GENERAL EDUCATION

BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

> BIOLOGY STUDY OF LIFE BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY

> CARBOHYDRATES

> MAJOR PARTS OF CELL C ARBON

H YDROGEN
> PARTS OF CELL O XYGEN

> PLANT VS ANIMAL

PLANT ANIMAL SUGAR
CELL SHAPE RECTANGULAR CIRCULAR
CELL WALL SIMPLE
CHLOROPLAST
CENTRIOLES MONOSACARIDES
VACUOLES LARGE & CENTRAL SMALL & MANY

> PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC

FEW / SMALL MANY / LARGE

> EARLY DISCOVERIES

ROBERT HOOKE CORK
ANTON VAN LEFWENHOER MICROSCOPE
FELIX DUARDIN SARCODE
JAN EVENGELISTA PURKINJIE PHOTOPLASM > PROTEINS
ROBERT BROWN NUCLEUS FISH / BEANS
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN DEVELOP FIRST MEAT S
THEORY
THEODORE SCHAWN EGG WHITE
RUDOLF VIRAYOW BIOGENESIS NUTS/ SOY MILK
VIRCHOW'S
LOUIS PASTEUR THEORY OF
BIOGENESIS
> LIPIDS
> PHYSIOLOGY OF CELL (INSULATOR)
1. DIFUSSION GAS OILS
CHEESE
2. OSMOSIS MOVEMENT OF WATER EGG YOLK
ISOTONIC = SOLVENT CHICKEN SKIN
HYPERTONIC > SOLUTE
HYPO TONIC < SOLUTE > VITAMINS

3. SURFACE AREA WATER SOLUBLE FAT SOLUBLE

VITAMIN B VITAMIN A
4. ACTIVE TRANSPORT VITAMIN C VITAMIN D
* TRANSPORT ENERGY VITAMIN E
VITAMIN K
> MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS

> CELL CYCLE

* INTERFACE
G1 / S / G2

P PROPHASE X SET ASIDE X

M METAPHASE X MIDDLE
X LINE
X
A ANAPHASE < SEPARATE >
T TELOPHASE ( REAPPEAR)
> ZOOLOGY

> KINGDOM (BACTERIA)

> PHYLUM (INVERTEBRATES)

JOINTED LEGS

EXAMPLES:

EXAMPLES:

(REMATOCYST)
TENTACLES

EXAMPLES:
JOINTED LEGS CRAY FISH
LOBSTER

EXAMPLES:
CLAMS
SNAILS

EXAMPLES:
SPINY SKIN

6 LEGS INSECTS
8 LEGS SPIDER/ SCORPIONS
10 LEGS LOBSTER/CRABS
100 LEGS CENTEPEDE
1000 LEGS MILLIPEDES
> PLATYHELMINTHES > NEMATODA > ANNELIDA > CHORDATA (BACKBONE)
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES:
FLATWORMS ROUNDWORMS EARTHWORMS FISH PINS
LEECHES AMPHIBIANS GILLS
REPTILES SCALE
BIRDS AVES
MAMMALS MAMMA
> MICROBIOLOGY > BOTANY - PLANTS
* VIRUS PLANT BODY
REPLICATE RNA/ INVADE CELLS DIVISION TISSUES STOMATA
EXAMPLES: DERMAL OUTER EPIDERMIS
INFLUENZA VARICELLLA
HEPATITIS RUBELLA
DENGUE RUBEOLA GROUND MIDDLE CENTER
HERPES RHABDOVIRUS
SIMPLEX PARAMYXOVIRUS VASCULAR INNER WATER
HIV MINERALS
AIDS SUGAR

H HUMAN PHLOEM
I INDIFICIENCY SUGAR
V VIRUS
XYLEM
* BACTERIA WATER VESSEL
DNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL MINERALS
EXAMPLES:
COCCUS GLOBULAR / SPHERE TRAPIDS
BACCILUS CYLINDRICAL/ ROD
SPIRILOM CORKSCREWER > PLANT ORGANS

* PROTOZOANS ROOTS STEM

UNICELLULAR TOP (PRIMARY) SUPPORTS
EXAMPLES: FIBROUS (SECONDARY)
AMOEBA The firstrootthat come
Aroot'sfour majorfun
PLASMSDIUM A NCHORS inorganic nutrients, 2) a
EUGLENA S TORES ground, and supporting
vegetative reproduction
A BSORBS
* FUNGI
HETEROTROPHIC PLANT > TRANSPIRATIONS
HYPHA
CHHIN
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

* ALGAE
AUTOTROPHIC PROTIS (PHOTOSYNTHESIS)
EXAMPLES:
GOLDEN ALGAE
DIATOMS
DINOFLAGELLATES (RED TIDE) STOMATA

PHOTO GO

SUN + Co2 = GLUCOSE + OXYGEN

PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHLOROPLAST SUNLIGHT

1. CAPTURING ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT

LIGHT
2. MAKING ATP (SUGAR) DEPENDENT
CELLULAR = CAW (CARBON AND WATER) (DAY)

3. BUILDING CARBOHYDRATES PLATES

LIGHT
INDEPENDENT (NIGHT)
> FLOWERS
REPRODUCTION
POLLINATION

SEED DEVELOPMENT

> 3 MAJOR PARTS:

1. PERIANTH SEPAL
LEAF LIKE (CALYX), GREEN
STRUCTURE

PETALS BRYOPHYTES VS
COLORFUL STRUCTURE (COROLLA)
Tracheophytesarevascularplants,while
2. STAMEN MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN vascularplants.Tracheophytes(vascula
ligninforconductingwater(calledxylem).
conductthewaterfromtherootsintheso
P OLLENS (YELLOW) Thisallowstheseplantstogrowhigher.
A NTHER (PRODUCE POLLENS)
F ILAMENT
A NCHOR

3. PISTIL FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

S TIGMA (STICKY)
O VARY (REPRODUCTION)
S FXLE (LONG SLENDER PISTIL)
O VULE (HOMES)

>MONOCOT VS DICOT
MONOCOT DICOT
1. SEEDS 1 2

2. LEAVES VEINS: > REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT

LIGHT
PARALLEL NETWORK
WATER

3. STEM VASCULAR BUNDLES: MINERALS

SCATTERED RING
CIRCULAR
PLANTS / PLANTAE

Popularperennialsinclude:clematis,sometypesofdaisies,hardyferns,hellebore,hibiscus,hostas,lavender,
grasses,peonies,periwinkle,phlox,roses,salvia,sedum,violetsandyarrow.
> ORGANS SYSTEM

Thereare11majororgansystemsinthehuman body,whichincludethecirculatory,respiratory,digestive,excre
endocrinesystems.Theimmune,integumentary,skeletal,muscleandreproductivesystemsarealsopartofth

AXIAL SKELETON 80 BONES SKULL & RIBS

APPENDICULAR 126 BONES

206 BONES

1. SKELETAL SYSTEM 6. EXCRETORY SYSTEM

JOINTS BALL & SOCKETS (SHOULDER/ ARMS) KIDNEY
HINGE JOINT HINGE JOINT (ELBOW) URETER
URINARY
PIVOT ROTATE (NECK & HAND) BLADDER
GLIDING LIMITED MOTION (VERTEBRATE) URETHRA

2. MUSCULAR SYSTEM 7. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

SKELETAL MUSCLES SKIN (EPIDERMIS)
CARDIAC MUSCLES
SMOOTH MUSCLES 8. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
RIGHT LEFT
3. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
MOUTH / ORAL ACTIVITY
3D
DIMENSIONA
ESOPHAGUS L SENSE
STOMACH (TEMPERATURE STORE) CREATIVE
SMALL INTESTINE (ABSORB NUTRIENTS) ARTISTIC
LARGE INTESTINE / COLON (ABSORB WATER)
ACCESSORY ORGAN BRAIN
PANCREAS LIVER GALL BLADER CEREBRIUM =
GLANDS (ATAY) (APDO)
ALPHA BILE CELEBRIUM =
BETA (EMULSIFYING FATS)
INSULIN DELTA

4. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM HYPOSTHALAMUS

NOSE PHARYNX LARYNX TRACHEA
VOICE
BRONCHI LUNGS ALVEOLI DIAPHRAGM
LEFT - 3 GAS BREATHING
RIGHT - 2
BLOOD TYPE:
5. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM A B

HEART PUMP BLOOD

HEMOGL
BLOOD RBC (RED) ANEMIA
ABIN

WBC (WHITE) FIGHT CELLS

BLOOD VESSELS PRODUCE OXYGEN
2. ARTERIES NOT OXYGENATED
3. CAPILARIES SMALLEST BLOOD VESSELS
9. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Theendocrine systemis the collection of glands that produce hormones that reg
growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and
things.

10. LYMPATHIC Thelymphatic systemis a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of tox
unwanted materials. The primary function of thelymphatic systemis to transportlym
infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.

11. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

MALE Themale reproductive systemincludes the scrotum, testes, spermatic ducts, sex gl
Theseorganswork together to produce sperm, themalegamete, and the other compo

FEMALE Thefemale reproductive systemprovides severalfunctions. The ovaries produce t

called the ova or oocytes. The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where
sperm may occur.

Thereproductive systemorgenital systemis asystemof sexorganswithin an organism which work t

purpose of sexualreproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones ar
accessories to thereproductive system.

organ system organ and functions

skeletal, muscular, urinary, nervous, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, respirator
11 organ systems
integumentary, lymphatic

skeletal provide support & protection, store calcium & other minerals BONE AND CARTILAG

muscular provides movement, generates heat that maintains body temp. SKELETAL MUSCLE

protects against environmental hazards, provides sensory information, regulates b

integumentary
NAILS, HAIR, SWEAT GLANDS

directs immediate responses, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ sy

nervous
interprets sensory information about external conditions. BRAIN, SPINAL CHORD, N

adjusts metabolic activity, controls structural & functional changes during develop
Endocrine
TESTES, OVARIES, ADRENAL GLANDS, PITUITARY GLAND, PANCREAS, THYROID GLA

Circulatory/ distributes blood, water,dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, ox

cardiovascular HEART, BLOOD, BLOOD VESSELS

lymphatic defends against infection and disease. SPLEEN, THYMUS, TONSILS, LYMPH NODES

provides O2 to bloodstream, removes CO2 from bloodstream, SINUSES, BRONCHI,

respiratory
NASAL CAVITIES, TRACHEA, LARYNX

processes and digests food.breaks down food and absorbs nutrients TEETH, TONGU
digestive
ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, SMALL & LARGE INTESTINE, LIVER, GALL BLADDER, PANCR

urinary Rids body of wastes KIDNEYS, URETERS, BLADDER, URETHRA

male reproductive produce male sex cells (sperm) and hormones TESTES, EPIDIDIMYS,PROSTATE GLA

female reproductive produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, supports developing embryo fr
delivery, provides milk to nourish newborn. CLITORUS, OVARIES, VAGINA, UTERUS,
TUBE, MAMMORY GLANDS
 CHO (GLUCOSE)
CARBS
TASTELESS

COMPLEX (POLY)

DISSACARIDES

FATTY ACIDS
SPONGE (PORES)

JELLYFISH
SEA ANEMONES
CORALS

INSECTS
SPIDERS

SQUID
OCTOPUS

STAR FISH
SEA URCHINS
BANGUS / GG
FROG
TURTLES/ CROCODILES
PENGUINS/ OSTRICH
CAT/ DOG
NTS
BODY
ORGANS
PRODUCES
GAS EXCHANGE
PROTECT
PARENCHYMA PHOTOSYNTHESIS
POLENCHYMA SUPPORT
CELLCHYMA SUPPORT
STRENGTHEN

STEM LEAVES
SUPPORTS PHOTOSYNTHESIS

that comes from aplantis called the radicle.

majorfunctionsare 1) absorption of water and
rients, 2) anchoring of theplantbody to the
supporting it, 3) storage of food and nutrients, 4)
production and competition with other plants.

STALK

CUTICLE
(WAXY COATING)
 TRACHEOPHYTES

lants,whilebryophytesarenon-
es(vascularplants)havetissuewith
ledxylem).Thexylemallowsto
tsinthesoiltothetopoftheplant.
whigher.

R PLANT GROWTH
TEMPERATURE
CARBON DIOXIDE
MINERAL
OXYGEN
NUTRIENTS
SOIL

avender,someornamental
ive,excretory,nervousand
partofthehuman body.

PURIFYING BLOODS
WAYS OF URINE

STORE URINE

EXIT URINE

TEM
LARGEST ORGAN

YSTEM
FT WATER

NUMBERS
LANGUAGE
WRITING

(BALANCE)
controls all voluntary actions in the body
fine movement,equilibrium,posture, andmotor
learningin humans

THERMO SEXUAL DRIVE

AB O
s that regulate metabolism,
leep, and mood, among other

ody of toxins, waste and other

sportlymph, a fluid containing

ts, sex glands, and penis.

er components of semen.

produce thefemaleegg cells,

be where fertilization by a

ch work together for the

mones are also important

espiratory, cardiovascular,

CARTILAGE

MUSCLES

gulates body temperature SKIN,

organ systems, provides and

CHORD, NERVES

development (hormones)
ROID GLAND.

oducts, oxygen, and COz

NODES

RONCHI, LUNGS, ALVEOLI,

H, TONGUE, PHARYNX,
ER, PANCREAS

TATE GLANS, PENIS, SCROTUM

embryo from conception to

UTERUS, LABIA, UTERINE