Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

For further understanding of the study, the researchers made use of different
reading materials related to the online system. These materials such as books,
magazines, newspapers, thesis and other web articles are essential in broadening
the knowledge of the researchers. These will also guide the researchers to
achieve their target objectives by getting ideas on other related studies and make
improvements as possible.

LOCAL LITERATURE
Shareen Joshi (Reproductive Health and Economic
Development: What Connections Should We Focus
On?,2012)
Reproductive healthdefined in this PopPov Research Network brief as the
use of effective contraception, use of health care during pregnancy and childbirth,
and health care for infantsis a critical component of human capital. Investments
in RH are linked to lower fertility and reduced maternal and child morbidity and
mortality, thereby improving overall health and quality of life.Policymakers are
faced with critical questions as to the extent to which improvements in RH
contribute to broader economic returns. The PopPov Network makes research
grants, supports dissertation fellows, sponsors meetings and workshops, and now
provides an online space for the poppov research community. The goal of the
network is to highlight the needs of the researchers, highlight state of the art
methodologies, encourage and teach the next generation of researchers, and
share ideas and communicate findings among the research community

Rito V. Baring, Ed.D. Conflict between the Church and

its Proponents
He is a former president of Social Development Research Center-DLSU last 2012. In
his book (Sources of Conflict between the Church and its Proponents) The Catholic Church
has emphasized that the rejection of the RH bill is not about a Roman Catholic verdict but
a reflection of the fundamental ideals and aspirations of the Filipino people (Sison
2011). The Churchs position is anchored on her disagreement with the proposal's anti-
life stance and problematic attitudes towards issues that affect religious expression.
Christianity insists that artificial birth control methods are offensive to life because these
tend to suppress the formation of life, particularly in the womb of the mother. In
traditional Catholic positions, devices or means that directly hinder the development of
life is offensive to lifehence, immoral. In reproductive health language, abortion cases
reflect unmet needs for contraception which, if used, could have prevented unwanted
pregnancies. While the RH framework identifies contraception as a necessary solution in
the equation, the Church finds it problematic.
Fabros 1988(Separation of Church and State as being
incompatible with individual freedom)
The Church may have no direct political or economic mandate but possesses certain
political and social responsibilities (Fabros 1988) to look after the needs of each member
so that a just and peaceful condition willed by God prevails. Unfortunately, a just social
order is regarded no less by Friedrich August von Hayek (1948) as being incompatible
with individual freedom. The 1974 Nobel laureate's neo-liberal position makes his ideas
the subject of an intense theological critique (Chang 2003). At about the same time that
the establishment of the western principle of separation was formulated, the Vatican
launched its vocal adherence for religious freedom through Dignitatis Humanae (P. Paul VI
1965). Embroiled in the democratic process to listen to the voices of the people but
driven to demonstrate the separation of Church and State, the current Aquino
government is challenged to respect the principles of religious freedom.

Hon. Esperanza I. Cabral, MD Former Secretary of

Health, Republic of the Philippines(Philippine
Population Management Program)

The Philippines, through the Philippine Population Management Program

(PPMPPOPCOM 2002), has been advocating for decades the enactment of a
comprehensive population bill. Its vision is to improve the reproductive health of
women, men and adolescents and guaranteed access to family planning information
(POPCOM 2001a). The planned comprehensive population bill is designed to be an
essential component of anti-poverty efforts that wholly address poverty, development
and population issues. It makes available contraceptive devices and sexual education to
the younger population. Obviously, these measures are in response to the Millennium
Development Goals (MDG) conceived in the UN Millennium Summit. The plan perfectly
satisfies the goal of tying up reproductive and sexual health rights with the campaign for
economic justice and poverty alleviation (Petchesky 2000, 12) so that the observance of
the former is attained. Reproductive and sexual health rights are two of the fundamental
human rights recognized in the Cairo International Conference on Population and
Development (ICPD) and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China.

Pernia, Ernesto (POPULATION:DOES IT MATTER?

REVISITING AN OLD ISSUE)
-For many years, the Philippines has neglected the issue of population growth,
consequently finding itself now virtually alone among middle-income developing
countries as not having made any significant demographic transition. Because of
this, the Policy Notes implies that the country has remained in a low-level
equilibrium trap which involves a chain of low economic growth, high
unemployment, low productivity, persistent poverty, declining human capital and
high fertility feeding back into low economic growth and so on and so forth. To
break this vicious chain, a clear and consistent population policy, matched by an
adequately funded action program, is said to be needed.

FOREIGN LITERATURE
Jocelyn E. Finlay,(Reproductive Health Laws Around
the World)
We develop an index of reproductive health laws around the world. Laws
regarding abortion, contraceptive pill, condom, intrauterine device, and
sterilization are detailed for 186 countries from 1960 through to 2009. Using
qualitative information dating from the 1960s, we code In formation on
reproductive health laws around the world into panel data. In this paper we
summarize the indexation of the laws, detailing the sources and methodologies
we used to create the index. We show changes in the laws over time, and
compare laws across countries. In addition, we demonstrate the potential use of
the panel data by exploring the differential liberalization of reproductive health
laws across country level socioeconomic factors. We Show that countries with
more liberal abortion laws associated with higher income per capita, higher levels
of female education, and lower fertility rates

United Nations, New York, (Trends in Contraceptive

Use World wide 2015)
Comprehensive and timely estimates on global trends in family planning are
critical for assessing current and future contraceptive demand and setting policy
priorities to ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and the
realization of reproductive rights. This report presents a concise, descriptive
analysis of levels and trends in key family planning indicators fromModel-based
Estimates and Projections of Family Planning Indicators 2015 and the data set
World Contraceptive Use 2015 , representing 195 countries or areas. The
Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United
Nations Secretariat provides regular updates of the estimates and projections of
family planning indicators as part of its contribution to global monitoring of
progress on internationally-agreed targets to achieve universal access to sexual
and reproductive health.

Sonia Corra(Development Alternatives with Women

for a New Era (DAWN), 1999)
 Between 1992 and 1994 DAWN Development Alternatives with Women for a
New Era strongly invested in creating a Southern-based consensus on the
linkages between Population, Development and Reproductive Health and Rights.
The network mobilized debates and analyses in Latin America, the Caribbean
Region, Africa and the Pacific in preparation for the International Conference on
Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo in 1994, and was fully involved in
advocacy efforts during the Cairo negotiations. The DAWN strategy was informed
by the understanding that adequate responses to womens reproductive needs
and full respect for their sexual and reproductive rights are non-negotiable
components of a gendered human development agenda. Population policy has
always been contentious. Clashes between different perspectives and points of
view had occurred at both previous World Population Conferences, in Bucharest
(1974) and Mexico City (1984). Never before Cairo, however, had there been so
many sets of actors discussing population policies

National Academy of Sciences(Factors Affecting

Contraceptive Use in Sub-Saharan Africa)
Over the past 25 years the world has experienced a contraceptive revolution
(Donaldson and Tsui, 1990). Contraceptive prevalencethe percentage of women
of reproductive age, married or living in union, that use some type of
contraceptive methodhas risen from less than 10 percent around the world in
the early 1960s to an estimated 55 percent in the late 1980s and early 1990s
(Bongaarts et al., 1990; Population Reference Bureau, 1992). This increase is by
no means limited to the developed countries. Although prevalence levels are
higher in the industrial than in the developing world (72 versus 51 percent), it is
noteworthy that more than half the women of reproductive age in developing
countries currently use some form of contraception (Population Reference Bureau,
1992).The importance of this phenomenon lies in the close relationship between
contraceptive prevalence and fertility (Mauldin and Segal, 1988). Contraceptive
use is one of four key factors that determine fertility, the other three being
involvement in sexual union, postpartum nonsusceptibility, and induced abortion
(Bongaarts, 1978).

United Nations Childrens Fund:

Marge Francia (United Nations Statement on the
Responsible Parenthood, Reproductive Health and
Population and Development Act Bill)
Instituting a reproductive health policy is consistent with the governments duty
under the Constitution to protect and promote the right to health of the people
and instill health consciousness among them. In its working group session last
May, the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), which examines the human rights
performance of all 193 UN member states, noted the lack of access to
reproductive health services, especially among the poor, in the Philippines. The
working group recommended that the country adopt a national reproductive
health policy and intensify efforts to meet the MDG5 on maternal mortality,
including ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights.
The countrys human rights performance will once again be assessed at the UPR
plenary session at the Human Rights Council in September.The United Nations is
mandated to serve the people of the Philippines. It takes seriously its mandate to
work with the government and all other stakeholders for the achievement of the
Millennium Development Goals and the advancement of public health.

LOCAL STUDIES
Rito V. Baring, Ed.D. Conflict between the Church
and its Proponents
He is a former president of Social Development Research Center-DLSU last 2012. In
his book (Sources of Conflict between the Church and its Proponents) The Catholic Church
has emphasized that the rejection of the RH bill is not about a Roman Catholic verdict but
a reflection of the fundamental ideals and aspirations of the Filipino people (Sison
2011). The Churchs position is anchored on her disagreement with the proposal's anti-
life stance and problematic attitudes towards issues that affect religious expression.
Christianity insists that artificial birth control methods are offensive to life because these
tend to suppress the formation of life, particularly in the womb of the mother. In
traditional Catholic positions, devices or means that directly hinder the development of
life is offensive to lifehence, immoral. In reproductive health language, abortion cases
reflect unmet needs for contraception which, if used, could have prevented unwanted
pregnancies. While the RH framework identifies contraception as a necessary solution in
the equation, the Church finds it problematic. It is in this perspective that the
fundamental proposals in the bill are deemed immoral. The Church has gathered its
forces to show its resistance to the proposal. The resistance has reverberated in many
local churches in different parts of the archipelago..

Quintin Pastrana (MSt, MBA) and Lauren Harris (MPH,

MA)- (Demographic Governance and Family
Planning:The philippines Way Forward, 4 January
2011)
 The Philippines population has grown 12-fold since the turn of the century, and
will reach over 160 million in 2040 if the current trend (2.04% population growth
and 3.03 average fertility rate) persists.
This has led to the inability of governments to provide adequate social services,
while poverty persists at 33%.Women are most affected by the inability to access
effective reproductive health information and methods.
Filipinos suffer from among the highest regional maternal health morbidity and
over 500,000 induced abortions annually, and at least half of which can be
prevented through a modern family planning program.Poor families are affected
by the lack of access to family planning education and methods.The countrys
persistent high fertility rate (3.03%) vs. more prosperous countries is due to
inability of families, especially the marginalized ones, to meet their desired family
size.Majority of Filipinos (9 of 10 surveyed) support family planning, particularly
modern methods.

Mason, Andrew (Population policies and programs in

East Asia,2001)
The papers in this volume examine the population policies in six East Asian
economies as part of a larger project examining the links between population
change and economic development in the most dynamic region in the world. The
economies had varied approaches to population policy, but all achieved unusually
fast fertility decline. Rapid social and economic development played a primary
role in determining birth rates, but effective intervention by the state accelerated
the transition to low fertility levels. A second volume, Population Change and
Economic Development in East Asia: Challenges Met, Opportunities Seized,
forthcoming from Stanford University Press, examines the economic
consequences of population change in East Asia.Support for this project was
provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the
Rockefeller Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the World Bank,
and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) of Japan. Support from USAID and MOFA
was provided as part of the Common Agenda for Cooperation in Global
Perspectives

Karin Schelzig (POVERTY IN THE

PHILIPPINES:INCOME,ASSETS,and ACCESS, 2005)
This publication examines official income poverty statistics and trends, but
takes a multidimensional approach in exploring questions of access. The report
looks at access by the poor to five important assets: human, physical, natural,
social, and financial capital. The report identifies seven broad causes of poverty:
macroeconomic problems, employment issues, rapid population growth, low
agricultural productivity, governance concerns including corruption, armed
conflict, and physical disability.

Caffrey Bourg(Attitudes towards Family)

Another area of contention in the RH debate is the attitude towards family. The
family is dragged into the picture when programs of population reduction are pursued.
For the Church, these initiatives intend to bring down family size through available
contraceptive devices. While the RH proponents believe the program only seeks to
assist couples, parents, and individuals to achieve their desired family size (Bill Sec.16),
the Church believes otherwise. It posits that the overall intended legal structure will inflict
moral, psychological and spiritual harm on the family. Against the plan to reduce the
replacement levels to below 2.29 by 2020, this counter-argument is raised: The effect
desired by population controllers, the slowing of population growth, will not immediately
take place, due to population momentum, decreased mortality and longer lifespan. By
the time population growth will have slowed down, the Total Fertility Rate will be way
below the replacement level, and the average population age will be extremely high
(Gaston 2007, 85). This aggressive defense of the family asserts propagation of life
(Clowney 1979, 9) as the fundamental purpose of families, and the State as the
institution of God identified for this propagation (Ibid.). Traditionally, the Church regards
the family as the domestic church (Lumen Gentium #11; Caffrey Bourg 2004).

FOREIGN STUDIES
Janine Kossen, Director of Public Policy: (The Global Sexual and
Reproductive Health Act of 2010)
For almost 50 years, the U.S. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 has governed U.S. foreign
assistance policy. Congress has amended this law many times to reflect changing
circumstances; however, the section focused on sexual and reproductive health has not
been updated and focuses on fertility reduction and population control as a means of
development. This language is outdated and precedes the groundbreaking rights-based
consensus reached on sexual and reproductive health policy outlined in the Program of
Action of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo.

Jocelyn E. Finlay, David Canning, June Y. T.

Po(Utilization of contraception and pronatalist
population policy)
In Bolivia Long noted for its lack of public support for utilization of contraception
and pronatalist population policy, Bolivia has historically experienced constraints in the
availability and quality of reproductive and sexual health services. In 1960, the countrys
TFR was at 6.7 children. By 1985 it had decreased to 5.13 and by 2008 to 3.46. Despite
the traditional view of population growth as being essential to national strength, there
was frequent policy liberalization in the early seventies. In 1973 abortion became legal in
Bolivia to save the womans life, to preserve her health and in the event of rape or incest.
Due to alarmingly high maternal and infant mortality, in 1974 the Government of Bolivia
began a national program of free family planning services at fifteen public care clinics.
PROFAM, Bolivias first nationwide family planning organization was formed in 1974 as
well. The policy was soon to be changed, however, when census population figures in
1976 indicated the population was million short of projections. This shortfall in population
numbers precipitated a government decree in 1977 which prohibited the provision of
family planning services in public institutions.

Clowney (Method of limiting and spacing births)

Abortion is the primary method of limiting and spacing births in the 27 countries of the
region of East-Central Europe and the former Soviet Union. There is a long history of
abortion and reproductive health policy liberalization in the region. The Soviet Decree of
27 June 1936 prohibited the performance of abortions except in cases of danger to life,
physical and mental health, or the existence of a serious inheritable disease for the
newborn. In 23 November 1955, the Government of the former Soviet Union repealed the
general prohibition and specified that abortion could be performed freely during the first
twelve weeks of pregnancy; beyond twelve weeks gestation, abortion can be requested if
continuation of the pregnancy and the birth would harm the mother.

SHAREEN JOSHI(Ghana Reproductive health)

Between 1960 and 2008, Ghana experienced two major reforms in their reproductive
health laws. Prior to 1985, laws associated with abortion, pill, condom, IUD and
sterilization were relatively strict. Abortion was illegal, even in the case when the
pregnancy was life threatening to the mother. The pill, requiring a prescription, and
condom were available at pharmacies for contraceptive purposes. There was no subsidies
and advertising was strictly prohibited. IUD can only be installed by a physician. There
were no laws associated with sterilization.