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This task is structured to meet the Rekayasa Sungai courses taught by
Dr. Very Dermawan, ST., MT.
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Dea Rozan Aqil Pradana 145060401111024
Khairunnisa 145060401111027
Satrio Harganto 145060401111028
Roid Ghozi 145060401111029
Luthfi Inayah 145060401111030
Titih Pawestri 145060401111031
Nadia Sari Nastiti 145060401111032
Yulia Amirul Fata 145060401111034
Ni Komang Yuli Sariyanti 145060401111041
Yessy Noviyanti Putri 145060401111044
Thanks to God for helping us and give us chance to finish this assighment timely. And we
would like to say thank you to Dr. Very Dermawan ST., MT. as the lecturer that always
teaches us and give much knowledge.
We realized this assighment is not perfect. But we hope it can be useful for us. Critics and
suggestion is needed here to make this assighment be better.
Author
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Tides is a process of periodic increase and decrease in the sea water as a result of
the influence of gravity the moon and sun. The process of periodic is a natural process by
which the incident happened in a repetitive manner so that it can help it is predicted. In
contrast to the wave that is the incident random, tides are periodic so that it can help
determined with certainty scene of tides. Alluvial is the type of land that formed because
the sediment. Regional precipitate happening in a river, lake which is located in lowland,
or the basin allow for the sediment.
Sediment is the deposition of the material rock transported by water, wind or
glaciers. Where the deposition of the material rocks can occur around water flow in rivers,
beach, the seabed, lake, and the mainland particular. Sedimentation by river water produces
notching nature, namely delta, flood plains, meanders, and fan alluvial. The content of non-
tidal alluvial river are about introductory matters, river hydrolics, river survey, river
models, and river engineering.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
The dotted line shows the relationship between A and L. It appears that larger
catchments are usually somewhat more elongated than smaller ones, but there is on the
whole a fair sirnilarity in shape. The sirnilarity of the shape of catchments is greatest
within the same catchment: sub-catchments and main catchment often have similar
characteristics. This is the reason why the aspect ratios of sub-catchments and ofthe main
catchment tend to be the same.
3. Rainfall-runoff
The most conspicuous feature of a river channel, apart from its size, is the
hydrograph. A hydrograph is a time-series of water level data or discharge data. The
primary data consist of water level observations and discharge measurements from which a
stage discharge rating curve is established. The amount of this information time-wise
depends on the period of water level observations. Because these data are of a stochastic
nature, and the engineer often requires information on extreme high or extreme low water,
long time-series are needed. Now existing water level observations can only be extended if
a great deal of time (years) is available and, therefore, recourse to already existing and
longer time-series of related even ts is sought. Because rainfall data are usually available in
longer time-series than water level observations, one then tries to establish the relation
between rainfall and discharge.
There is a large amount of literature on this subject because it has proved
impossible to describe the process of rainfall turning into runoff in terms of physicallaws
supplemented by areasonabie quantity of physical data of the catchment area. This is
because of the complexity of river basins.
The first object of parametric hydrology is to determine the relation between
rainfall and runof. As in the Stanford Watershed Model this relationship can be used to
investigate changes in the hydrograph due to changes in the catchment area. An
introduction to the effects of watershed changes is given by W. L. Moore and Morgan
(1969).
As mentioned earlier, the rainfall-runoff relationship, in combination with long
time-series of rainfall data, can be used to calculate long time-series of discharge data
when observed discharges (water levels plus rating curve) are of too short a duration for
the solution of a particular problem. When stillionger time-series are required, data
generation techniques can be applied. First the deterministic elements (evolving according
to a fixed mechanism) and stochastic elements (evolving entirely or in part according to a
random mechanism) are separated.
4. Sediment yield
Sediment is partly of mineral and partly of organic origin. The mineral part
originates from the decomposition of rock. Large pieces of rock have the same mineral
composition as the mother rock but further weathering usually causes a separation of the
minerals and eventually each sediment partic1e is of a homogeneous composition. For
example, granite becomes sand and c1ay. Clays are the weathering products of silicates:
feldspars, hornblende, micas and other silicates.
The total sediment outflow from a catchment area passing a control station for that
catchment area is called the sediment yield. It can either be expressed in tonsper annum, in
tons per square kilometre per annum, or in m3 per square kilometre per annum. The latter
denomination is the average denundation or degradation speed of the catchment area in
mm per thousand years. Sediment yield expressed in tons or m3 km-2 per annum is also
referred to as sediment production rate or as specific annual degradation.
The speed of erosion usually varies from one point to another, and when particles
move from an area of great erodibility to an area of smaller erodibility, the second area will
silt up (aggradate). Thus part of the sediment yield of the former area does not pass
through. It follows that the sediment yield of a catchment area is usually smaller than the
sum of the sediment yields of its subsystems. This is expressed as a percentage or a ratio
between the sediment yield of the whole catchment area and the total on-site erosion in that
area: the sediment delivery ratio. Whilst the sediment delivery ratio of small areas
approaches 100%, the sediment delivery ratios oflarge areas ean be lower than 10%
(ASCE, 1970).
3. Oxygen balance
The concentration of dissolved oxygen and its distribution in rivers depends on the
balance between the processes which supply oxygen and those which consurne oxygen.
The most important supplies are from absorption of atmospheric oxygen and from
photosynthesis; an additional source is oxygen due to reduction processes such as
denitrification. The major consumption is through the oxygen demand of the organic
material, followed by the oxygen requirements for the nitrification of all nitrogen
compounds and the benthal oxygen demand of the sludge deposits on the bottom of the
river. Finally there is the respiration of algae and zooplankton.
When some waste exhibiting first phase carbonaceous oxygen demand has been
discharged into the river, the k va1ue in the river lies between approx. 0.2 and 0.3 (per
day). In some cases the BOD of the effluent is not a good measure of the oxygen demand
and other methods have been developed for that purpose. But none of the Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD), the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) or the Total Oxygen Demand
(TOD) tests have given satisfactory results, and their interrelationship is still open to many
questions (Davis, 1971).
Benthal deposits in a river or a reservoir will affect the quality of the overlying
water, because the organic matter in these deposits will have a certain oxygen requirement.
In principal there are two distinct processes taking pI ace between the deposit and the
water above it (Ogunrombi and Dobbins, 1970).
The other process concerns the organic material which is transferred from the
henthai deposit to the water flowing above, thereby increasing the BOD of this water.
Under aerobic conditions the rate of both processes is independent of dissolved oxygen
concentration, but it is obvious that when the overlying water is anaerobic, the first-
mentioned processes will be hampered by a lack of oxygen. The total oxygen demand of a
benthal deposit never reaches the potential aerobic demand of the sludge, whereby a
shallow deposit satisfies a greater percentage of its potential demand than the deeper
deposits. This can be explained by the anaerobic decomposition of the deeper layers which
produce some end products which cannot be oxidized.
The water movement of non tidal alluvial river are content by:
1. Steady Flow
The dynamics of river flow is influenced basically by the bottom shear stress.
Without information about it the set of equations derived in the preceding section cannot
be solved. However , theoretical treatment of the bottom stress can only be applied to the
very special case of steady, uniform, two-dimensional flow. The simplest approach is to
assume that the turbulent stress will behave in the same way as the viscous stress. The
latter is negligible except very near the river bottom. A coefficient of turbulent viscosity or
eddy-viscosity can be defined by :
u
xz
z
For sub-critical flow, however, the influence of the downstream condition does extend
upstream. Therefore the following rule applies: for subcritical flow the boundary condition
should be specified at the downstream section, for super-critical flow at the upstream
section. In the subsequent region the velocity maximum shifts outwards from the inner
bank and consequently the flow is not uniform. Further details on the lateral distribution of
flow are still the subject of research, for which the reader is referred to Rozovsk (1957)
and de Vriend (1976).
CHAPTER III
FINAL
REFERRENCE LIST
Jansen, P.Ph, L. van Bendegom, J.van den berg, M. de Vries dan A.Zanen. 1979. Principles
of River Engineering The Non-Tidal Alluvial River. Pitman. London, England.
https://anakkelautan.wordpress.com/2015/03/12/pasang-surut-tidal-istilah-
pasang-surut/
https://www.google.com/search?q=alluvial+adalah&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-
8#q=aluvial+adalah