containing carbon) HYDRATE(containing oxygen and water)
Carbohydrates are one of the food groups. They include sugar, starch, glycogen and cellulose.
Carbon They are in pasta, potatoes, bread and rice.
Oxygen They are made solely of CARBON atoms.
Hydrogen OXYGEN
HYDROGEN
Ratio Hydrogen oxygen
2:1 Carbohydrates are also divided into:
MONOSACCHARIDES simple sugar
How are they divided DISACCHARIDES double sugar
POLYSACCHARIDES complex sugar

MONOSACCHARIDES
Formula
(CHO)n n is a number between 3 and 7
it means that this single unit can be repeated n times

Monosaccharides are named after the number or carbon atoms:

Trio
TRIOSE n=3 triose sugar contain 3 carbon atoms and are useful for:
Respiration
Breaking down of glucose
Pentose sugar: ribose
PENTOSE n=5 5 carbon atoms and are important for:
Structures fo deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Hexose sugar: fructose
HEXOSE n=6 sweet taste like GLUCOSE

Displayed formula

GLUCOSE
C6H12O6
Glucose is important because:
All green leaves manufacture glucose using light energy
We transport glucose in the blood
Cells use it in respiration
Its the building block for larger molecules
 We need to count carbon atoms in order to identify different structure and characteristics of each
sugar.
Compounds that have GLUCOSE come in different forms called ISOMERS. The difference are changes in the SIDE-CHAIN
the atoms arranged ATOMS connected to the GLUCOSE RING:
differently are called :
ISOMERS

The green area shows that the Hydrogen and the OH group are swapped.
This has a large effect because the two isomers of glucose behave and interact differently with
other molecules, and completely different polymers can be made.

DISACCHARIDES
Disaccharides are formed by TWO MONOSACCHARIDES joint together by a GLYCOSIDIC LINK or
GLYCOSIDIC BOND formed in a CONDENSATION REACTION.
The reaction involves the formation of WATER (H2O)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMTeqZLXBSo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwYobhHi1lE