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GROUP 10
- A
r
m
ature resistance is negligible.
- All the three phases are short-circuited simultaneously (symmetrical 3
phase shortcircuit).
- Before the short-circuit, the machine is operating under no-load (open-
circuit) condition.
Since the flux linkages of each stator phase (caused by the direct-axis flux
set up by the field current) cannot change instantaneously, dc off-set currents
appear in all the three phases. These currents are proportional to the flux
linkages of each phase at the instant of short-circuit, i.e. these are proportional
to the cosine of the angle between the phase axis and d-axis. For example, if the
d-axis is oriented along the a phase axis at the instant of short-circuit, the dc off-
set current in phase a has a certain positive value while negative dc off-set
currents of half this value would appear in phases b and c.
For short circuit at this instant the wave forms of short circuit currents in the
three phases are shown in Fig. 2 which also indicates the dc off-set currents in
dotted
Fig 2: Short circuit current waveform in the three phases of a synchronous generator
line. If the dc off-set currents are removed from the short circuit currents, we are
left with the symmetrical short circuit current which is the same in all the three
phases but for a phase difference of 120.
The induced currents in the damper and field windings decay at rates
determined by their respective time-constants. The damper winding comprising
a few thick bars has a much lower time-constant than that for the field winding
and its induced current is the first to vanish. As the induced current of the
damper winding decays, the net d-axis flux and therefore the air-gap emf (Er)
reduces and the symmetrical short-circuit current decays accordingly as shown
in Fig. 4. This initial period of decay of the short-circuit current is called the
subtrasient period in which the current decay is governed mainly* * by the
damper winding time-constant.
ii
iii
iv
The variation of the rms SC current with time can be expressed as below
following the physical arguments presented earlier
v
The effect of the dc off-set current on the symmetrical SC current can be
accounted for by means of a suitable multiplying factor which depends upon the
number of cycles that have elapsed after the short-circuit.
Fig 5
vi
vii
where Vo is the machine terminal voltage and /0 is the machine current prior to
occurrence of the fault.
The subtransient and transient currents during short circuit are given by
viii
ix
where Ef is the excitation emf and Xd, the steady-state d-axis reactance.