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Renewable energy technologies in a dispatchable (i.e. from biomass,

concentrated solar power with storage, geothermal power and hydro) form or
non-dispatchable / Variable Renewable Energy (i.e. from ocean power, solar
photovoltaics and wind) form behave differently in transmission towards grid
stability etc.
The later has characteristics emanating from:
1) variable temporal resources;
2) uncertain resource available;
3) geographical variation in the availability of resources; and
4) low costs as the resources being in abundance.

In the above mix up of scenario, a reorganised design, operation and planning

of changes in power systems required from technical and economic point of view
integrating the supply and demand for a more focussed smart grid technologies,
bringing energy storage and more flexible generation technologies.

This integration is to allow for new services and revenue channels, and to
support new business models.

There are several technological options that can help to integrate such scenario
into the power system grid :

system-friendly variation,
flexible generation,
grid extension,
smart grid technologies, and
storage technologies.

New advances in wind and solar PV technologies allow them to be used over a
wider range of conditions and provide ancillary services like frequency and
voltage control. Flexible generation requires changes in the energy mix to
optimise production from both dispatchable and non-dispatchable resources.
Smart grid technologies can act as an enabler for VRE integration, given their
ability to reduce the variability in the system by allowing the integration of
renewables into diverse electricity resources, including load control (e.g. Demand
Side Management (DSM), Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), and enhancing
the grid operation and therefore helping to efficiently manage the systems
variability by implementing advanced technologies (e.g. smart inverters, Phasor
Measurement Unit (PMU) and Fault Ride Through (FRT) capabilities).

Energy storage technologies can alleviate short-term variability (up to several

hours), or longer-term variability through pumped-storage hydroelectricity,
thermal energy storage or the conversion of electricity into hydrogen or gas.

Two immediate applications for deploying innovative technologies and operation

modes for VRE integration are mini-grids and island systems. The high costs for
power generation in these markets make VREs and grid integration technologies
economically attractive since they can simultaneously improve the reliability,
efficiency and performance of these power systems.

This is, for example, the case of the Smart Grid demonstration project in Jeju
Island, South Korea. Furthermore, the right assessment and understanding of
VRE integration costs are relevant for policy making and system planning. Any
economic analysis of the transition towards renewables-based power systems
should, therefore, consider all different cost components for VRE grid integration,
such as grid costs (e.g. expansion and upgrading), capacity costs and balancing
costs. Integration costs are due not only to the specific characteristics of VRE
technologies but also to the power system and its adaptability to greater
variability. Therefore, these costs should be carefully interpreted and not entirely
attributed to VRE, especially when the system is not flexible enough to deal with
variability (i.e. in the short-term).

Moreover, RE integration delivers broader benefits beyond purely economic ones,

such as social and environmental benefits. Even though not straightforward,
these externalities should be considered and quantified in order to integrate
them into the decision-making process and maximise socio-economic benefits.
Due to the rapid technological progress and multiple grid integration options
available, policy makers should build a framework for RE grid integration based
on the current characteristic of the system, developing technological
opportunities and long-term impacts and targets. In particular, policy makers
should adopt a long-term vision for their transition towards renewables and set
regulatory frameworks and market designs to foster both RE development and
management of greater system variability. Such regulatory frameworks could
include new markets for ancillary services and price signals for RE power
generators that incentivise the reduction of integration costs.

After the Sixth World Water Forum in Marseille, France in 2012, Electricite de France
(EDF) and the World Water Council (WWC) agreed to work on the framework, The
Multipurpose Water Uses of Hydropower Reservoirs. This framework bridges the
sixth forum in Marseille and the seventh forum in Daegu and Gyeongbuk in the
Republic of Korea in April 2015.
The framework addresses how to minimize contradictions and competition among
multipurpose water uses of hydro reservoirs and how to set an appropriate
governance structure that would allow coordinated and integrated water use
management in terms of strategy, planning, decision-making and operation.

Hydropower will keep playing for lower carbon grids of the

future that will increasingly be based upon wind and solar
generation.