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PAG 76 SPIEKERMANN
Definicin de osseointegracin:
Una conexin directa entre el hueso vivo y un implante endoseo con carga
medido a nivel microscpico.Branemark PI. USA: Quintessence Books; 2005.
The Osseointegration Book From Calvarium to Calcaneus; p. 24
Mecanismo de oseointegracion:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4439679/#sec1-2title
Amedidaquelacelulaseaproximaallasuperficiedeltitanio,seproduceelanclaje
celular,avecesseguidodelaadhesincelular.Ambosprocesossonprincipalmente
dirigidosporlaenergaylamojabilidad(permeabilidad)delasuperficie.
Lamojabilidaddescribeelbalanceentrelasinteraccionesintermolecularescuando
unasuperficiesolidayunliquidosejunta.Describelahabilidaddeunliquidode
mantenercontactoconlasuperficiesolida.
Launincelularocurrecuandolacelulaestaa25nanometrosdelbiomaterialyes
medidadaporfuerzaselectrostticas.Laadhesincelularocurresolosilamembrana
celularentreencontactodirectoconelbiomaterial,anivelatomico.
Laadhesincelularallasuperficiedetitanioesmediadainicialmenteporenlaces
covalentes,ionicos,hidrgenosotransferenciadecarga.
Porejemplo,sitiosdoadoresdeelectronesenlasuperficiedelosteoblastos
interactanconelsitioaceptantedeoxidodetitaniodelasuperficiedandocomo
resultadoadhesinosteoblasticaydiferenciacin.
Luegolacelulaesmediadaporestructurascelularesqueconsisteenunamatriz
complejademembranatransplasmaticaprotenascitoplasmticasqueunenlamatriz
extracelular.Losligandosqueinteractanconlasintegrinasincluyen:fibronectina,
vitronectinaycolgeno.Cytoskeleton,junctions,fibroblasts,andextracellular
matrix,inTen Cate's Oral Histology: Development Structure and
Function,A.Nanci,Ed.,pp.5778,MosbyElsevier,MarylandHeights,Mo,USA,
7thedition,2008
Lapartedelaintegrinainteractuaconelcitoesqueletodeactinayotrasprotenasdel
puntodeadhesinfocal.C.N.EliasandL.Meirelles,Improvingosseointegration
ofdentalimplants,Expert Review of Medical Devices,vol.7,no.2,pp.
241256,2010.
Los implantes con una energa de superficie elevada son bioactivos y absorben
protenas microambientales. La energa superficial es un factor importante para
la mediacin de actividades celulares, la superficie de titanio lisa no promueve
suficiente actividad osteogenica. Sin embargo la superficie moderadamente
rugosa del titanio es suficiente para inducir un efecto osteogenico.
Immediatelyafterinsertionofanimplantintobone,aprocessofchemical
modificationstartsattheimplantsurface.Thisprocessisrelatedtotheexposureof
theimplantsurfacetoanelectrolyticenvironmentandtoionicexchangewiththe
surroundingtissuesandfluids.Thisprocesscanmediatedifferentialadsorptionand
conformationofproteinswhichplayanimportantroleinplateletadhesiontothe
implantsurfaceandinplateletactivation[3,35],drivingtheearlyeventsofperi
implantbonewoundhealing.Surfacechemistrydependentconformationalchanges
inadsorbedproteinsinfluencecellularactivities.Forexample,specificstructural
changesinadsorbedfibronectindifferentiallymodulatetheexpressionofintegrins
onosteoblasts;integrinsinturnregulatefocaladhesionandintracellularsignaling
pathways
Immediatelyafterimplantinsertionthereisagreaterdegreeofattachmentoffibrin
totheincreasedsurfaceareaofamoderatelyroughimplantthantoasmoothimplant
surface,thusenhancingtheadhesionofastablebloodclotwiththeformationofa
threedimensional provisional fibrin matrix which serves as an osseoconductive
scaffoldfordifferentiatingosteogeniccellsmigratingtotheimplantsurface[42]
andfortheingrowthofnewbloodvessels[39].
Moderatelyroughimplantsurfacesnotonlyfavourbloodclotstabilizationbutalso
promote activation of platelets [43,44], which produce biological mediators
including platelet derived growth factor, tumour growth factor, insulin growth
factor,andcytokines.Growthfactorsarealsoreleasedfrominjuredbloodvessels
andbonematrixinresponsetothebonedrillingforimplantinsertion.Inconcert,
these cytokines and growth factors accelerate the recruitment and stimulate the
differentiationofbothprogenitormesenchymalcellsfromthebonemarrowinthe
periimplant osteotomy walls and pericytes from blood vessel walls (Figure3)
[7,43,45].
Itappearsthatboneformationonthesurfaceofanartificialbiomaterialisvery
similar to the bone formation that occurs during physiological remodeling.
Physiologically, bone remodeling starts with osteoclastic bone resorption
characterized by dissolution of the inorganic matrix of the bone followed by
enzymaticdegradationoftheorganiccomponentofthematrix,creatingacomplex
threedimensionally structured surface. Osteoblasts then secrete noncollagenous
proteins which permeate the surface irregularities and undergo mineralization,
formingathinlayerofnoncollagenousmineralizedextracellularmatrixtermedthe
cement line. Therefore, this matrix mechanically interlocks with the complex
threedimensionalnanotopographyofthebonesurfacecreatedbytheosteoclastic
boneresorption,establishingtheinterfacebetweenandtheanchorageofthenewto
the old bone. Subsequently, osteoblasts secrete collagen fibers that become
organized,becomemineralized,andbondtothecementline.Thus,theanchorageof
thenewtotheoldboneismechanical(Figure3)[7,46].