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multiphase model
ABSTRACT: Finite element analysis of the initiation of landslides due to capillary and water pressure variation
is presented. To this aim, a non-isothermal elasto-plastic multiphase material model for soils is used. Soils are
modeled as a three-phase deforming porous continuum where heat, water and gas flow are taken into account. In
particular, the gas phase is modeled as an ideal gas composed of dry air and water vapor. Phase changes of water
(evaporation-condensation, adsorption-desorption), heat transfer through conduction and convection and latent
heat transfer are considered. The macroscopic balance equations are discretized in space and time within the
finite element method. The independent variables are the solid displacements, the capillary and the gas pressure
and the temperature. The effective stress state is limited by Drucker-Prager yield surface for simplicity. Small
strains and quasi-static loading conditions are assumed. Numerical results of a slope stability experiment are
presented assuming plane strain condition during the computations.
1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL solid and the thermal fields are coupled. All fluids
are in contact with the solid phase. The constituents
The full mathematical model necessary to simulate the are assumed to be isotropic, homogeneous, immiscible
thermo-hydro-mechanical transient behavior of fully except for dry air and vapor, and chemically non react-
and partially saturated porous media is developed in ing. Local thermal equilibrium between solid matrix,
Lewis & Schrefler (1998) using averaging theories. gas and liquid phases is assumed, so that the tempera-
The underlying physical model is briefly summarized ture is the same for all the constituents. The state of the
in the present section for sake of completeness. medium is described by capillary pressure pc , gas pres-
The partially saturated porous medium is treated sure pg , temperature T and displacements of the solid
as multiphase system composed of = 1,, k con- matrix u (see e.g. Sanavia et al. 2005b for a discussion
stituents with the voids of the solid skeleton (s) filled concerning the choice of the independent variables).
with water (w) and gas (g). The latter is assumed to In the partially saturated zones water is separated from
behave as an ideal mixture of two species: dry air (non- its vapor by a concave meniscus (capillary water). Due
condensable gas, ga) and water vapor (condensable to the curvature of this meniscus the sorption equilib-
one, gw). Using spatial averaging operators defined rium equation (e.g. Lewis & Schrefler 1998) gives the
over a representative elementary volume R.E.V., the relationship between the capillary pressure pc and the
microscopic equations are integrated over the R.E.V. gas pg and water pressure pw
giving the macroscopic balance equations (Lewis &
Schrefler 1998).
At the macroscopic level the porous media mate- Pore pressure is defined as compressive positive for
rial is modeled by a substitute continuum that fills the fluids, while stress is defined as tension positive
the entire domain simultaneously, instead of the real for the solid phase.
fluids and the solid which fill only a part of it. In Moreover, in multiphase materials theory it is com-
this substitute continuum each constituent p has a mon to assume the motion of the solid as a reference
reduced density which is obtained through the volume and to describe the fluids in terms of motion relative
fraction. In the general model developed in Lewis & to the solid. This means that a fluid relative veloc-
Schrefler (1998) inertial forces, heat conduction, vapor ity with respect to the solid is introduced. The fluid
diffusion, heat convection, water flow due to pressure relative velocity vs or diffusion velocity is given by
gradients or capillary effects and latent heat transfer vs = v vs , with = g, w, and will be described by
due to water phase change (evaporation and conden- the Darcy law.
sation) inside the pores are taken into account. The The macroscopic balance equations of the imple-
solid is deformable and non-polar, and the fluids, the mented model are now summarized. These equations
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Copyright 2005 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK
are obtained introducing the following assumptions in Similarly, the mass balance equation for the dry
the model developed in Lewis & Schrefler (1998): air is
at the micro level, the porous medium is assumed
to be constituted of incompressible solid and water
constituents, while gas is considered compressible;
the process is considered as quasi-static.
The interested reader can refer to Sanavia et al.
(2005a,b) for the development of this model.
1.2 Mass balance equations vap Hvap takes into account the
where, in particular, m
contribution of the evaporation and condensation.
The mass conservation equation for the solid skeleton, Initial and boundary conditions (Lewis & Schrefler
the water and the vapor is 1998, Sanavia et al. 2005a,b) together with the consti-
tutive equations close the model.
2 CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
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Copyright 2005 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK
The saturation S and the relative permeability
k r are experimentally determined function of the
capillary pressure pc and the temperature T .
For the binary gas mixture of dry air and water
vapor, Ficks law gives the relative velocities of the
diffusing species.
The elasto-plastic behaviour of the solid skele-
ton is described within the classical elasto-plasticity
theory for geometrically linear problems. The yield
function restricting the effective stress state
is devel-
oped in the form of Drucker-Prager for simplicity.
The return mapping and the consistent tangent oper- Figure 1. Description of the geometry of the experimental
ator are developed, solving the singular behaviour test and of the boundary and loading conditions (Klubertanz
of the Drucker-Prager yield surface in the zone of 1999).
the apex using the concept of multi-surface plastic-
ity. The return mapping algorithm and the consistent
tangent moduli used for the numerical simulations Table 1. Material parameters used in the computation.
are derived in Sanavia et al. (2005b) for isotropic
Solid density s 2500 kg/m3
linear hardening/softening and volumetric-deviatoric Water density w 1000 kg/m3
non-associative plasticity. Air density g 1 kg/m3
Young modulus E 0.43E + 06 Pa
Poisson ration 0.46
3 FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION Initial apparent cohesion c0 420 Pa
Plastic modulus h 4.30E + 04 Pa
The finite element model is derived by applying the Friction angle 34
Galerkin procedure to the spatial integration and the Dilatancy angle 0
Generalised Trapezoidal Method to the time integra- Initial porosity n 0.415
tion of the weak form of the balance equations intro- Intrinsic permeability kw 8.00E 13 m2
duced in a previous Section (e.g. Lewis & Schrefler
1998).
In particular, after spatial discretisation within the
to fail by backward erosion and outflow appeared at
isoparametric formulation, a non-symmetric, non-
the lower part afterwards. During the experiment, the
linear and coupled system of equation is obtained.
authors measured water and gas pressure and solid
After time integration, the non-linear system of
displacements.
equation is linearized, thus obtaining the equations
system that can be solved numerically. Details con-
cerning the matrices and the residuum vectors of the
linearized equations system can be found in Sanavia 5 NUMERICAL RESULTS
et al. (2005b). Owing to the strong coupling between
the mechanical and the pore fluid problem, a mono- A finite element analysis of the Klubertanz experi-
lithic solution is preferred using a Newton scheme. mental test has been performed with the multiphase
model presented in the previous sections. Some of the
material parameters have been chosen from the labo-
4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ratory test; the value of cohesion was selected in order
to get the failure of the slope at about 90 s with a dila-
A 2-D laboratory test was carried out by G. Kluber- tancy angle of 0 . The material parameters used in the
tanz during his PhD thesis at LMS-EPFL in Lausanne computation are listed in Table 1.
(Klubertanz 1999, Klubertanz et al. 2003). The exper- The solid skeleton is assumed to obey the
iment reproduces a stability problem of a slope of 1 m elasto-plastic Drucker-Prager constitutive model in
height and 1.5 m in length (Fig. 1). A constant water isothermal condition, with isotropic linear softening
table was imposed at the left- and right-hand sides of behaviour and non-associated plastic flow. The consti-
the slope below the upper surface (at 0.2 and 0.15 m, tutive relationships for the water degree of saturation
respectively) and the material was initially partially Sw (pc ) and the water relative permeability k rw (Sw ) are
saturated. During the experiment, the authors applied of the type of Safai and Pinder in isothermal condition,
a constant water pressure of 1.6 kPa at the left part of as plotted in Figures 2 and Figure 3, respectively. For
the bottom surface. The authors observed the first fail- the gas relative permeability k rg (Sw ), the relationship
ure of the lower part of the slope after about 80 s since of Brooks and Corey in isothermal condition has been
the application of the water load. The slope continued selected, as depicted in Figure 3.
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Copyright 2005 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK
Figure 5. Boundary conditions for the second run.
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Figure 11. Capillary pressure contour after 90 s of the
Figure 8. Mean pressure p
at the end of the second run. third run.
Figure 9. Shear stress xy at the end of the second run. Figure 12. Equivalent plastic strain contour at the end of the
third run (91.5 s).
Figure 10. Displacements contour at the end of the Figure 13. Capillary pressure contour at the end of the third
second run. run (91.5 s).
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Copyright 2005 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK
(see Fig. 17) up the failure (at which the cohesion
becomes zero because of its softening behaviour).
Temperature and gas pressure at the nodes of the
mesh do not change in time and hence their contours
have not been included in this paper.
6 CONCLUSIONS
2550
yield surface experimental test (Klubertanz 1999) have been pre-
2500 stress path sented. It has been shown that the first failure zone
and outflow appeared at the lower part of the slope
2450 have been captured, as experimentally observed.
2400
1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800
p' [Pa]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Figure 15. p q stress path during the third run.
The authors would like to thank the Italian Min-
200 istry of Education, University and Research (MIUR
150 2003081021_004) and the University of Padua
Water pressure [Pa]
100
(UNIPD CPDA034312) for the financial support.
50
0
-50 REFERENCES
-100
Klubertanz G. 1999. Zur hydromechanischen Kopplung in
-150 dreiphasigen porsen Medien. Thesis n. 2027, Lausanne:
-200 Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne.
0 25 50 75 100 Klubertanz G., Bouchelaghem F., Laloui L., Vulliet L. 2003.
Time [s] Miscible and immiscible multiphase flow in deformable
porous media. Mathematical and Computer Modelling,
Figure 16. Water pressure vs. time during the third run. 37: 571582.
Lewis R.W. & Schrefler B.A. 1998. The Finite Ele-
Equivalent plastic strain [-]
0,01
ment Method in the Static and Dynamic Deformation
and Consolidation of Porous Media. Chichester: John
0,008 Wiley & Son.
Sanavia L., Pesavento F., Schrefler B.A. 2005a. Strain local-
0,006 isation simulation in non-isothermal multiphase geo-
0,004 materials. In T. Schanz (ed.), Springer Proceedings in
Physics; Proc. ISSMGE International Conference From
0,002 Experimental Evidence towards Numerical Modelling of
Unsaturated Soils. Bauhaus University of Weimar, Ger-
0 many, September 1819, 2003. 2940. Berlin Heidelberg:
0 20 40 60 80 100 Springer-Verlag.
Time [s] Sanavia L., Pesavento F., Schrefler B.A. 2005b. Finite ele-
ment analysis of non-isothermal multiphase geomate-
Figure 17. Equivalent plastic strain vs. time during the rials with application to strain localisation simulation.
third run. Computational Mechanics (accepted for publication).
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Copyright 2005 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK