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Genes are the blueprints of life. Genes control everything from hair color to blood
sugar by telling cells which proteins to make, how much, when, and where. Genes exist in
most cells. Inside a cell is a long strand of the chemical DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). A DNA
sequence is a specific lineup of chemical base pairs along its strand. The part of DNA that
determines
Line 5 what protein to produce and when, is called a gene.
First established in 1985 by Sir Alec Jeffreys, DNA testing has become an increasingly
popular method of identification and research. The applications of DNA testing, or DNA
fingerprinting within forensic science is often what most people think of when they hear the
phrase. Popularized by television and cinema, using DNA to match blood, hair or saliva to
Line 10 is one purpose of testing DNA. It is also frequently used for other benefits, like
criminals
wildlife studies, paternity testing, body identification, and in studies pertaining to human
dispersion. While most aspects of DNA are identical in samples from all human beings,
concentrating on identifying patterns called microsatellites reveals qualities specific and
unique to the individual. During the early stages of this science, a DNA test was performed
Line
using15an analysis called restriction fragment length polymorphism. Because this process was
extremely time consuming and required a great deal of DNA, new methods like polymerase
chain reaction and amplified fragment length polymorphism have been employed. The
benefits of DNA testing are ample. In 1987, Colin Pitchfork became the first criminal to be
caught as a result of DNA testing. The information provided with DNA tests has also helped
wrongfully
Line 20 incarcerated people like Gary Dotson and Dennis Halstead reclaim their freedom.
(http://www.livescience.com/topics/dna-genes)
QUESTIONS
Air quality can be impacted by climate change and, conversely, climate change can impact
air quality. Continued reductions in air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are
essential, as they pose serious threats to both peoples health and the environment across
the world. Air quality and climate
Line 5 can provide mutual benefits: climate change mitigation actions can help reduce air
Policies
pollution, and clean air measures can help reduce GHG emissions leading to reductions in
global warming
Emissions of pollutants into the air can result in changes to the climate. Ozone in the
atmosphere
Line 10 warms the climate, while different components of particulate matter (PM) can
have either warming or cooling effects on the climate. For example, black carbon, a
particulate pollutant from combustion, contributes to the warming of the Earth, while
particulate sulfates cool the earth's atmosphere.
Climate changes can result in impacts to air quality. Atmospheric warming associated with
Line 15change has the potential to increase ground-level ozone in many regions, which may
climate
present challenges for compliance with the ozone standards in the future. The impact of
climate change on other air pollutants, such as particulate matter, is less certain, but
research is underway to address these uncertainties.
(https://www.epa.gov/air-research/air-quality-and-climate-change-research)
(http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/24si_en.pdf)
QUESTION
1. The word pollutant in line 7 is closest in meaning to
A. harmfulness to the environment
B. harmfulness to humans
C. treating the environment
D. harmfulness to Animals
4. Which of the following method that the author mentioned for helping reduce GHG
emission?
A. growing trees
B. reduce using pollutant things
C. create association to look after about this problem
D. clean air measure