Digital Image Processing

Spring 2007
Sankalp Kallakuri
elsanky@gmail.com
Books refererenced –
Digital Image Processing by Gonzalez and Woods
Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing by A K Jain
Digital Picture Processing By Rosenfeld and Kak
 Syllabus
• Fundamentals
• Image Enhancement [spatial]
• Image Enhancement [frequency]
• Sampling and Quantization
• Image Restoration
• Color Image Processing
• Image Compression
• Image Reconstruction
 Syllabus
• Grading:
Assignments - 40%
Homework - 10%
Mid Term - 20%
Final - 30%
• Assignments:
Matlab and C/C++
 IP 101
• Colour images
• Grey level images
• File formats JPG BMP TIFF
• 2D representations
• Examples of Fields that use IP
X-Rays, UV Imaging, IR Imaging, Satellite
Images, Astronomy, License plates, Water
Marking, Microwaves, MRI, sonograms,
TEMs
 Image Processing System
network

Image Displays Processors Mass storage

Hard Copy IP software

Specialized IP
Hardware

Image Sensors

Problem domain
From Gonzalez and Woods
Human Eye
 Vision Details

• Lens Iris Pupil Cornea Retina

• Rods / Cones [distribution number use]
• Blind spot
• Photopic[bright]/ Scotopic[dim]
• Brightness adaptation
• Weber Ratio
Ic
I
 Examples of Brightness perception

Figures from Gonzalez and Woods

 Light and EM Spectrum

• Wavelength = C/ frequency
• Energy = h * frequency
• Reflected light
• Radiance is total amount of energy that flows
from the light source
• Luminance is the perceived from light source
• Sensor design
 Image Sensing and Acquisition
• Single , Line and Array
• Array Strips
• Linear , circular

Bayer and RGB Filter type CCDS

From wikipedia
 Projection
• Perspective

• Orthographic
 Image Model

• f(x,y)
• 0 < f(x,y) < 
• f(x,y)=i(x,y)r(x,y)
• i - illuminance r- reflectance
• 0 < i(x,y) < 
• 0 < r(x,y) < 1
 Sampling and Quantization

• In 1 dimension
• In 2 dimension
• Effects of quantisation
• Colour levels and bit requirements
Signals
sampling
Quantization
levels
Sampled
&
Quantized
signal
 Continuous phenomenon

Two orthogonal sine waves

added to each other Continuos Image
 Sampled and Quantised in 1 Dimension

Quantized and sampled Effects are contour lines

Sampled and Quantised

Contour lines appear on both X and Y dimensions

 Bit Requirements

• L=2K
• b= M x N x K
• Example:
100 distinct colors needed to capture a
phenomenon. How many bits would be
needed to store an image of dimensions
49x10?

3430
 Resolution

• Easier to change number of Pixels rather than

number of grey levels.
• Optimal number to use is until there is no
discernible difference by increasing the number.
• Isopreference Curves : curves on the N k plane
• More detail fewer grey levels.
• The higher grey levels will mean better contrast
perception.
Aliasing

fl 0 fr

-Fs 0 Fs
 Zooming and Interpolation

• Simple zoom would leave blank spaces in the grid.

• Nearest neighbor interpolation.
• Repetition of pixels [integer zoom]
• Bilinear Interpolation
v(x,y)=ax+by+cxy+d

• Shrinking done by removal of columns and rows.

• In case of non integer shrink factor the grid Is zoomed
out. Interpolation is performed and then rows and
columns are stripped out.
• Smoothing is useful before shrinking.
 Relationships between Pixels

• Neighborhood N4(p) N8(p) ND(p)

• 4 adjacency ,8 adjacency and m adjacency
• Digital path
• Connected Components
• Connected Set [region]
• Border
• Edge [may be local ]
 Distance Measures
• For Pixels p,q and z with coordinates (x,y) (s,t)
and (v,w)
• D(p,q) > 0 (D(p,q)=0 iff p=q)
• D(p,q) = D(q,p)
• D(p,z) < D(p,q) + D(q,z)
• City block distance
D4(p,q) = |x-s| + |y-t|
• Chessboard Distance
D8(p,q)=max(|x-s| + |y-t|)
 Home Work & Assignment

• Label all images

• Scripts should be commented.
• A read me file should be attached.
• Assignments shall be incremental.
• So try and complete them by the deadlines.
 Homework -1
• Learn how to read and write an image in matlab.
• Learn basic syntax in Matlab.
• Create a 256x256 2D array. Populate every row with a
sine wave which rides on a DC level of 128 with Peak-
Peak amplitude 220 , which has exactly two cycles fit in
a row.
• display this array as an image.
• Create a 256x256 2D array. Populate every column with
a sine wave which rides on a DC level of 10, with Peak-
Peak amplitude 20, which has exactly 4 cycles fit in a
column.
• Add the two arrays
• Display the sum array as an image