NOTE:

See chapter 7 in the

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Figure numbers are given on each slide.

Skeletal system

Functions

Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage
Blood cell production

Bone structure

All bones have same basic structure

Different shapes
Long limbs
Flat skull
Short wrist and ankle
Irregular vertebrae
 Basic bone structure
Figure 7.2

Compact bone outside

Spongy bone inside

Parts of long bones:

diaphysis - shaft
epiphyses - ends
-- red marrow
-- growth plates
medullary cavity
-- yellow marrow (fat)
periosteum -- covers bone
articular cartilage at joints

Figure 7.1

Bone = connective tissue Figure 7.3

Cells in a matrix of fibers and ground substance

Fibers = collagen

Ground substance = mineral (calcium phosphate)

Cells = osteocytes two kinds together create bone

structure

Osteoblasts create mineral matrix and

collagen (building)

Osteoclasts tear down mineral matrix and

collagen (remodelling)
 Compact bone
Many osteons lined up parallel to each
other
central canal vessels and nerves
osteocytes live in lacunae (spaces)
connected by canaliculi

Resists bending
(bundle of spaghetti vs a single piece)

Spongy bone

Plates (trabeculae) braced against each other

Resists compression (bridge-like)

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Long bones bending forces

More compact bone and less spongy bone

Vertebrae -- compression
More spongy bone and less compact bone
Bone development two scenarios

1) endochondral development
long bones
occurs inside cartilage model
Figure 7.5

2) intermembraneous development
flat bones
occurs in space between two membranes

Future osteocytes migrate into

cartilage model or space and become
osteoblasts or osteoclasts.

Osteoblasts lay down bone matrix.

Osteoclasts remodel it into final form.

Bone repair process is similar.

Intermembranous bone development flat bones

Osteocyte Membrane
Mesenchymal
cell
Stages of bone repair

Figures 7A and 7B

1) Hematoma

2) Spongy bone
and fibrocartilage

3) Bony callus

4) Remodeling

Figure 7.9

axial skeleton skull, spinal column, ribs

appendicular skeleton

shoulder girdle, arms, hands

pelvic girdle, legs, feet

many joints

joint = functional connection between two bones

Bones held together at joints by

ligaments

Fibers from periosteum of first bone become

ligament

Fibers in ligament merge into periosteum of

second bone
Joints structural classification
Fibrous sutures of skull
Little or no movement
Figure 7.34 bone fibers periosteum

Cartilaginous intervertebral discs

Limited movement
Figure 7.17
fibrocartilage gelatinous material

Synovial arms, legs, jaw, hands, feet

Free movement

Synovial joints:
basic parts -- Figure 7.35
articular cartilage
synovial membrane
synovial fluid
joint capsule
extras Figure 7.36
fat pads
bursi = pockets of synovial fluid
menisci = fibrocartilage pads

Joints mechanical classification

Figure 7.37

Pivot atlas and axis

Ball and socket -- hip
Hinge elbow
Gliding wrist and ankle
Condyloid knuckles
Saddle base of thumb
 Diseases of bone

Infection TB

Nutritional
scurvy lack of vitamin C
bones brittle not enough collagen

rickets lack of vitamin D

bones deformed not enough mineral

Diseases of bone, continued

Osteoporosis
lack of calcium
lack of exercise
lack of estrogen

Cancers
myeloma (marrow)
sarcoma (bone itself)

Diseases of joints

Infection TB, gonorrhea

Metabolic gout
Uric acid crystals deposited in synovial
joints
 Diseases of joints, continued

Arthritis two kinds

Osteoarthritis = wear and tear damage to

articular cartilage

Rheumatoid arthritis = immune system

attacks connective tissue of joint capsule
and articular cartilage