Concrete2 Notes

Reinforced Concrete Analysis
and Flexural Design Factors for

Safety and Strain Comfort
MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING
LECTURE II / Fall 2015
Dr. Jason E. Charalambides

Analysis of Reinforced
Concrete Beams
Calculation of a beams moment capacity:

The triangular beam indicated is made of f`c=4ksi concrete and carries
three (3) #9 rebars of fy=60ksi.
Note that geometry offers itself for calculations regarding the Compression, the
lever-arm, and the depth of a.
Copyright J. Charalambides
Concrete Beams
We begin by the fundamental assumption that fs=fy (we verify this at a

later step) and we calculate the area of steel As:
! 3 #9 rebars give us a total area of 3sq.in
inch 2 ksi kips
!
T =A s ( f y )=3 60 =180
fs is what we saw as ft earlier = Calculated stress of reinforcement at service loads, fy=specified yield strength of non prestressed reinforcement.
Concrete Beams
We compute the compression block so that we have C=T:

! Given C=T = 180kips
The specific geometry of the beam allowed us to generate the
formula for C. That can be reversed to solve for a: 2T

a=
which gives us a value of 10.29in. 0.85 f ' c
Note: The above formula is not to be used for any other scenario. It has been produced specifically for this geometric formation
Concrete Beams
Verifying our assumption that fs=fy:

! As mentioned earlier, cu will carry the value of 0.003
! c=/1thus c=10.29in/0.85..= 12.11in (d c)
t =0.003
! Using the similar triangles method as seen above c
! thus t is 0.00394 > ty which is fy/Es that is 60ksi/29000ksi yielding a value
of 0.00207 (ACI 318-14 21.2.2.1), proving that fs=fy
s =strain in steel (also seen as t), ty= yield strain.
fs=Calculated stress of reinforcement at service loads, fy=specified yield strength of non prestressed reinforcement.
Concrete Beams
Computing the Mn:

! We can derive from the geometry that jd=d-(2a/3)
0.25( t ty )
! Per ACI 318-14 Table 21.2.2: =0.90.65+ 0.65
0.005 ty
! And the being equal to 0.9, yields the result of n=285.4 k`
Flexural Ductility
That wonderful property of structural materials to bend, crack and yet not
break, is one of the possible characteristics of RC.
When flexural forces surpass the limit My, steel reinforcement continues to
elongate. Resistance increases slightly, related to the increase of distance
between C and T. That distance increases as the depth of the concrete
stress block decreases until the concrete fractures. Although the stress of
the steel remains constant, the strain at the point of failure is several times
greater than the steel yield strain ty, ..approximately ty=fy/Es .002
Flexural Ductility
On a section that fractures when the strain of steel is 0.006, if the As was
multiplied by a certain factor (lets say doubled), then the Whitney block
would take a similar magnification (double in this case). The strain at the
tension could only be 0.003. The stretching of the steel at the range
between yield and beam failure would only be 0.001 instead of 0.004 as it
was for the section with half as much tension reinforcement.
Tension, Compression, and
Balanced Failure
There are three methods of

flexural failure of concrete
members:
! Tension
! Compression
! Balanced
Source: http://www.shef.ac.uk/content/1/c6/04/71/91/fig32_3_concrete_crushing.jpg, Sept.20/09

Source: http://www.tfhrc.gov/structur/pubs/06115/images/fig29.jpg, Sept.20/09
Flexural Ductility
Failure is Compression controlled if: t<fy/ Es and =0.65
Transition equation for

0.25( t ty )
=0.90.65+ 0.65
0.005 ty
Failure is Tension controlled if: t>.0075 and =0.9
The percentage of redistributable negative moment is 1000 t, but <0.20
Note that values of 1c are independent of the sections shape.
Flexural Ductility
The section in the left carries four rebars to counterbalance the

compression force. The middle section indicates a T-beam with a
larger cross sectional area in compression, and it is set to equilibrium
through the application of more tensile rebars. Inversely, the notched
section on the right carries less tensile reinforcement.
Note that values of 1c are independent of the sections shape.

Design Requirements
The capacity reduction

factor also reflects the
relative ductility of the
cross section at failure
expressed in terms of the
strain t as presented by
ACI.
To determine the value of
t the proportional
triangle method can be
applied as seen in the
diagram.
t=0.003[(d/c)-1]
Design Requirements
The capacity reduction
factor also reflects the
relative ductility of the cross
section at failure. !7250 t ! 0.25f y" !0.65
0.9 ! 0.7 "
For tension controlled, 145 ! f y
ductile, flexural failure at

t>0.005, (i.e 2.5 times
larger than y for Grade
60), = 0.90
Failure at tfy/Es is
compression controlled,
non-ductile, and =0.65
0.25( t ty )
=0.90.65+ 0.65
0.005 ty
For further details and info, please refer to R. W. Furlong's book: pp 40-41.
MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
ACI recognizes that the magnitude
of moments at critical locations of
a flexural member, estimated
through elastic analysis, cannot be
totally precise. Therefore,
designers are allowed to
redistribute moment values (from
support regions to span) provided
that:
This however is a subject we

shall only address at a mere
informative level in this class.
Source: R.W. Furlong: Basic Decisions for Designing Reinforced Concrete Structures, Morgan Printing, Austin , TX, Sept. 2003
Standardized Values
To recap and bring to surface a few
standardized values:
A recommended Max will be applied when
the objective is to minimize the depth of a
beam. The t will be 0.004 and will be
0.81.*
The Min is a threshold value that we shall
never cross.
The lim is the limit that keeps us within an t
of .005 and ACI 318-14 allows =0.9
The 10 is an ideal condition that we should
always aim for in order to have a
comfortable condition for our designed
element and where the t is 0.010
*Note: The main effective depth suggests that after As is determined, a cover per ACI guidelines should be determined as well.
In Class Example:
Select flexural bars for the section and the required moment and determine the
Mn, the 1 ratio (ratio of depth of rectangular stress block, a, to the depth to
neutral axis c) the distance c and the strain on the extreme fiber of reinforcement t.
(7250 t 0.25f y )
0.9>0.7+ >0.65
145 f y
In Class Example:

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Reinforced Concrete Analysis

and Flexural Design Factors for

MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

LECTURE II / Fall 2015

Dr. Jason E. Charalambides

Calculation of a beams moment capacity:

We begin by the fundamental assumption that fs=fy (we verify this at a

We compute the compression block so that we have C=T:

formula for C. That can be reversed to solve for a: 2T

Verifying our assumption that fs=fy:

Computing the Mn:

There are three methods of

Source: http://www.shef.ac.uk/content/1/c6/04/71/91/fig32_3_concrete_crushing.jpg, Sept.20/09

Failure is Compression controlled if: t<fy/ Es and =0.65

Transition equation for

The section in the left carries four rebars to counterbalance the

Note that values of 1c are independent of the sections shape.

The capacity reduction

ductile, flexural failure at

This however is a subject we

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