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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would also like to give many thanks to my friends in class UTE and closed
friends who have made my life a joyful one and a new family.
Lastly, I appreciate all teacher teached me during two years master of science at
University of technical education HCMC.
i
Table of contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. i
ii
Table of contents
References ............................................................................................................................................... 40
Publications arising from thesis ................................................................................................. 46
iii
Nomenclature
Nomenclature
T
b s bsx bsy the body force
fs force caused by the solid domain at the interface between the fluid
and solid domains
Ip identity matrix
K fIJ
k
smoothed stiffness element matrix for fluid domain
K sIJ
k
smoothed stiffness element matrix for solid domain
M total number of the boundary segments
Mf mass matrix for fluid domain
N nod
f total number of nodes of elements of f
v
Nomenclature
s solid domain
f
k
smoothing domain for fluid domain
s
k
smoothing domain for solid domain
sf boundary between the fluid domain and the solid domain
vi
Nomenclature
f
k
smoothed problem boundary for fluid domain
s
k
smoothed problem boundary for solid domain
p pressure gradient
p
k
smoothed pressure gradient
s 2D differential operator for solid domain
f
k
smoothing function for fluid domain
s
k
smoothing function for solid domain
vii
List of figures
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.2. Triangular elements and the smoothing domains associated with
edges in ES-FEM-T3.
Figure 2.3. Domain discretization and the smoothing domains (shaded areas)
associated with edges of n-sided polygonal elements in the nES-
FEM.
Figure 2.5. Gauss points of the smoothing domains associated with edges for
n-sided polygonal elements in the nES-FEM.
Figure 3.1. Model of the 2D deformable solid backed by a closed box filled
with water.
viii
List of figures
Figure 3.8. Forced frequency response at the point A(2.0,5.0) in the solid
domain with the force applied also to the point A(2.0,5.0) by the
ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM.
Figure 3.9. Forced frequency response at the point A(2.0,5.0) in the solid
domain with the force applied also to the point B(2.0,3.0) in the
fluid domain by the ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM.
Figure 3.10. Compare the forced frequency response at the point A(2.0,5.0) in
the solid domain with the force applied also to the point
A(2.0,5.0) by the ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM and by the nES-FEM for
solid domain without coupling with the fluid domain.
Figure 3.11. Compare the forced frequency response at the point A(2.0, 5.0) in
the solid domain with the force applied also to the the point A(2.0,
5.0) between the ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM and FEM-Q4/FEM-Q4.
Figure 3.12. Compare the transient response at the point A(2.0, 5.0) in the solid
domain with the force applied also to the the point A(2.0, 5.0)
between the ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM and FEM-Q4/FEM-Q4
ix
List of figures
Figure 3.14. A discreatization using n-sided polygonal elements for te dam and
triangular elements for the fluid domain.
Figure 3.16. Forced frequency response at the point C(10.0, 5.0) in the solid
domain with the force applied also to the the point C(10.0, 5.0) by
the ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM.
Figure 3.17. Forced frequency response at the point C(10.0, 5.0) in the solid
domain with the force applied to the the point D(8.0, 1.0) by the
ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM.
x
List of tables
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. Shape function values at different sites on the smoothing domain
boundary associated with the edge 1-6 in Figure 2.5
xi
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The need of computing the dynamic behavior of two-dimensional (2D) fluid-solid
system arises in many important engineering problems. The dam-reservoir interaction
during earthquakes and fluid storage containers subjected to dynamic loads are
examples of this class of problems. However, predicting the response of fluid-solid
coupled systems is generally a difficult task. In most practical problems, it is not
possible to obtain closed form analytical solutions for the coupled systems. As a result,
much effort has been performed in order to develop the different numerical methods
for these coupled systems.
Numerical analysis of fluid-solid interaction problems involves the modeling of
fluid domain, solid domain, and the interaction between these two domains. The finite
element method (FEM), the boundary element method (BEM) and the meshfree
methods are currently the most preferred tools for the simulation of the fluidsolid
interaction problems [1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 34, 35, 36, 44, 45, 46, 47]. The numerical
solution of the fluidsolid interaction problems can be performed using only FEM or a
coupled BEM/FEM with a displacementdisplacement formulation [4, 46, 47] or a
pressure-displacement formulation [2, 8, 9, 10], or a combination of these [1, 45].
In numerical computation using the conventional FEM for 2D solid mechanics
problems, the use of triangular and quadrilateral elements are well-established.
However, there is significant bottleneck in generating quality meshes using three- and
four-sided elements for complex geometries. The use of elements with a large number
of sides will provide greater flexibility and better accuracy to solve problems that arise
in solid mechanics and biomechanics. Since material microstructure in polycrystalline
alloys and piezoelectrics, and bone can be described through polygonal sub-domains,
the use of polygonal finite elements (nFEM) in such applications is a natural choice.
1
Chapter 1 Introduction
However so far, although there have been many researches [7, 21, 22, 23, 38, 39, 40,
41, 43] about the nFEM using polygonal elements, these nFEM still possesses some
among four following main disadvantages: 1) the construction of shape functions is
complicated; 2) the numerical integration on the polygonal elements is difficult; 3) they
overestimate excessively the stiffness of the problem which leads to poor accuracy in
solutions; 4) they are subjected to locking in the problems with bending domination
and incompressible materials.
In the 2D fluid-solid interaction problems, the geometrical domain of fluid is
usually simpler than that of the solid domain. Hence, the 3-node linear triangular
element (FEM-T3) are preferred by many engineers due to its simplicity, robustness,
and efficiency of adaptive mesh refinements. However, the FEM-T3 element possesses
overly stiff property which causes the following certain drawbacks: 1) they
overestimate excessively the stiffness of the problem which leads to poor accuracy in
solutions; 2) they are subjected to locking in the problems with bending domination
and incompressible materials.
In order to overcome these disadvantages of both triangular element and n-sided
polygonal element, Liu and Nguyen-Thoi et al. [13] incorporated the gradient
smoothing technique of meshfree methods [5] into the FEM to formulate a series of the
smoothed FEM models (S-FEM) named as cell-based S-FEM (CS-FEM) [12, 14, 15,
19, 24, 33], node-based S-FEM (NS-FEM) [18, 30], edge-based S-FEM (ES-FEM)
[16], and alpha-FEM [17] that use linear interpolations.
For polygonal elements, there are three smoothed FEM models (nS-FEM) including
n-sided polygonal cell-based smoothed FEM (nCS-FEM) [6], n-sided polygonal node-
based smoothed FEM (nNS-FEM) [18, 26], and n-sided polygonal edge-based
smoothed FEM (nES-FEM) [27].
In these S-FEM models, the finite element mesh is used similarly as in the FEM
models. However, these S-FEM models evaluate the weak form based on smoothing
domains created from the entities of the element mesh such as cells/elements, or nodes,
or edges. These smoothing domains can be located inside the elements (CS-FEM and
2
Chapter 1 Introduction
the numerical results are often found super-convergent and much more accurate than
those of nFEM using polygonal elements with the same sets of nodes; 2) there are no
spurious non-zeros energy modes found and hence the method is also stable and works
well for dynamic analysis; 3) the implementation of the method is straightforward and
no penalty parameter is used, and the computational efficiency is better than nFEM
using the same sets of nodes.
of the standard FEM and some advantages of two chosen S-FEM models (ES-FEM-T3
and nES-FEM) are briefly presented. The objective of the thesis are clearly described.
4
Chapter 1 Introduction
interaction using the standard finite element method (FEM), ES-FEM-T3 and nES-
FEM are briefly presented including the governing equations (or strong form), weak
FEM/nES-FEM) about static response, frequency response and transient response are
presented. The numerical results of the proposed coupled method are compared with
some insight comments, crucial contributions, and some recommendations for the
future works.
5
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
Chapter 2
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES
fluid domain and the solid domain is denoted, sf ; two remaining fluid boundaries
6
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
2 p 2 q
2 c0 p c0 in f
2 2
t t
p= p on p
Fluid: (2.1)
n p w on z
f
+ and the initial conditions
T 2u s
s s b in s
s s
t 2
Solid: us = u on u (2.2)
n = t on t
s s s
and the initial conditions
u s |n u f |n
on sf (2.3a)
Coupling:
s |n p
on sf (2.3b)
where for the fluid, p(t ) is dynamic pressure; q f (t ) is the added fluid mass per unit
n f n fx n fy is the boundary normal vector pointing outward from the fluid domain;
T T
and for the solid, s x y xy is the stress; u s usx usy is the displacement;
b s bsx bsy is the body force; s is the density of the material; n s is the boundary
T
0
x
s 0 (2.5)
y
y x
In the solid, the displacement u s and strains s are related by the kinematic relation
7
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
s sus (2.6)
and the stresses s and strains s are related by the Hooks law
s Ds s (2.7)
where Ds 3 3 is a symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrix of material constants.
2 p q f
f 2t c0 p c0 t d 0
2 2 2
v (2.8)
f
2 p
d c02 v f
T
vf p d c02 v f n f p d c02 v f n f p d
f
t2
f sf p
(2.10)
q f
c vn p d c v d
2 2
t
0 f f 0 f
z f
(due to v f H 01 ), we get
2 p q f
d c02 v f p d c02 v f n f p d c02 v f w d c02 v f
T
vf d (2.11)
f
t2
f sf z f
t
elements, then the pressure field p H 1 and test weight function v f H 01 can be
approximated by
8
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
p N f p ; vf N f c f (2.12)
T
where p p1 p2 pN nod contains the approximate pressure values at nodes;
f
T
c f c f 1 c f 2 c fN nod contains the chosen test values at nodes; and
f
f
NTf N f d p c02
f
(N f )T N f d p c02
sf
NTf n f pd c02
z
NTf w d c02
f
NTf
t
d (2.13)
and the governing system of equations for the fluid domain can be written
M f p + K f p = fq + f s (2.14)
where
N N f d ; K f c02 (N )T N f d
T
Mf = f f
f f
q f (2.15)
f s c02
sf
NTf n f pd ; f q c02
z
NTf wd + c02
f
NTf
t
d
in which f s represents the force caused by the solid domain at the interface between
the fluid and solid domains, and f q represents the force in the fluid domain.
9
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
T 2u s
s s s s s t 2 d 0
b
T
v (2.16)
s
v d vTs nss d ( v ) s d
T T T
s s s s s (2.17)
s s s
v d vTs nss d v t d ( s v s )T s d
T T T
s s s s s (2.19)
s sf t s
Substituting Eq. (2.19) into Eq. (2.16), the weak form of the solid domain becomes
2u s
v nss d v t d ( s v s ) s d v s b s d v s s 2 d 0
T T T T T
(2.20)
t
s s s
sf t s s s
or
2u s
s
v sT s
t 2
d ( s v s )T s d vTs ns s d vTs ts d v sT b s d
s sf t s
(2.21)
Substituting Eq. (2.6) and (2.7) into the second term in Eq. (2.21), the weak form
of the solid domain becomes
2u s
s
vTs s
t 2
d ( s v s )T Ds s u s d vTs nss d vTs ts d v sT b s d
s sf t s
(2.22)
Supposing the solid domain s is discretized into N snod nodes and N sel triangular
elements, then the displacement field u H1 and test weight function v s H10 can be
approximated by
us Ns d s ; v s Nscs (2.23)
10
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
N s N s dd s ( s N s )T Ds s N s dd s NTs nss d N t d N b d
T T T
s s s s s (2.24)
s s sf t s
and the governing system of equations for the solid domain can be written
M s d s + K s d s = f f + fb (2.25)
where
N s N s d ; Ks ( N ) Ds s N s d
T T
Ms = s s s
s s
(2.26)
ff NTs ns s d fb N t d N b d
T T
; s s s s
sf t s
in which f f represents the force caused by the fluid domain at the interface between the fluid
and solid domains, and fb represents the force in the solid domain.
particles and the solid moves together in the normal direction of the boundary.
Introducing the normal vector n nx ny n fx n fy nsx nsy , the continuous
or nu s nu f on sf (2.27)
11
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
nsx
s |n n s s p nT p (2.28)
nsy
T
where u f u fx u fx is the displacement of the fluid particles and p is the fluid
pressure. Using Eq. (2.28), the force vector f f in Eq.(2.26) can be expressed in the
fluid pressure by
ff
sf
NTs nss d
sf
NTs nT pd
sf
NTs nT N f d p f
(2.29)
For the fluid partition, the coupling is introduced in the force term f s (in Eq.
(2.14)). Using the relation between pressure and acceleration in the fluid domain
2u f (t )
p 0 (2.30)
t 2
and the boundary condition in Eq. (2.27) , the force acting on the fluid can be described
in terms of structural acceleration
2u f (t ) 2u s (t )
np|sf 0n |sf 0n |sf 0nN sd s |sf (2.31)
t 2 t 2
and the boundary force term of the fluid domain, f s in Eq. (2.14), can be expressed in
structural acceleration
f s =c02
sf
NTf n f pd c02
sf
NTf np d 0c02
sf
NTf nN s d d s
(2.32)
12
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
Ms 0 d s K s H d s fb
c 2 HT
M f p f 0 K f p f fq
(2.36)
0 0
smoothing technique [5] to compute the stiffness matrix based on the edges. The
stiffness matrix in the ES-FEM-T3 hence is called the smoothed stiffness matrix and
symbolized K f . In this process, the finite element mesh in the fluid domain is divided
N ed
f
k
into smoothing cells f based on edges of elements such that f fk and
k 1
(fi ) (f j ) , i j , in which N ed
f is the total number of edges of the finite element
mesh. For triangular elements, the smoothing domain fk associated with the edge k is
(m)
D E
A
(m)
inner edge k
C
(k)
G
(k)
B
Figure 2.2. Triangular elements and the smoothing domains associated with edges in
ES-FEM-T3.
13
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
Eq. (2.9) is used to create a smoothed pressure gradient p k on the smoothing cell
p k p x d
k
f
(2.37)
f
k
1/ Af k x fk
f k
x (2.38)
0 x fk
where Af k d is the area of the cell f and applying a divergence theorem, one
k
f
k
can obtain the smoothed pressure gradient p k that are constants over the domain
fk as follows
1
p x nfk x d
T
p k
Af k f
k
(2.39)
In the ES-FEM-T3, the trial pressure function p x is the same as in Eq. (2.12) of
the FEM and therefore the force vectors f s and f q in the ES-FEM-T3 are calculated in
p
k
on the cell fk associated with edge k can be written in the following matrix
14
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
where N f k is the total number of nodes of elements containing the common edge
k ( N f k 3 for boundary edges and N f k 4 for inner edges as shown in Figure 2.2),
b fIx x k
B fI x k (2.41)
b fIy x k
(2.42)
1
b fIy xk k N fI x n fy x d
k
Af f
k
Using the linear shape function of triangles as in Eq. (2.12) of the FEM-T3, the
pressure field in the ES-FEM-T3 is linear compatible along the boundary (fk ) . Hence,
one Gaussian point is sufficient for line integration along each segment of boundary
fik of fk , the above equation can be further simplified to its algebraic form
N x n l
M
1
b fIx xk GP k k
Af k
fI i fxi fi
i 1
(2.43)
N x n
M
1
b fIy xk k fI
GP
i
k k
l
fyi fi
Af i 1
(Gaussian point) of the boundary segment of fik , whose length and outward unit
normal vector are denoted as l fik and nfik nfxik nfyik , respectively.
K f K fIJk (2.44)
k 1
where K fIJk is the smoothed stiffness matrix associated with edge k and is calculated by
15
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
K fIJ
k
c02 BTfI B fJ d c02BTfI B fJ Af k
(2.45)
(fk )
of edges of the solid domain. For n-sided polygonal elements, the smoothing domain
(sk ) associated with the edge k is created by connecting two endpoints of the edge to
the two central points of the two adjacent elements as shown in Figure 2.3.
O I (m)
(AB, BI, IA)
edge k D
(CD)
(k)
C (CKDO)
K
(k)
(CK,KD,DO,OC)
Figure 2.3. Domain discretization and the smoothing domains (shaded areas)
associated with edges of n-sided polygonal elements in the nES-FEM.
16
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
s u(sk ) x u x x d
(k )
s s s
(2.46)
s
k
where (sk ) x is a given smoothing function that satisfies at least unity property
k
1/ As x sk
(k )
x (2.47)
x sk
s
0
s
k
theorem, one can obtain the smoothed displacement gradient s u(sk ) that is constant
n x
1
s u(sk ) x u s x d
T
k
As k
s (2.48)
s
k
where sk is the boundary of the domain sk as shown in Figure 2.3, and nsk x is
the outward normal matrix on the boundary sk and has the form
nsx k 0 nsy k
ns x
k
(2.49)
0 nsy k nsx k
In the nES-FEM, the trial displacement function u s x is the same as in Eq. (2.23)
of the FEM and therefore the force vectors f f and fb in the nES-FEM are calculated in
gradient s u(sk ) on the smoothing domain sk associated with edge k can be written in
the following matrix form of nodal displacements
17
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
s u(sk ) B x d sI k I (2.50)
I N s
k
where Ns k is the total number of nodes of elements containing the common edge k
( Ns k 3 for boundary edges and Ns k 4 for inner edges as shown in Figure 2.3), and
B sI xk is termed as the smoothed displacement gradient matrix on the smoothing
domain sk ,
bsIx x k 0
B sI x k 0 bsIy x k (2.51)
bsIy x k bsIx x k
and its nonzero components are calculated numerically using
1
bsIx xk N sI x nsx k x d ,
As k s
k
(2.52)
1
bsIy xk k N sI x nsy k x d
As s
k
When a linear compatible displacement field along the boundary sk is used, one
Gaussian point is sufficient for line integration along each segment of boundary sik of
N x n l
M
1
bsIx xk GP k k
As k
sI i six si
i 1
(2.53)
N x n
M
1
bsIy xk k sI
GP
i
k k
l
siy si
As i 1
(Gaussian point) of the boundary segment sik , whose length and outward unit normal
the simple averaging method [13, 6] for constructing nES-FEM shape functions is
used, and is briefted in subsection 2.3.2.
The smoothed stiffness matrix K s of the system is then assembled by a similar
process as in the FEM
N sed
K s K sIJk (2.54)
k 1
where K sIJk is the smoothed stiffness matrix associated with edge k and is calculated by
FEM, the smoothed stiffness matrix K f and K s , respectively in the fluid and solid
domains, are computed based on the edge-based smoothing domains through the
gradient smoothing technique [5]. Hence, based on the system of Eq (2.36) for the fluid
solid interaction problems using the FEM, the system of equations for the 2D fluid
solid interaction problems using the coupled ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM will be expressed
in the following form
Ms 0 d s K s H d s fb
c 2 HT
M f p f 0
(2.56)
0 0 K f p f f q
in Eq. (2.44).
19
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
Without the damping forces are also considered in the dynamic equilibrium
equations, the system of Eq. (2.56) for the fluidsolid interaction problems using the
coupled ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM can be expressed as follows:
Kx Mx F (2.57)
where
ds K H Ms 0 fb
x ; K s ; M 2 T F
M f
; (2.58)
p f 0 K f 0c0 H f q
A general solution of such a homogenous equation can be written as
x x exp it (2.59)
where t indicates time, x is the amplitude of the sinusoidal displacements and is the
angular frequency. On its substitution into Eq. (2.57), the natural frequency can be
found by solving the following eigenvalue equation.
K 2M x 0 (2.60)
where M p is the lump mass matrix of pth node; I p is the identity matrix of size 2 2 ;
N nod is the total number of nodes of the problem domain; Ap is the area surrounding
the pth node and is created by connecting sequentially the mid-edge-point to the central
20
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
points of the surrounding n-sided polygonal elements of the node pth as shown in
Figure 2.4; and t are the mass density and the thickness of the element, respectively.
node
p
21
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
Step 2: Evaluate the shape function values at the central point of the n-sided
polygonal element by averaging the shape function values of n field nodes at
step 1.
Step 3: Evaluate the shape function values at Gauss points along boundary
segments of smoothing domains by linear interpolation from the available shape
function values of n field nodes and central point.
5 3
n(k) A
s
g2
6 g1 2
(k)
s n(k)
s
1
7 n(k)
s
g3
g4 (k)
B s
n(k)
s
8 9
: field node : central point of n-sided polygonal element : Gauss point
Figure 2.5. Gauss points of the smoothing domains associated with edges for n-sided
polygonal elements in the nES-FEM.
Figure 2.5 and Table 2.1 give explicitly the shape function values at different
points of the smoothing domain associated with the edge 1-6. The number of support
nodes for the smoothing domain is 9 (from #1 to #9). We have 4 segments (sik ) on
(sk ) (1A, A6, 6B, B1). Each segment needs only one Gauss point, and therefore, there
are a total of 4 Gauss points (g1, g2, g3, g4) used for the entire smoothing domain
(sk ) associated with edge k (1-6), and the shape function values at these 4 Gauss
22
Chapter 2 The fundamental theories
Table 2.1. Shape function values at different sites on the smoothing domain boundary
associated with the edge 1-6 in Figure 2.5.
Site Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Description
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Field node
2 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Field node
3 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Field node
4 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 Field node
5 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 Field node
6 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 Field node
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 Field node
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 Field node
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 Field node
A 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 0 0 0 Centroid of element
B 1/5 0 0 0 0 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 Centroid of element
g1 7/12 1/12 1/12 1/12 1/12 1/12 0 0 0 Mid-segment point of
(sik )
discrete points inside and on the segments of the interested element. There is no extra
degrees of freedom are associated with these added points. In other words, these points
carry no additional independent field variable. Therefore, the total degrees of freedom
(DOFs) of a nES-FEM model will be exactly the same as the standard FEM using the
same set of nodes.
23
Chapter 3 Numerical examples
Chapter 3
NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
In this section, two numerical examples are performed to show the advantageous
properties of the proposed coupling ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM method for 2D fluid-solid
interaction problems. The numerical results of coupled ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM will be
compared with those of the coupled FEM-T3/FEM-T3 using triangular elements for
both fluid and solid domains, and of the coupled FEM-Q4/FEM-Q4 using quadrilateral
elements for both fluid and solid domains. In addition, to illustrate the convergent
property of the numerical methods, the reference solution by the coupled FEM-
Q8/FEM-Q8 using 8-node elements with a very fine element mesh for both solid and
fluid domain will be used.
Figure 3.1. Model of the 2D deformable solid backed by a closed box filled with water.
The 2D deformable solid in this example has the dimension of 10m 1m. The solid
is given the following data, density of the material s 2500 kg/m2 , elastic modulus
E 2.1109 N/m2 , poissons ratio 0.3, and is fixed supported at two ends. A closed
box filled with water is attached to the solid and has the dimension of 10m 4m The
following data were used in the fluid, 1000 kg/m2 and speed of air c 1500m/s2 .
24
Chapter 3 Numerical examples
The model is shown in Figure 3.1 and a discretization of the model using n-sided
polygonal elements for solid domain and triangular elements for fluid domain is shown
in Figure 3.2.
Figure 3.2. A discretization using n-sided polygonal elements for solid domain and
triangular elements for fluid domain for the 2D deformable solid backed by a closed
box filled with water.
3.1.1 Free vibration analysis
The eigenmodes analysis for the fluidsolid system is first investigated. The
solution of coupling FEM-Q8/FEM-Q8 with 729 degree of freedom (DOFs) for fluid
and 1290 DOFs for solid is used as reference solution. Figure 3.3 shows the
convergence of the first coupled eigenmode by 3 different coupled methods: FEM-
T3/FEM-T3, FEM-Q4/FEM-Q4 and ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM. The results show that
with the same of DOFs, the ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM is the best one.
Figure 3.7 shows the shape and value of eight first coupled eigenmodes by the ES-
FEM-T3/nES-FEM. It is seen that that the shapes of eigenmodes express suitably the
real physical modes without having any of the spurious non-zero energy modes. In
addition, Figure 3.4 compares eight values of coupled eigenmodes by different coupled
25
Chapter 3 Numerical examples
26
Chapter 3 Numerical examples
methods. Again, it is seen that the results of the ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM is closest to the
reference solution.
Figure 3.5. A discretization using n-sided polygonal elements for solid domain and
very distorted triangular elements for fluid domain
27
Chapter 3 Numerical examples
For free vibration analysis, solutions of higher modes can be quite sensitive to the
distorted meshes. However, it is not the case for the ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM method as
shown in Figure 3.6 with the case of distorted mesh shown in Figure 3.5.
Mode 1 Mode 2
Mode 3 Mode 4
Mode 5 Mode 6
Mode 7 Mode 8
Figure 3.7. Shape of eight coupled eigenmodes of the fluid-solid system by ES-FEM-
T3/nES-FEM
28
Chapter 3 Numerical examples
c x is the Dirac function at the point x. Considering the case t 0 , the point x is put
at point A(2.0, 5.0) is shown in Figure 3.2, and / 2 is changed from 3Hz to 17Hz
where the value of three first coupled eigenfrequencies appears as shown in Figure 3.7.
The displacement responses measured at the loaded point A(2.0, 5.0) is shown in
Figure 3.8. It is seen clearly that the peaks of the three first responses occur exactly at
the values of three first eigenfrequencies as shown in Figure 3.7. Similarly, if we
change the position of loaded point x to the new coordinate in the fluid domain B(2.0,
3.0) and keep everything unchanged, we get the displacement responses measured at
the point A(2.0, 5.0) as shown in Figure 3.9. Again, it is seen clearly that the peaks of
the three first responses occur exactly at the values of three first eigenfrequencies.
These results imply that the forced frequency response analysis by the ES-FEM-
T3/nES-FEM can provide sufficient information about the eigen frequencies of the
fluid-solid interaction system, where the peaks of the response occur.
In addition, the forced frequency response analysis also shows clearly the difference
of eigenfrequencies between the solid system without coupling with the fluid and the
fluid-solid interaction system as shown in Table 3.1 and Figure 3.10. It is seen that the
eigenfrequencies of the solid system without coupling with the fluid are smaller than
those of the fluid-solid interaction system. It is hence necessary to use the fluid-solid
interaction system to model accurately the solid system coupling with the fluid. Figure
3.11 compares the forced frequency response analysis between the ES-FEM-T3/nES-
FEM and FEM-Q4/FEM-Q4. It is seen that the displacement responses of the ES-
FEM-T3/nES-FEM is closest to those of the reference solution by FEM-Q8/FEM-Q8.
In addition, as depicted in Figure 3.11, at lower frequencies, both the coupled ES-FEM-
T3/nES-FEM and FEM-Q4/FEM-Q4 can provide quite good results. However, with
29
Chapter 3 Numerical examples
Figure 3.8. Forced frequency response at the point A(2.0, 5.0) in the solid domain with
the force applied also to the the point A(2.0, 5.0) by the ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM.
Figure 3.9. Forced frequency response at the point A(2.0, 5.0) in the solid domain
with the force applied to the the point B(2.0, 3.0) in the fluid domain
by the ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM.
30
Chapter 3 Numerical examples
the increase in the frequency, the results obtained from the coupled ES-FEM-T3/nES-
FEM are still in good agreement with the reference results and provide accurate
eigenfrequencies prediction in these frequencies range; while the deviation between the
coupled FEM-Q4/FEM-Q4 and the reference is becoming larger as the frequency
becomes higher.
Figure 3.10 Compare the forced frequency response at the point A(2.0, 5.0) in the
solid domain with the force applied also to the point A(2.0, 5.0) by the
ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM and by the nES-FEM for solid domain
without coupling with the fluid domain.
Table 3.1. Value of eight first coupled and uncoupled eigenmodes
31
Chapter 3 Numerical examples
FEM Q4 - FEM Q4
-5
10
Disp
-10
10
ESFEM T3 - nESFEM
Reference solution (FEM Q8 - FEM Q8)
5 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 3.11. Compare the forced frequency response at the point A(2.0, 5.0) in the
solid domain with the force applied also to the the point A(2.0, 5.0) between the ES-
FEM-T3/nES-FEM and FEM-Q4/FEM-Q4.
0.8
0.6
FEM Q4 - FEM Q4
0.4
0.2
Disp
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
ESFEM T3 - nESFEM FEM Q8 - FEM Q8
-0.8
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Times (s)
Figure 3.12. Compare the transient response at the point A(2.0, 5.0) in the solid
domain with the force applied also to the the point A(2.0, 5.0) between the ES-FEM-
T3/nES-FEM and FEM-Q4/FEM-Q4.
32
Chapter 3 Numerical examples
N/m2 , poissons ratio 0.3, and is fixed at the dams foundation. The water is
attached to the dam and has the dimension of 10m 4m . The following data were used
in the fluid, 1000 kg/m2 and speed of air c 1500m/s2 . The model is shown in
Figure 3.13, and a discretization using n-sided polygonal elements for solid domain
and quadrilateral elements for fluid domain is shown in Figure 3.14.
The eigenmodes analysis for the fluidsolid system is investigated. The solution of
coupled FEM-Q8/FEM-Q8 with 697 degree of freedom (DOFs) for fluid and 1570
DOFs for solid is used as reference solution. Figure 3.15 shows the convergence of the
33
Chapter 3 Numerical examples
Figure 3.14. A discretization using n-sided polygonal elements for the dam and
triangular elements for fluid domain.
34
Chapter 3 Numerical examples
Figure 3.18 shows the shape and value of eight first coupled eigenmodes by the ES-
FEM-T3/nES-FEM. It is seen that the shapes of eigenmodes express suitably the real
physical modes without having any of the spurious non-zero energy modes.
The forced frequency response analysis for the fluidsolid system by the the ES-
FEM-T3/nES-FEM is now investigated. First, the force applied to structure is a
harmonic vertical point load F (x, ) c x ieit , where c x is the Dirac function at
the point x. Considering the case t 0 , the point x is put at point C(10.0, 5.0) as shown
in Figure 3.14, and / 2 is changed from 8Hz to 24Hz where the value of three first
coupled eigenfrequencies appears as shown in Figure 3.18. The displacement responses
measured at the loaded point C(10.0, 5.0) is shown in Figure 3.16. It is seen clearly that
the peaks of the three first responses occur exactly at the values of three first
eigenfrequencies as shown in Figure 3.18. Similarly, if we change the position of
loaded point x to the new coordinate in the fluid domain D(8.0,1.0) and keep
everything unchanged, we get the displacement responses measured at the point
C(10.0, 5.0) as shown in Figure 3.17. Again, it is seen clearly that the peaks of the three
first responses occur exactly at the values of three first eigenfrequencies. These results
imply that the forced frequency response analysis by the ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM can
provide sufficient information about the eigenfrequencies of the fluid-solid interaction
system, where the peaks of the response occur.
35
Chapter 3 Numerical examples
Figure 3.16. Forced frequency response at the point C(10.0, 5.0) in the solid domain
with the force applied also to the the point C(10.0, 5.0) by the ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM.
Figure 3.17. Forced frequency response at the point C(10.0, 5.0) in the solid domain
with the force applied to the the point D(8.0, 1.0) by the ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM.
36
Chapter 3 Numerical examples
Mode 1 Mode 2
Mode 3 Mode 4
Mode 5 Mode 6
Mode 7 Mode 8
Figure 3.18. Shape of eight coupled eigenmodes of the fluid-solid system by the ES-
FEM-T3/nES-FEM.
37
Chapter 4 Conclusions and recommendations
Chapter 4
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 Conclusions
In this thesis, the ES-FEM and nES-FEM are combined to further extend to the
dynamic analysis of 2D fluid-solid interaction problems based on the pressure-
displacement formulation. In the present coupled method, the fluid domain is
discretized by triangular elements and the ES-FEM is used, while the solid domain is
discretized by n-sided polygonal elements and the nES-FEM is used. In both the fluid
and solid domains, the gradient smoothing technique based on the smoothing domains
associated with the edges of the elements is used to smooth the gradient of pressure
and gradient of displacement, respectively. This gradient smoothing technique can
provide proper softening effect, which will effectively relieve the overly stiff behavior
of the standard FEM model and thus improve significantly the solution of coupled
system. In addition, a simple lump mass matrix for the nES-FEM is also proposed and
hence the complicated integrations related to computing the consistent mass matrix can
be avoided in the nES-FEM. Some numerical examples have been presented to
illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM compared with
some existing methods for 2D fluid-solid interaction problems. The numerical
examples show that the coupled ES-FEM-T3/nES-FEM provides more accurate results
in eigenfrequencies, frequency responses and transient responses than those of many
existing coupled FEM/FEM models.
4.2 Recommendations
Basing on the results of the 2D fluid-structure interaction problems in this thesis,
we intend to further develop the smoothed FEM models for the following problems:
- 3D fluid-structure interaction problems in which structure includes plates and
shells made by many kinds of new materials such as composite, piezo, grad, stiffen
38
Chapter 4 Conclusions and recommendations
materials, etc. In the fluid domain, we used tetrahedral elements and the gradient of
pressure will be smoothed. In the solid domain, we used different triangular plate and
shell elements, and gradient of displacements will be smoothed. The gradient
smoothing technique can be also developed to create new triangular plate elements and
new triangular shell elements, and hence many new models for 3D fluid-structure
interaction problems will be proposed.
- 2D fluid-structure interaction problems in which we consider the navier-stokes
equation for the flow of fluid. In this case, both pressure and velocity of the fluid will
be considered in the fluid domain, and hence the 2D fluid-structure interaction
problems will become much more difficult.
- 2D and 3D fluid-structure interaction problems in which we consider the large
deformation for both structure and fluid domains. The theory of large deformation and
the Arbitrary Lagrange Euler (ALE) method will be used for these cases, and fluid-
structure interaction problems will become much more difficult.
39
References
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45
Publications arising from thesis
Journal
46
Publications arising from thesis
47
Publications arising from thesis
1. Nguyen Ngoc Nhan, Phung Van Phuc, Nguyen Thoi Trung, Dynamic analysis
of 2D fluid-solid interaction problems by an alpha finite element method
(FEM). International Conference on Advanced Computing and Applications
Ho Chi Minh City (ACOMP 2011), October 19-21, 2011, (accepted).
2. Phung Van Phuc, Nguyen Thoi Trung, A n-sided polygonal edge-based smooth
finite element method (nES-FEM) for dynamic analyses of 2D fluid-solid
interaction problems. International Conference on Advanced Computing and
Applications Ho Chi Minh City (ACOMP 2011), October 19-21, 2011,
(accepted).
3. Nguyen Thoi Trung, Phung Van Phuc, Nguyen Xuan Hung, Dynamic analysis
of 2D fluid-solid interaction problems by an edge-based smoothed finite element
method (ES-FEM). International Conference on Advanced Computing and
Applications Ho Chi Minh City (ACOMP 2011), October 19-21, 2011,
(accepted).
48
Publications arising from thesis
4. Nguyen Thoi Trung, Phung Van Phuc, Nguyen Xuan Hung, Thai Hoang
Chien. Free vibration analysis of Reissner-Mindlin plates by a cell-based
smoothed discrete shear gap method (CS-DSG3) using triangular elements. 1st
International Symposium on Engineering Physics and Mechanics (ISEPM
2011), October 25-26/2011, (accepted).
49