Oral Revalida SYMPTOMATOLOGY

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME- a Palpitations

spectrum of clinical presentations
ranging from those for ST-segment
elevation myocardial infarction
(STEMI) to presentations found in non
ST-segment elevation myocardial
infarction (NSTEMI) or in unstable
angina
Anatomy and Physiology
Cardiovascular system
Pain, which is usually described
as pressure, squeezing, or a
burning sensation across the
precordium and may radiate to
the neck, shoulder, jaw, back,
upper abdomen, or either arm
Exertional dyspnea that
resolves with pain or rest
Diaphoresis from sympathetic
discharge
Nausea from vagal stimulation
Decreased exercise tolerance

ETIOLOGY
Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of
ACS
Unstable angina
Myocardial infarctions
Rupture and clot formation
*Atherosclerosis is the primary cause
of ACS

The cardiovascular system consists of Risk Factors:

the heart, which is an anatomical
Older age (older than 45 for
pump, with its intricate conduits
men and older than 55 for
(arteries, veins, and capillaries) that
women)
traverse the whole human body
Hypertension
carrying blood. The blood contains
oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and High blood cholesterol
immune and other functional cells that Cigarette smoking
help provide for homeostasis and Sedentary lifestyle
basic functions of human cells and Unhealthy diet
organs. Obesity
Diabetes
Blood is transported through the whole Family history
body by a continuum of blood vessels.
Arteries are blood vessels that MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
transport blood away from the heart,
Diagnosis:
and veins transport the blood back to
the heart. Capillaries carry blood to ECG
tissue cells and are the exchange sites Blood tests
of nutrients, gases, wastes, etc. Coronary angiogram
Medications: syndrome/diagnosis-
treatment/diagnosis/dxc-20202487
Thrombolytics
Nitroglycerin
Antiplatelet drugs
Beta Blockers
ACE inhibitors
Statins

Surgery and other procedures

Angioplasty and stenting

Coronary bypass surgery

NURSING DIAGNOSIS AND

INTERVENTIONS:

Acute pain related to increase in

lactic acid
o Allow patient to have
complete rest
o Administer anti-anginal
meds
o Provide supplemental
oxygen as indicated
o Monitor ECG changes
Activity intolerance related to
imbalance oxygen supply and
needs
o Allow patient to have
complete rest
o Monitor vital signs
Decreased cardiac output
related to changes in the
frequency of heart rhythm
Impaired tissue perfusion
related decrease in cardiac
output
Anxiety related to death

Source
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=yE3Y-ZW60vY
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/acute-coronary-
SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
SYNDROME (SEPSIS) - a potentially
life-threatening complication of an
infection. Sepsis occurs when
chemicals released into the
bloodstream to fight the infection
trigger inflammatory responses
throughout the body.
Anatomy and Physiology
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE- describes
the gradual loss of kidney function
Staging
The different stages of CKD form a
continuum. The stages of CKD are
classified as follows :
Stage 1: Kidney damage with
normal or increased GFR (>90
mL/min/1.73 m 2)
Stage 2: Mild reduction in GFR
(60-89 mL/min/1.73 m 2)
Stage 3a: Moderate reduction in
GFR (45-59 mL/min/1.73 m 2)
Stage 3b: Moderate reduction in
GFR (30-44 mL/min/1.73 m 2)
Stage 4: Severe reduction in
GFR (15-29 mL/min/1.73 m 2)
Stage 5: Kidney failure (GFR
<15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 or dialysis)
Anatomy and Physiology
Blood from the body enters the
kidneys through the renal arteries. The
blood passes through the nephrons,
where waste products and extra water
are removed. The clean blood is
returned to the body through the renal
veins.
The waste products filtered from the
blood are then concentrated into
urine. The urine is collected in the
renal pelvis. The ureters move the
urine to the bladder, where it is stored.
Urine travels from the bladder and out
of the body through the urethra.
The kidneys also make certain
hormones, which are substances that
control certain body functions.
Hormones made by the kidneys are:
Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates
the bone marrow to make red
blood cells.
Calcitriol, a form of vitamin D,
helps the intestines absorb
calcium from the diet.
Renin helps control blood pressure.
Symptomatology
Nausea
Vomiting
Loss of appetite
Source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=JjcqY95HR1o